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{{short description|Journey or search of moral or spiritual significance}} | {{short description|Journey or search of moral or spiritual significance}} | ||
{{other uses}} | {{other uses}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} | ||
[[File:Teniers, David the younger - Female Pilgrim - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| [[David Teniers the Younger]]: Flemish Pilgrim]] | [[File:Teniers, David the younger - Female Pilgrim - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| [[David Teniers the Younger]]: Flemish Pilgrim]] | ||
A '''pilgrimage''' is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, after which the [[pilgrim]] returns to their daily life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pilgrimage in popular culture.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1349126392|editor-last=Reader|editor-first=Ian|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=935188979|editor-last2=Walter|editor-first2=Tony}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Reframing pilgrimage : cultures in motion|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Coleman, Simon, 1963-, Eade, John, 1946-, European Association of Social Anthropologists.|isbn=9780203643693|location=London|oclc=56559960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Plate|first=S. Brent|date=September 2009|title=The Varieties of Contemporary Pilgrimage|journal=CrossCurrents|volume=59|issue=3|pages=260–267|doi=10.1111/j.1939-3881.2009.00078.x}}</ref> | A '''pilgrimage''' is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, after which the [[pilgrim]] returns to their daily life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pilgrimage in popular culture.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1349126392|editor-last=Reader|editor-first=Ian|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=935188979|editor-last2=Walter|editor-first2=Tony}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Reframing pilgrimage : cultures in motion|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Coleman, Simon, 1963-, Eade, John, 1946-, European Association of Social Anthropologists.|isbn=9780203643693|location=London|oclc=56559960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Plate|first=S. Brent|date=September 2009|title=The Varieties of Contemporary Pilgrimage|journal=CrossCurrents|volume=59|issue=3|pages=260–267|doi=10.1111/j.1939-3881.2009.00078.x}}</ref> | ||
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Pilgrimages frequently involve a [[Travel|journey]] or search of [[morality|moral]] or [[spirituality|spiritual]] significance. Typically, it is a journey to a [[shrine]] or other location of importance to a person's [[belief]]s and [[faith]], although sometimes it can be a metaphorical journey into someone's own beliefs. | Pilgrimages frequently involve a [[Travel|journey]] or search of [[morality|moral]] or [[spirituality|spiritual]] significance. Typically, it is a journey to a [[shrine]] or other location of importance to a person's [[belief]]s and [[faith]], although sometimes it can be a metaphorical journey into someone's own beliefs. | ||
Many religions attach spiritual importance to particular places: the place of birth or death of founders or saints, or to the place of their "calling" or spiritual awakening, or of their connection (visual or verbal) with the divine, | Many religions attach spiritual importance to particular places: the place of birth or death of founders or saints, or to the place of their "calling" or spiritual awakening, or of their connection (visual or verbal) with the divine, to locations where miracles were performed or witnessed, or locations where a deity is said to live or be "housed", or any site that is seen to have special spiritual powers. Such sites may be commemorated with shrines or temples that devotees are encouraged to visit for their own spiritual benefit: to be healed or have questions answered or to achieve some other spiritual benefit. | ||
