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The '''Bay of Bengal''' is the northeastern part of the [[Indian Ocean]], bounded on the west and northwest by [[India]], on the north by [[Bangladesh]], and on the east by [[Myanmar]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of [[India]]. Its southern limit is a line between [[Sangaman Kanda]], [[Sri Lanka]], and the north westernmost point of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. It is the largest water region called a [[bay]] in the world. There are [[countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal]] in South Asia and Southeast Asia. During the existence of [[British India]], it was named as the Bay of Bengal after the historic [[Bengal]] region. At the time, the [[Port of Kolkata]] served as the gateway to the [[Crown rule in India]]. [[Cox's Bazar Beach|Cox's Bazar]], the longest sea beach in the world and [[Sundarbans]], the largest | The '''Bay of Bengal''' is the northeastern part of the [[Indian Ocean]], bounded on the west and northwest by [[India]], on the north by [[Bangladesh]], and on the east by [[Myanmar]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of [[India]]. Its southern limit is a line between [[Sangaman Kanda]], [[Sri Lanka]], and the north westernmost point of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. It is the largest water region called a [[bay]] in the world. There are [[countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal]] in South Asia and Southeast Asia. During the existence of [[British India]], it was named as the Bay of Bengal after the historic [[Bengal]] region. At the time, the [[Port of Kolkata]] served as the gateway to the [[Crown rule in India]]. [[Cox's Bazar Beach|Cox's Bazar]], the longest sea beach in the world and [[Sundarbans]], the largest mangrove forest and the natural habitat of the [[Bengal tiger]], are located along the bay. | ||
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of {{convert|2600,000|km2}}. A number of large rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal: the [[Ganges]]–[[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], the [[Padma River|Padma]], the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]–[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], the [[Barak River|Barak]]–[[Surma River|Surma]]–[[Meghna River|Meghna]], the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]], the [[Godavari]], the [[Mahanadi]], the [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], the [[Baitarani]], the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and the [[Kaveri]]. | The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of {{convert|2600,000|km2}}. A number of large rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal: the [[Ganges]]–[[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], the [[Padma River|Padma]], the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]–[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], the [[Barak River|Barak]]–[[Surma River|Surma]]–[[Meghna River|Meghna]], the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]], the [[Godavari]], the [[Mahanadi]], the [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], the [[Baitarani]], the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and the [[Kaveri]]. | ||
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=== Etymology === | === Etymology === | ||
The bay gets its name from the | The bay gets its name from the historical [[Bengal]] region (Modern-day [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]). In ancient scriptures, this water body may have been referred to as '<nowiki/>''Mahodadhi''' ([[Sanskrit]]: महोदधि, lit. ''great water receptacle'')<ref name="Kuttan">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nERVRxj22W0C&pg=PA243 | title=The Great Philosophers of India | publisher=AuthorHouse | author=Kuttan | year=2009 | isbn=978-1434377807}}{{self-published source|date=August 2016}}</ref><ref name="indiatourism4u">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiatourism4u.in/tourism/960/Tamil-Nadu/Dhanushkodi/ | title=Dhanushkodi | publisher=indiatourism4u.in | access-date=21 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308014348/http://www.indiatourism4u.in/tourism/960/Tamil-Nadu/Dhanushkodi | archive-date=8 March 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Citation is a random company website; there must be more scholarly sources for this.|date=August 2016}} while it appears as ''Sinus Gangeticus'' or ''Gangeticus Sinus'', meaning "Gulf of the Ganges", in ancient maps.<ref>[[commons:File:1794 Anville Map of the Ancient World - Geographicus - AncientWorld-anville-1794.jpg|1794, Orbis Veteribus Notus by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville]]</ref> | ||
The other Sanskrit | The other Sanskrit name for Bay of Bengal is '<nowiki/>''Purvapayodhi''' (Sanskrit: पूर्वपयोधि, lit. ''Eastern Ocean''). | ||
=== History === | === History === | ||
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In alphabetical order: | In alphabetical order: | ||
