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{{Infobox civil conflict | {{Infobox civil conflict | ||
| date = November 1947 | | date = November 1947 | ||
| place = [[Mirpur district]] | | place = [[Mirpur district#History|Mirpur district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] | ||
| goals = [[Genocide]], [[Religious cleansing]] | | goals = [[Genocide]], [[Religious cleansing]] | ||
| methods = [[Riot]]ing, [[pogrom]], [[arson]], [[looting]], [[rape]] | | methods = [[Riot]]ing, [[pogrom]], [[arson]], [[looting]], [[rape]] | ||
| fatalities = 20,000+ [[Hindus]] | | fatalities = 20,000+ [[Hindus]] and [[Sikhs]]<ref name="Das Gupta"/><ref name="Snedden p.56"/><ref name="Snedden p.167"/><ref name="Luv Puri"/>{{sfnp|Hasan, Mirpur 1947 |2013}} | ||
| map_type = Kashmir | | map_type = Kashmir | ||
| map_label = Mirpur | | map_label = Mirpur | ||
| coordinates = {{coord|33|9|N|73|44|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}} | | coordinates = {{coord|33|9|N|73|44|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''1947 Mirpur Massacre''' was the killing of | The '''1947 Mirpur Massacre''' was the killing of more than 20,000 [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] residents of the Mirpur city in the [[Mirpur district#History|Mirpur District]] of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (present day [[Pakistan]]-administered [[Azad Kashmir]]), by [[Kashmir_conflict#Partition_and_invasion|invading]] armed [[Pashtun]] tribesmen and local armed Muslims during the [[First Kashmir War]]. It followed the occupation of Mirpur by the raiders on 25 November, 1947. | ||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
Soon after [[British India]]'s independence, a [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|rebellion occurred]] in [[History of Poonch District|Poonch]] and Mirpur districts, and the [[Pakistani Army]] conceived a military plan to invade [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The military campaign was | Soon after [[British Raj|British India]]'s independence, a [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|rebellion occurred]] in [[History of Poonch District|Poonch]] and Mirpur districts, and the [[Pakistani Army]] conceived a military plan to invade [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The military campaign was claimed by Indian sources to be code-named "[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948#Operation Gulmarg plan|Operation Gulmarg]]", which was reportedly to involve forming twenty tribal regiments and launching a swift invasion.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=172 |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9781849046213 |location= |pages=172– |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Before the [[First Kashmir War |Kashmir War]] in 1947, the [[Mirpur district#History |Mirpur District]] had about 75,000 Hindu and Sikhs, amounting to 20 percent of the population. A great majority of them lived in the principal towns of Mirpur, [[Kotli]] and [[Bhimber]]. Refugees from [[Jhelum District |Jhelum]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan |Pakistani Punjab]] had taken refuge in Mirpur, causing the non-Muslim population to increase to 25,000.<ref name="Snedden p.56">{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |authorlink=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |origyear=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |pages=28, 56}}</ref> | Before the [[First Kashmir War |Kashmir War]] in 1947, the [[Mirpur district#History|Mirpur District]] had about 75,000 Hindu and Sikhs, amounting to 20 percent of the population. A great majority of them lived in the principal towns of Mirpur, [[Kotli]] and [[Bhimber]]. Refugees from [[Jhelum District |Jhelum]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan |Pakistani Punjab]] had taken refuge in Mirpur, causing the non-Muslim population to increase to 25,000.<ref name="Snedden p.56">{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |authorlink=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |origyear=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |pages=28, 56}}</ref> | ||
== Event == | == Event == | ||
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In March 1948, the [[ICRC]] rescued 1,600 of the survivors from Ali Baig, who were resettled to [[Jammu]] and other areas of India. By 1951, only 790 non-Muslims remained in areas that came to comprise Azad Kashmir; down from a previous population of 114,000 that used to live there. Many Hindus and Sikhs from Muzaffarabad and Mirpur that survived the raids became displaced within the former princely state. To their displeasure, the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir government]] has not given them the status and associated benefits of internally displaced people.<ref name="Snedden p.167" /> | In March 1948, the [[ICRC]] rescued 1,600 of the survivors from Ali Baig, who were resettled to [[Jammu]] and other areas of India. By 1951, only 790 non-Muslims remained in areas that came to comprise Azad Kashmir; down from a previous population of 114,000 that used to live there. Many Hindus and Sikhs from Muzaffarabad and Mirpur that survived the raids became displaced within the former princely state. To their displeasure, the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir government]] has not given them the status and associated benefits of internally displaced people.<ref name="Snedden p.167" /> | ||
The date of 25 November is remembered as the ''Mirpur Day'' in the | The date of 25 November is remembered as the ''Mirpur Day'' in the Jammu & Kashmir.<ref name="Luv Puri" /> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
* {{citation |last=Gupta |first=Bal K. |title=Forgotten Atrocities: Memoirs of a Survivor of the 1947 Partition of India |url=https://www.academia.edu/44117562 |year=2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-257-91419-7 |ref={{sfnref|Gupta, Forgotten Atrocities|2013}}}} | * {{citation |last=Gupta |first=Bal K. |title=Forgotten Atrocities: Memoirs of a Survivor of the 1947 Partition of India |url=https://www.academia.edu/44117562 |year=2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-257-91419-7 |ref={{sfnref|Gupta, Forgotten Atrocities|2013}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Bhagotra |first=R. K. |chapter=Escape from Death Seven Times |title=Ibid |year=2013 |orig-year=first published in ''The Tawi Deepika'', 1987 |pages=123–125 }} | |||
* {{citation |last=Hasan |first=Khalid |title=Ibid |year=2013 |ref={{sfnref|Hasan, Mirpur 1947|2013}} |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132633/http://www.khalidhasan.net/2007/03/16/mirpur-1947-%E2%80%93-the-untold-story/ |orig-year=2007 |pages=141–144 |chapter=Mirpur 1947 }} | |||
* {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Ram Chander |chapter=Mirpur – Forgotten City |title=Ibid |year=2013 |origyear=first published in ''Daily Excelsior'', date unknown |pages=138–140 }} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:1947 Mirpur massacre}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:1947 Mirpur massacre}} | ||
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[[Category:1940s murders in Pakistan|Mirpur massacre]] | [[Category:1940s murders in Pakistan|Mirpur massacre]] | ||
[[Category:1947 murders in Asia|Mirpur massacre]] | [[Category:1947 murders in Asia|Mirpur massacre]] | ||
[[Category:Massacres in | [[Category:Massacres in 1947|Mirpur massacre]] | ||
[[Category:20th century in Azad Kashmir]] | [[Category:20th century in Azad Kashmir]] | ||
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]] | [[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]] | ||