A person who makes such a journey is called a [[pilgrim]]. As a common human experience, pilgrimage has been proposed as a Jungian archetype by [[Wallace Clift]] and [[Jean Dalby Clift]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= Cleft |first1=Jean Darby|last2=Cleft|first2=Wallace|year=1996|title=The Archetype of Pilgrimage: Outer Action With Inner Meaning|publisher=The Paulist Press|isbn=0-8091-3599-X}}</ref> | A person who makes such a journey is called a [[pilgrim]]. As a common human experience, pilgrimage has been proposed as a Jungian archetype by [[Wallace Clift]] and [[Jean Dalby Clift]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= Cleft |first1=Jean Darby|last2=Cleft|first2=Wallace|year=1996|title=The Archetype of Pilgrimage: Outer Action With Inner Meaning|publisher=The Paulist Press|isbn=0-8091-3599-X}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Pilgrimage to Lhasa.jpg|thumb|[[Tibet]]ans on a pilgrimage to [[Lhasa]], doing full-body [[Prostration (Buddhism)|prostrations]], often for the entire length of the journey]] | [[File:Pilgrimage to Lhasa.jpg|thumb|[[Tibet]]ans on a pilgrimage to [[Lhasa]], doing full-body [[Prostration (Buddhism)|prostrations]], often for the entire length of the journey]] | ||
In [[India]] and [[Nepal]], there are four places of pilgrimage which are tied to the life of [[Gautama Buddha]]: | |||
* [[Lumbini]]: Buddha's birthplace (in | * [[Lumbini]]: Buddha's birthplace (in Nepal) | ||
* [[Bodh Gaya]]: place of [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|Enlightenment]] (in the current [[Mahabodhi Temple]], Bihar, | * [[Bodh Gaya]]: place of [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|Enlightenment]] (in the current [[Mahabodhi Temple]], Bihar, India) | ||
* [[Sarnath]]: (formally Isipathana, Uttar pradesh, [[India]]) where he delivered his first sermon ([[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]), and the Buddha taught about the [[Middle Way]], the [[Four Noble Truths]] and [[Noble Eightfold Path]] | * [[Sarnath]]: (formally Isipathana, Uttar pradesh, [[India]]) where he delivered his first sermon ([[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]), and the Buddha taught about the [[Middle Way]], the [[Four Noble Truths]] and [[Noble Eightfold Path]] | ||
* [[Kusinara]]: (now [[Kusinagar]], [[India]]) where he attained ''[[mahaparinirvana]]'' (died) | * [[Kusinara]]: (now [[Kusinagar]], [[India]]) where he attained ''[[mahaparinirvana]]'' (died) | ||
Other pilgrimage places in India and Nepal connected | Other pilgrimage places in India and Nepal connected Gautama Buddha's life are: [[Savatthi]], [[Patna|Pataliputta]], [[Nalanda]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Vesali]], [[Sankasia]], [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]], [[Kosambi, India|Kosambi]], [[Rajagaha]]. | ||
Other famous places for Buddhist pilgrimage include: | Other famous places for Buddhist pilgrimage include: | ||
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* [[China]]: Yung-kang, Lung-men caves. The [[Five Sacred Mountains|Four Sacred Mountains]] | * [[China]]: Yung-kang, Lung-men caves. The [[Five Sacred Mountains|Four Sacred Mountains]] | ||
* [[Japan]]: | * [[Japan]]: | ||
** [[Shikoku Pilgrimage]], 88 | ** [[Shikoku Pilgrimage]], 88 temple pilgrimage on the island of [[Shikoku]] | ||
** [[Japan 100 Kannon Pilgrimage]], pilgrimage composed of the Saigoku, Bandō and Chichibu pilgrimages | ** [[Japan 100 Kannon Pilgrimage]], pilgrimage composed of the Saigoku, Bandō and Chichibu pilgrimages | ||
*** [[Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage]], pilgrimage in the [[Kansai]] region | *** [[Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage]], pilgrimage in the [[Kansai]] region | ||
*** [[Bandō Sanjūsankasho]], pilgrimage in the [[Kantō region]] | *** [[Bandō Sanjūsankasho]], pilgrimage in the [[Kantō region]] | ||
*** [[Chichibu 34 Kannon Sanctuary]], pilgrimage in [[Saitama Prefecture]] | *** [[Chichibu 34 Kannon Sanctuary]], pilgrimage in [[Saitama Prefecture]] | ||
** [[Chūgoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage]], pilgrimage in the [[Chūgoku region]] | ** [[Chūgoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage]], pilgrimage in the [[Chūgoku region]] | ||
** [[Kumano Kodō]] | ** [[Kumano Kodō]] | ||
** [[Mount Kōya]] | ** [[Mount Kōya]] | ||
==Christianity== | ==Christianity== | ||
{{Main|Christian pilgrimage}} | {{Main|Christian pilgrimage}} | ||
[[File:Jerusalem Holy Sepulchre BW 19.JPG|thumb|right|[[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem | [[File:Jerusalem Holy Sepulchre BW 19.JPG|thumb|right|[[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]] according to tradition is the site where [[Jesus]] was [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucified]] and [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrected]]]] | ||
[[File:Santuário de Fátima (36) - Jul 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Sanctuary of Fátima|Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima]] is one of the largest pilgrimage sites ([[Shrines to the Virgin Mary|Marian shrine]]) in the world.]] | [[File:Santuário de Fátima (36) - Jul 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Sanctuary of Fátima|Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima]] is one of the largest pilgrimage sites ([[Shrines to the Virgin Mary|Marian shrine]]) in the world.]] | ||
