Jāti (Buddhism): Difference between revisions

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|ja=生
|ja-Latn=shō
|ja-Latn=shō
|km= ជាតិ<br>(Cheat)
|km= ជាតិ
|km-Latn=chéatĕ
|ko=
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In [[Buddhism]], '''Jāti''' ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Pāli]]), "birth", refers to physical birth; to [[Rebirth in Buddhism|rebirth]], the arising of a new living entity within [[Samsara (Buddhism)|''saṃsāra'']] (cyclic existence); and to the arising of mental phenomena.
In [[Buddhism]], '''Jāti''' ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Pāli]]), "birth", refers to physical birth; to [[Rebirth in Buddhism|rebirth]], the arising of a new living entity within [[Samsara (Buddhism)|''saṃsāra'']] (cyclic existence); and to the arising of mental phenomena.


Sufferings of minister from jāti
==Meaning==
==Interpretations==
Within the teachings on the [[Four Noble Truths]], ''jāti'' refers to physical birth, and is qualified  as ''[[dukkha]]'' (suffering): "Now this, monks, is the noble truth of dukkha: birth (jati) is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha."
Within the teachings on the [[Four Noble Truths]], ''jāti'' refers to physical birth, and is qualified  ''[[dukkha]]'' (suffering): "Now this, monk , is the noble truth of dukkha: birth (jati) is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha."


In traditional Buddhist thought, there are four forms of birth:<ref>[http://book.bfnn.org/books/0992.htm#a154 佛學問答第三輯]</ref><ref>[http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1996_01_02.pdf Bot Thubten Tenzin Karma and Rebirth]</ref>
In traditional Buddhist thought, there are four forms of birth:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://book.bfnn.org/books/0992.htm#a154|title=佛學問答第三輯|website=book.bfnn.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1996_01_02.pdf|title=Bot Thubten Tenzin Karma and Rebirth}}</ref>
* birth from an egg ([[Sanskrit]]: Andaja; [[Pali]]: Aṇḍaja; {{zh|c=卵生}}; {{lang-bo|Sgongskyes}})—like a bird, fish, or reptile;
* birth from an egg ([[Sanskrit]]: Andaja; [[Pali]]: Aṇḍaja; {{zh|c=卵生}}; {{lang-bo|Sgongskyes}})—like a bird, fish, or reptile;
* birth from a womb (Sanskrit: Jarayuja; Pali: Jalābuja; {{zh|c=胎生}}; {{lang-bo|Mnal-skyes}})—like most mammals and some worldly [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]];
* birth from a womb (Sanskrit: Jarayuja; Pali: Jalābuja; {{zh|c=胎生}}; {{lang-bo|Mnal-skyes}})—like most mammals and some worldly [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]];
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{{Nidanas|float=right}}
{{Nidanas|float=right}}
Jāti is the eleventh link within the [[Twelve Nidānas|eleventh Nidāna]] of [[paṭiccasamuppāda]] ("dependent arising" or "dependent origination"), where it can refer both to rebirth and to the arising of mental phenomena.{{sfn|Analayo|2008|p=93-94}} The ''[[Vibhanga]]'', the second book of the Theravada ''[[Abbidhamma]]'', treats it in both ways. In the ''Suttantabhajaniya'' it is described as rebirth, which is conditioned by becoming ([[bhava]]), and gives rise to old age and death ([[Jaramarana|{{IAST|jarāmaraṇa}}]]) in a living being. In the ''Abhidhammabhajaniya'' it is treated as the arising of mental phenomena.{{sfn|Analayo|2008|p=93-94}}
Jāti is the eleventh link within the [[Twelve Nidānas|eleventh Nidāna]] of [[paṭiccasamuppāda]] ("dependent arising" or "dependent origination"), where it can refer both to rebirth and to the arising of mental phenomena.{{sfn|Analayo|2007|p=93-94}} The ''[[Vibhanga]]'', the second book of the Theravada ''[[Abbidhamma]]'', treats it in both ways. In the ''Suttantabhajaniya'' it is described as rebirth, which is conditioned by becoming ([[bhava]]), and gives rise to old age and death ([[Jaramarana|{{IAST|jarāmaraṇa}}]]) in a living being. In the ''Abhidhammabhajaniya'' it is treated as the arising of mental phenomena.{{sfn|Analayo|2007|p=93-94}}