* [[Antarvedi]] is a popular place of worship Southern India, in [[East Godavari]] district of Andhra Pradesh devoted to Sri Lakshmi [[Narasimha]] Swamy Temple. This is the place where one of the distributaries of [[Godavari River]] meets the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakravorty |first=Sohini |date=5 January 2012 |title=In the lap of Godavari, all the time to sit and stare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-the-lap-of-godavari-all-the-time-to-sit-and-stare/article2777546.ece. |work=The Hindu}}</ref> | * [[Antarvedi]] is a popular place of worship Southern India, in [[East Godavari]] district of Andhra Pradesh devoted to Sri Lakshmi [[Narasimha]] Swamy Temple. This is the place where one of the distributaries of [[Godavari River]] meets the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakravorty |first=Sohini |date=5 January 2012 |title=In the lap of Godavari, all the time to sit and stare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-the-lap-of-godavari-all-the-time-to-sit-and-stare/article2777546.ece. |work=The Hindu}}</ref> | ||
* [[Arikamedu]] is an archaeological site in Southern India, in Kakkayanthope, Ariyankuppam Commune, Puducherry. It is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the capital, Pondicherry of the Indian territory of Puducherry | * [[Arikamedu]] is an archaeological site in Southern India, in Kakkayanthope, Ariyankuppam Commune, Puducherry. It is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the capital, Pondicherry of the Indian territory of Puducherry | ||
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==== Shipwrecks and important shipping incidences ==== | ==== Shipwrecks and important shipping incidences ==== | ||
In chronological order: | In chronological order: | ||
* 1778 to 1783: The [[Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War]] or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal. | * 1778 to 1783: The [[Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War]] or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal. | ||
* c. 1816: ''Mornington'' ship burned in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/wrecks1816-1818.shtml Shipwrecks 1816–1818] URL accessed 10 January 2015</ref> | * c. 1816: ''Mornington'' ship burned in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/wrecks1816-1818.shtml Shipwrecks 1816–1818] URL accessed 10 January 2015</ref> | ||
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|[[Manginapudi Beach]], [[Machilipatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| {{IND}} | |[[Manginapudi Beach]], [[Machilipatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| {{IND}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Mypadu Beach]], [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| {{IND}} | |[[Mypadu Beach]], [[Nellore]],[[Andhra Pradesh]]|| {{IND}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Marina Beach]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| {{IND}} | |[[Marina Beach]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| {{IND}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Edward Elliot's Beach]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| {{IND}} | |[[Edward Elliot's Beach]], [[Chennai]],[[Tamil Nadu]]|| {{IND}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| {{IND}} | |[[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| {{IND}} | ||
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In alphabetical order. | |||
=== Geology === | === Geology === | ||
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==== Fisheries overexploitation ==== | ==== Fisheries overexploitation ==== | ||
[[File:Bay of Bengal 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Some small fishing boats are catching fish & sell them in local coastal markets.]] | [[File:Bay of Bengal 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Some small fishing boats are catching fish & sell them in local coastal markets.]] | ||
[[Fisheries]] production in the Bay of Bengal is six million tonnes per year, more than seven percent of the world's catch. The major transboundary issues relating to shared fisheries are: a decline in the overall availability of fish resources; changes in species composition of catches; the high proportion of juvenile fish in the catch; and changes in [[marine biodiversity]], especially through loss of vulnerable and [[endangered species]]. The transboundary nature of these issues are: that many [[fish stocks]] are shared between BOBLME countries through the transboundary migration of fish, or [[Ichthyoplankton|larvae]]. Fishing overlaps national jurisdictions, both legally and illegally – overcapacity and [[overfishing]] in one location forces a migration of fishers and vessels to other locations. All countries (to a greater or lesser degree) are experiencing difficulties in implementing [[fisheries management]], especially the [[ecosystem approach to fisheries]]. Bay of Bengal countries contribute significantly to the global problem of loss of [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] and [[endangered species]]. | [[Fisheries]] production in the Bay of Bengal is six million tonnes per year, more than seven percent of the world's catch. The major transboundary issues relating to shared fisheries are: a decline in the overall availability of fish resources; changes in species composition of catches; the high proportion of juvenile fish in the catch; and changes in [[marine biodiversity]], especially through loss of vulnerable and [[endangered species]]. The transboundary nature of these issues are: that many [[fish stocks]] are shared between BOBLME countries through the transboundary migration of fish, or [[Ichthyoplankton|larvae]]. Fishing overlaps national jurisdictions, both legally and illegally – overcapacity and [[overfishing]] in one location forces a migration of fishers and vessels to other locations. All countries (to a greater or lesser degree) are experiencing difficulties in implementing [[fisheries management]], especially the [[ecosystem approach to fisheries]]. Bay of Bengal countries contribute significantly to the global problem of loss of [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] and [[endangered species]]. | ||