Christian pilgrimage was first made to sites connected with the birth, life, crucifixion and resurrection of [[Jesus]]. Aside from the early example of [[Origen]] in the third century, surviving descriptions of Christian pilgrimages to the [[Holy Land]] date from the 4th century, when pilgrimage was encouraged by church fathers including [[Jerome|Saint Jerome]], and established by [[Helena (empress)|Saint Helena]], the mother of [[Constantine I and Christianity|Constantine the Great]].<ref>Cain, A. (2010). Jerome's epitaphium paulae: Hagiography, pilgrimage, and the cult of Saint Paula. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies, 18''(1), 105-139. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1353/earl.0.0310</nowiki></ref> | Christian pilgrimage was first made to sites connected with the birth, life, crucifixion and resurrection of [[Jesus]]. Aside from the early example of [[Origen]] in the third century, surviving descriptions of Christian pilgrimages to the [[Holy Land]] date from the 4th century, when pilgrimage was encouraged by church fathers including [[Jerome|Saint Jerome]], and established by [[Helena (empress)|Saint Helena]], the mother of [[Constantine I and Christianity|Constantine the Great]].<ref>Cain, A. (2010). Jerome's epitaphium paulae: Hagiography, pilgrimage, and the cult of Saint Paula. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies, 18''(1), 105-139. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1353/earl.0.0310</nowiki></ref> | ||
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According to Karel Werner's ''Popular Dictionary of Hinduism'', "most [[Hinduism|Hindu]] places of pilgrimage are associated with legendary events from the lives of various gods.... Almost any place can become a focus for pilgrimage, but in most cases they are sacred cities, rivers, lakes, and mountains."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Werner|first1=Karel|title=A popular dictionary of Hinduism|date=1994|publisher=Curzon|location=Richmond, Surrey|isbn=0700702792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohUZAQAAIAAJ|access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> Hindus are encouraged to undertake pilgrimages during their lifetime, though this practice is not considered absolutely mandatory. Most Hindus visit sites within their region or locale. | According to Karel Werner's ''Popular Dictionary of Hinduism'', "most [[Hinduism|Hindu]] places of pilgrimage are associated with legendary events from the lives of various gods.... Almost any place can become a focus for pilgrimage, but in most cases they are sacred cities, rivers, lakes, and mountains."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Werner|first1=Karel|title=A popular dictionary of Hinduism|date=1994|publisher=Curzon|location=Richmond, Surrey|isbn=0700702792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohUZAQAAIAAJ|access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> Hindus are encouraged to undertake pilgrimages during their lifetime, though this practice is not considered absolutely mandatory. Most Hindus visit sites within their region or locale. | ||
*[[File:Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam,_Allahabd.jpg|thumb|Pilgrims along the [[Ganges]] during [[Prayag Kumbh Mela]]]]'''Kumbh Mela:''' [[Kumbh Mela]] is one of the largest gatherings of humans in the world where pilgrims gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/84149 |title=Photo from Space of the Largest Human Gathering in India |first=Chris V. |last=Thangham |work=Digital Journal |date=3 January 2007 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/15/AR2007011500041.html |title=Millions of Hindus Wash Away Their Sins |first=Biswajeet |last=Banerjee | | *[[File:Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam,_Allahabd.jpg|thumb|Pilgrims along the [[Ganges]] during [[Prayag Kumbh Mela]]]]'''Kumbh Mela:''' [[Kumbh Mela]] is one of the largest gatherings of humans in the world where pilgrims gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/84149 |title=Photo from Space of the Largest Human Gathering in India |first=Chris V. |last=Thangham |work=Digital Journal |date=3 January 2007 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/15/AR2007011500041.html |title=Millions of Hindus Wash Away Their Sins |first=Biswajeet |last=Banerjee |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6226895.stm |title=Millions bathe at Hindu festival |work=BBC News |date=3 January 2007 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref> The location is rotated among [[Allahabad]], [[Haridwar]], [[Nashik]], and [[Ujjain]]. | ||