==References==
==References==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
;Single suttas
;Single suttas
* [[Piyadassi Thera]] (trans.) (1999). ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 56.11). Retrieved 2007-06-13 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html.
* [[Piyadassi Thera]] (trans.) (1999). ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 56.11). Retrieved 2007-06-13 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth].
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1997). ''Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 12.2). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at https://web.archive.org/web/20060512063953/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn-12-002-tb0.html.
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1997). ''Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 12.2). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512063953/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn-12-002-tb0.html SN XII.2: Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta].
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). ''Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference'' ([[Digha Nikaya|DN]] 22). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.22.0.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). ''Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference'' ([[Digha Nikaya|DN]] 22). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.22.0.than.html Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference].
* {{Citation| last =Bhikkhu |first=Thanissaro |authorlink=Thanissaro Bhikkhu | year =1997 | title =Tittha Sutta: Sectarians|id= [[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] 3.61 | url =http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.061.than.html | accessdate =12 November 2007}}
* {{Citation| last =Bhikkhu |first=Thanissaro |authorlink=Thanissaro Bhikkhu | year =1997 | title =Tittha Sutta: Sectarians|id= [[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] 3.61 | url =http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.061.than.html | accessdate =12 November 2007}}


Latest revision as of 03:15, 31 March 2022


Translations of
Jāti
Englishbirth
SanskritJāti
PaliJāti
Burmeseဇာတိ
(MLCTS: zàtḭ)
Chinese生
(Pinyin: shēng)
Japanese生
(rōmaji: shō)
Khmerជាតិ
(UNGEGN: chéatĕ)
Shanၸႃႇတီႉ
([tsaa2 ti5])
Sinhalaජාති
Tibetanskyed.ba
Vietnamesesinh
Glossary of Buddhism

In Buddhism, Jāti (Sanskrit/Pāli), "birth", refers to physical birth; to rebirth, the arising of a new living entity within saṃsāra (cyclic existence); and to the arising of mental phenomena.

Meaning[edit | edit source]

Within the teachings on the Four Noble Truths, jāti refers to physical birth, and is qualified as dukkha (suffering): "Now this, monks, is the noble truth of dukkha: birth (jati) is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha."

In traditional Buddhist thought, there are four forms of birth:[1][2]

  • birth from an egg (Sanskrit: Andaja; Pali: Aṇḍaja; Chinese: 卵生; Template:Lang-bo)—like a bird, fish, or reptile;
  • birth from a womb (Sanskrit: Jarayuja; Pali: Jalābuja; Chinese: 胎生; Template:Lang-bo)—like most mammals and some worldly devas;
  • birth from moisture (Sanskrit: Samsvedaja; Pali: Saṃsedaja; Chinese: 濕生; Template:Lang-bo)—probably referring to the appearance of animals whose eggs are microscopic, like maggots appearing in rotting flesh;
  • birth by transformation (Sanskrit: Upapaduka; Pali: Opapatika; Chinese: 化生; Template:Lang-bo)—miraculous materialization, as with this devas.

Template:Nidanas Jāti is the eleventh link within the eleventh Nidāna of paṭiccasamuppāda ("dependent arising" or "dependent origination"), where it can refer both to rebirth and to the arising of mental phenomena.[3] The Vibhanga, the second book of the Theravada Abbidhamma, treats it in both ways. In the Suttantabhajaniya it is described as rebirth, which is conditioned by becoming (bhava), and gives rise to old age and death (jarāmaraṇa) in a living being. In the Abhidhammabhajaniya it is treated as the arising of mental phenomena.[3]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "佛學問答第三輯". book.bfnn.org.
  2. ↑ "Bot Thubten Tenzin Karma and Rebirth" (PDF).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Analayo 2007, p. 93-94.

Sources[edit | edit source]

Further reading[edit | edit source]

Single suttas
Sutta-collections
Commentaries and interpretations
  • Ajahn Sumedho (2002), The Four Noble Truths, Amaravati Publications
  • Ajahn Sucitto (2010), Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching, Shambhala
  • Das, Surya (1997), Awakening the Buddha Within, Broadway Books, Kindle Edition
  • Epstein, Mark (2004), Thoughts Without A Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective, Basic Books, Kindle Edition
  • Goldstein, Joseph (2002), One Dharma: The Emerging Western Buddhism, HarperCollins
  • Moffitt, Phillip (2008), Dancing with Life: Buddhist Insights for Finding Meaning and Joy in the Face of Suffering, Rodale, Kindle Edition
  • Nhat Hanh, Thich (1999), The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching, Three River Press
  • Rahula, Walpola (2007), What the Buddha Taught, Grove Press, Kindle Edition
  • Trungpa, Chogyam (2009), The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation (edited by Judy Leif), Shambhala
  • Tulku, Ringu (2005), Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism, Snow Lion
Scholarly
  • Gethin, Rupert (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press
  • Harvey, Peter (1990), Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press
  • Kalupahana, David J. (1992), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
  • Keown, Damien (2003), Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-860560-9
Preceded by
Bhava 		Twelve Nidānas
Jāti 		Succeeded by
Jarāmaraṇa
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