The main causes of the issues are: open access to fishing grounds; Government emphasis on increasing fish catches; inappropriate government subsidies provided to fishers; increasing fishing effort, especially from [[Fishing trawler|trawlers]] and [[purse seiners]]; high consumer demand for fish, including for seed and [[fishmeal]] for [[aquaculture]]; ineffective fisheries management; and illegal and destructive fishing. | The main causes of the issues are: open access to fishing grounds; Government emphasis on increasing fish catches; inappropriate government subsidies provided to fishers; increasing fishing effort, especially from [[Fishing trawler|trawlers]] and [[purse seiners]]; high consumer demand for fish, including for seed and [[fishmeal]] for [[aquaculture]]; ineffective fisheries management; and illegal and destructive fishing. | ||
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==== Environmental hazards ==== | ==== Environmental hazards ==== | ||
The [[Asian brown cloud]], a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March, and possibly also during earlier and later months, hangs over the Bay of Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from | The [[Asian brown cloud]], a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March, and possibly also during earlier and later months, hangs over the Bay of Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from | ||
cooking fires, and industrial discharges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=13341 |title=EO Natural Hazards: Smog over the Bay of Bengal |website=NASA Earth Observatory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026204458/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=13341 |archive-date=26 October 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 January 2007}}</ref> Because of this cloud, satellites attempting to track ocean acidification and other ocean health indicators in the Bay have difficulty obtaining accurate measurements.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/ocean-acidification-in-bay-of-bengal-is-now-being-monitored-by-global-satellite-network-7787131.html Ocean acidification in Bay of Bengal is now being monitored] | cooking fires, and industrial discharges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=13341 |title=EO Natural Hazards: Smog over the Bay of Bengal |website=NASA Earth Observatory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026204458/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=13341 |archive-date=26 October 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 January 2007}}</ref> Because of this cloud, satellites attempting to track ocean acidification and other ocean health indicators in the Bay have difficulty obtaining accurate measurements.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/ocean-acidification-in-bay-of-bengal-is-now-being-monitored-by-global-satellite-network-7787131.html Ocean acidification in Bay of Bengal is now being monitored] ''[[Firstpost]]'', 16 December 2019.</ref> | ||
==== Pollution and water quality ==== | ==== Pollution and water quality ==== | ||
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* 2019, [[Cyclone Fani|Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Fani]] | * 2019, [[Cyclone Fani|Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Fani]] | ||
* 2018, [[Cyclone Gaja|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Gaja]] | * 2018, [[Cyclone Gaja|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Gaja]] | ||
* 2018, [[Cyclone Titli]] | *2018, [[Cyclone Titli]] | ||
* 2017, [[Cyclone Mora|Severe Cyclonic Storm Mora]] | *2017, [[Cyclone Mora|Severe Cyclonic Storm Mora]] | ||
* 2017, [[Cyclone Maarutha]] | * 2017, [[Cyclone Maarutha]] | ||
* 2016, [[Cyclone Vardah|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Vardah]] | * 2016, [[Cyclone Vardah|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Vardah]] | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
* {{wiktionary-inline|Bay of Bengal}} | *{{wiktionary-inline|Bay of Bengal}} | ||
* {{Commons category-inline|Bay of Bengal}} | *{{Commons category-inline|Bay of Bengal}} | ||
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2000/487/487%20suryanarayan.htm 487 V. Suryanarayan, Prospects for a Bay of Bengal Community] | * [http://www.india-seminar.com/2000/487/487%20suryanarayan.htm 487 V. Suryanarayan, Prospects for a Bay of Bengal Community] | ||
* [ | * [http://www.britannica.com/place/Arabian-Sea Arabian Sea: depth contours and undersea features – Map/Still – Britannica Concise] | ||
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Bengal-B.html Bay of Bengal in Encyclopedia] | * [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Bengal-B.html Bay of Bengal in Encyclopedia] | ||
* [http://www.boblme.org/ Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project] | * [http://www.boblme.org/ Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project] | ||
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[[Category:Maritime archaeology]] | [[Category:Maritime archaeology]] | ||
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border]] | [[Category:Bangladesh–India border]] | ||
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]] | |||
[[Category:Bangladesh–Myanmar border]] | [[Category:Bangladesh–Myanmar border]] | ||
[[Category:Bays of India]] | [[Category:Bays of India]] | ||