*[[File:Darshan_at_badrinath_temple.jpg|thumb|Pilgrims enter the [[Badrinath Temple]] in Uttarakhand, India for a [[darśana]]]]'''[[Char Dham]] (Four Holy pilgrimage sites):''' The famous four holy sites [[Puri]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Dwarka]], and [[Badrinath]] (or alternatively the [[Himalaya]]n towns of [[Badrinath]], [[Kedarnath]], [[Gangotri]], and [[Yamunotri]]) compose the ''[[Char Dham]]'' (''four abodes'') pilgrimage circuit. | *[[File:Darshan_at_badrinath_temple.jpg|thumb|Pilgrims enter the [[Badrinath Temple]] in Uttarakhand, India for a [[darśana]]]]'''[[Char Dham]] (Four Holy pilgrimage sites):''' The famous four holy sites [[Puri]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Dwarka]], and [[Badrinath]] (or alternatively the [[Himalaya]]n towns of [[Badrinath]], [[Kedarnath]], [[Gangotri]], and [[Yamunotri]]) compose the ''[[Char Dham]]'' (''four abodes'') pilgrimage circuit. | ||
*'''[[Kanwar Yatra|Kanwar Pilgrimage]]:''' The Kanwar is India's largest annual religious pilgrimage. As part of this phenomenon, millions of participants gather sacred water from the [[Ganga]] (usually in [[Haridwar]], [[Gangotri]], [[Gaumukh]], or [[Sultanganj]]) and carry it across hundreds of miles to dispense as offerings in [[Śiva]] shrines.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Uprising of the Fools: Pilgrimage as Moral Protest in Contemporary India|last=Singh|first=Vikas|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2017}}</ref> | *'''[[Kanwar Yatra|Kanwar Pilgrimage]]:''' The Kanwar is India's largest annual religious pilgrimage. As part of this phenomenon, millions of participants gather sacred water from the [[Ganga]] (usually in [[Haridwar]], [[Gangotri]], [[Gaumukh]], or [[Sultanganj]]) and carry it across hundreds of miles to dispense as offerings in [[Śiva]] shrines.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Uprising of the Fools: Pilgrimage as Moral Protest in Contemporary India|last=Singh|first=Vikas|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2017}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Arba'een_Pilgrimage_In_mehran_City,_Iran,_Shia_Muslim_24.jpg|thumb|[[Arba'een Pilgrimage|Arba'een pilgrims]] in [[Mehran, Ilam|Mehran]]]] | [[File:Arba'een_Pilgrimage_In_mehran_City,_Iran,_Shia_Muslim_24.jpg|thumb|[[Arba'een Pilgrimage|Arba'een pilgrims]] in [[Mehran, Ilam|Mehran]]]] | ||
About four million pilgrims participate in the [[Grand Magal of Touba]], {{convert|200|km|mi}} east of [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]]. The pilgrimage celebrates the life and teachings of Cheikh Amadou Bamba, who founded the [[Mouride]] brotherhood in 1883 and begins on the 18th of [[Safar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holloway |first1=Beetle |title=Senegal's Grand Magal of Touba: A Pilgrimage of Celebration |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/senegals-grand-magal-of-touba/ |website=Culture Trip |access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> | About four million pilgrims participate in the [[Grand Magal of Touba]], {{convert|200|km|mi}} east of [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]]. The pilgrimage celebrates the life and teachings of Cheikh Amadou Bamba, who founded the [[Mouride]] brotherhood in 1883 and begins on the 18th of [[Safar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holloway |first1=Beetle |title=Senegal's Grand Magal of Touba: A Pilgrimage of Celebration |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/senegals-grand-magal-of-touba/ |website=Culture Trip |date=21 November 2018 |access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> | ||
===Shia=== | ===Shia=== | ||
{{Main| | {{Main|Arbaʽeen|Ashura|Imam Reza}} | ||
''Al-Arba‘īn'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْأَرْبَـعِـيْـن}}, "The Forty"), ''Chehelom'' ({{lang-fa|{{Nastaliq|چهلم}}}}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|چہلم}}}}, "the fortieth [day]") or ''Qirkhī'', ''Imāmīn Qirkhī'' ({{lang-az|İmamın qırxı}} ({{lang-ar|إمامین قیرخی}}), "the fortieth of Imam") is a [[Shia]] Muslim religious observance that occurs [[40 (number)|forty]] days after the [[Day of Ashura]]. It commemorates the [[martyrdom]] of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], the grandson of [[Muhammad]], which falls on the 20th or 21st day of the month of [[Safar]]. [[Imam]] Husayn ibn Ali and 72 companions were killed by [[Yazid I]]'s army in the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 61 AH (680 [[Common Era|CE]]). Arba'een or forty days is also the usual length of mourning after the death of a family member or loved one in many Muslim traditions. Arba'een is one of the largest pilgrimage gatherings on Earth, in which up to 31 million people go to the city of [[Karbala]] in [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|author=uberVU – social comments |url=http://original.antiwar.com/updates/2010/02/05/friday-46-iraqis-1-syrian-killed-168-iraqis-wounded/ |title=Friday: 46 Iraqis, 1 Syrian Killed; 169 Iraqis Wounded - Antiwar.com |publisher=Original.antiwar.com |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aljazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/articles/34/41-Martyrs-as-More-than-Million-People-Mark-Arbae.html |title=alJazeera Magazine – 41 Martyrs as More than Million People Mark 'Arbaeen' in Holy Karbala |publisher=Aljazeera.com |access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Blast-Kills-27-in-Iraqi-Shiite-City-of-Karbala-83628687.html |title=Powerful Explosions Kill More Than 40 Shi'ite Pilgrims in Karbala |publisher=Voanews.com |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/blast-in-crowd-kills-41-shiite-pilgrims-in-iraq-20100205-nivg.html |title=Blast in crowd kills 41 Shiite pilgrims in Iraq |publisher=News.smh.com.au |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 | first=Abdelamir | last=Hanun}}</ref> | ''Al-Arba‘īn'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْأَرْبَـعِـيْـن}}, "The Forty"), ''Chehelom'' ({{lang-fa|{{Nastaliq|چهلم}}}}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|چہلم}}}}, "the fortieth [day]") or ''Qirkhī'', ''Imāmīn Qirkhī'' ({{lang-az|İmamın qırxı}} ({{lang-ar|إمامین قیرخی}}), "the fortieth of Imam") is a [[Shia]] Muslim religious observance that occurs [[40 (number)|forty]] days after the [[Day of Ashura]]. It commemorates the [[martyrdom]] of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], the grandson of [[Muhammad]], which falls on the 20th or 21st day of the month of [[Safar]]. [[Imam]] Husayn ibn Ali and 72 companions were killed by [[Yazid I]]'s army in the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 61 AH (680 [[Common Era|CE]]). Arba'een or forty days is also the usual length of mourning after the death of a family member or loved one in many Muslim traditions. Arba'een is one of the largest pilgrimage gatherings on Earth, in which up to 31 million people go to the city of [[Karbala]] in [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|author=uberVU – social comments |url=http://original.antiwar.com/updates/2010/02/05/friday-46-iraqis-1-syrian-killed-168-iraqis-wounded/ |title=Friday: 46 Iraqis, 1 Syrian Killed; 169 Iraqis Wounded - Antiwar.com |publisher=Original.antiwar.com |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aljazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/articles/34/41-Martyrs-as-More-than-Million-People-Mark-Arbae.html |title=alJazeera Magazine – 41 Martyrs as More than Million People Mark 'Arbaeen' in Holy Karbala |publisher=Aljazeera.com |access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Blast-Kills-27-in-Iraqi-Shiite-City-of-Karbala-83628687.html |title=Powerful Explosions Kill More Than 40 Shi'ite Pilgrims in Karbala |publisher=Voanews.com |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/blast-in-crowd-kills-41-shiite-pilgrims-in-iraq-20100205-nivg.html |title=Blast in crowd kills 41 Shiite pilgrims in Iraq |publisher=News.smh.com.au |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=30 June 2010 | first=Abdelamir | last=Hanun}}</ref> | ||
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There are numerous lesser Jewish pilgrimage destinations, mainly tombs of ''[[tzadik]]im'', throughout [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and all over the world, including: [[Hebron]]; [[Bethlehem]]; [[Mount Meron]]; [[Netivot]]; [[Uman]], [[Ukraine]]; [[Silistra]], [[Bulgaria]]; [[Damanhur]], [[Egypt]]; and many others.<ref>See David M. Gitlitz and Linda Kay Davidson, ''Pilgrimage and the Jews'' (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006) for history and data on several pilgrimages to both Ashkenazi and Sephardic holy sites.</ref> | There are numerous lesser Jewish pilgrimage destinations, mainly tombs of ''[[tzadik]]im'', throughout [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and all over the world, including: [[Hebron]]; [[Bethlehem]]; [[Mount Meron]]; [[Netivot]]; [[Uman]], [[Ukraine]]; [[Silistra]], [[Bulgaria]]; [[Damanhur]], [[Egypt]]; and many others.<ref>See David M. Gitlitz and Linda Kay Davidson, ''Pilgrimage and the Jews'' (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006) for history and data on several pilgrimages to both Ashkenazi and Sephardic holy sites.</ref> | ||
Many rabbis claim that even today, after the destruction of the Temple, there is a mitzvah to make a pilgrimage on holidays.<ref>Rabbi [[Eliezer Melamed]], [https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/12-01-16/ Making the Pilgrimage Nowadays] in [[Peninei Halakha]]</ref> | |||
==Sikhism== | ==Sikhism== | ||
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Eventually, however, [[Amritsar]] and [[Harmandir Sahib|Harmandir Sahib (the Golden Temple)]] became the spiritual and cultural centre of the Sikh faith, and if a Sikh goes on pilgrimage it is usually to this place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://re-xs.ucsm.ac.uk/re/pilgrimage/sikhism.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123234933/http://re-xs.ucsm.ac.uk/re/pilgrimage/sikhism.htm|archive-date=23 November 2001|title=Sikhism}}</ref> | Eventually, however, [[Amritsar]] and [[Harmandir Sahib|Harmandir Sahib (the Golden Temple)]] became the spiritual and cultural centre of the Sikh faith, and if a Sikh goes on pilgrimage it is usually to this place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://re-xs.ucsm.ac.uk/re/pilgrimage/sikhism.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123234933/http://re-xs.ucsm.ac.uk/re/pilgrimage/sikhism.htm|archive-date=23 November 2001|title=Sikhism}}</ref> | ||
The [[Panj Takht]] (Punjabi: ਪੰਜ ਤਖ਼ਤ) are the five revered [[gurdwaras]] in India that are considered the thrones or seats of authority of Sikhism and are traditionally considered a pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 February 2014|title=Special train to connect all five Takhats, first run on February 16|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Special-train-to-connect-all-five-Takhats-first-run-on-February-16/articleshow/29908402.cms}}</ref> | The [[Panj Takht]] (Punjabi: ਪੰਜ ਤਖ਼ਤ) are the five revered [[gurdwaras]] in India that are considered the thrones or seats of authority of Sikhism and are traditionally considered a pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 February 2014|title=Special train to connect all five Takhats, first run on February 16|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Special-train-to-connect-all-five-Takhats-first-run-on-February-16/articleshow/29908402.cms}}</ref> | ||
==Taoism== | ==Taoism== | ||
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=== Ancient Greece === | === Ancient Greece === | ||
The [[Eleusinian Mysteries|Eleusinian mysteries]] included a pilgrimage. The procession to [[Eleusis]] began at the [[Athens|Athenian]] cemetery [[Kerameikos]] and from there the participants walked to Eleusis, along the [[Sacred Way]] (Ἱερὰ Ὁδός, ''Hierá Hodós'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Inge|date=2017|title=Collective mysteries and Greek pilgrimage: The cases of Eleusis, Thebes and Andania, in: Excavating Pilgrimage|url=https://www.academia.edu/36776460|language=en}}</ref> | The [[Eleusinian Mysteries|Eleusinian mysteries]] included a pilgrimage. The procession to [[Eleusis]] began at the [[Athens|Athenian]] cemetery [[Kerameikos]] and from there the participants walked to Eleusis, along the [[Sacred Way]] (Ἱερὰ Ὁδός, ''Hierá Hodós'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Inge|date=2017|title=Collective mysteries and Greek pilgrimage: The cases of Eleusis, Thebes and Andania, in: Excavating Pilgrimage|journal=Excavating Pilgrimage|page=28|doi=10.4324/9781315228488-3|url=https://www.academia.edu/36776460|language=en}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
* Coleman, Simon. Powers of Pilgrimage: Religion in a World of Movement. United States, NYU Press, 2022. | |||
* al-Naqar, Umar. 1972. ''The Pilgrimage Tradition in West Africa.'' Khartoum: Khartoum University Press. [includes a map 'African Pilgrimage Routes to Mecca, ca. 1300–1900'] | * al-Naqar, Umar. 1972. ''The Pilgrimage Tradition in West Africa.'' Khartoum: Khartoum University Press. [includes a map 'African Pilgrimage Routes to Mecca, ca. 1300–1900'] | ||
* Coleman, Simon and John Elsner (1995), ''Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press. | * Coleman, Simon and John Elsner (1995), ''Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press. | ||