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{{Infobox | {{Short description|Genre of rap music}} | ||
| name = | {{other uses|Gangsta Rap (disambiguation)}} | ||
| | {{Redirect2|G Rap|Reality Rap|the rapper|Kool G Rap|the album|Reality Rap (album)}} | ||
| | {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}} | ||
| stylistic_origins = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] | {{Infobox music genre | ||
| | | name = Gangsta rap | ||
| image = | |||
| | | caption = Tupac Shakur 1991 | ||
| derivatives = [[Mafioso rap]] | | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[hardcore hip hop]]|[[political hip hop]]}} | ||
| | | cultural_origins = {{hlist|1985|[[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Balfour|first=Jay|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/6784905/schoolly-d-psk-first-gangsta-rap-song-anniversary|title=Schoolly D Reflects on Creating Gangsta Rap With 'P.S.K.' on Its 30th Anniversary|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=2015-12-03|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923063727/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/6784905/schoolly-d-psk-first-gangsta-rap-song-anniversary|archive-date=September 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gangsta-rap|title=Gangsta rap | hip-hop music}}</ref>}} | ||
| derivatives = {{hlist|[[#Mafioso rap|Mafioso rap]]}} | |||
| fusiongenres = | | subgenrelist = | ||
| regional_scenes = [[West Coast hip hop]] | | subgenres = {{hlist|[[Drill music|drill]]|[[Trap music|trap]]|[[British hip hop#Road rap|road rap]]}} | ||
| other_topics = [[Horrorcore]] | | fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[G-funk]]|Mobb music}} | ||
| regional_scenes = {{hlist|[[West Coast hip hop]]|[[East Coast hip hop]]|[[Southern hip hop]]|[[Irish hip hop]]|[[British hip hop]]|[[Canadian hip hop]]|[[Australian hip hop]]}} | |||
| other_topics = {{hlist|[[Horrorcore]]|[[progressive rap]]}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Gangsta rap''' or '''gangster rap''', initially called '''reality-pop''',<ref>{{cite book|title=Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity|last=Krims|first=Adam|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=9780521634472|page=70}}</ref> emerged in the mid- to late 1980s as a controversial [[hip hop]] subgenre whose lyrics assert the culture and values typical of American street gangs and street hustlers.<ref>James C. Howell, ''The History of Street Gangs in the United States: Their Origins and Transformations'' (Lanham, MD: [[Lexington Books]], 2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=mc5_CgAAQBAJ&q=%22gangsta+rap%22 pp 82–85].</ref> Many gangsta rappers flaunt associations with real street gangs, like the [[Crips]] and the [[Bloods]].<ref>* [https://books.google.com/books?id=wLNZ10G5B4sC&pg=PA69&dq=bloods+crips+gangster+rap#v=onepage Gangs and Gang Crime] (2008) Michael Newton | |||
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=uSWq0GaoMfYC&pg=PA59&dq=bloods+crips+gangster+rappers#v=onepage Gangsters Encyclopedia] page 59, (2007) Michael Newton | |||
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=d-QZIBtgiMYC&pg=PA44&dq=bloods+crips+gangster+rappers#v=onepage Encyclopedia of gangs] page 44, Louis Kontos, David Brotherton | |||
* Bloods and Crips: The Genesis of a Genocide: page 42 (2009) Donovan Simmons, Terry Moses | |||
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=rA3KSvabS54C&pg=PA44&dq=bloods+crips+gangster+rappers#v=onepage The Killing of Tupac Shakur] Cathy Scott</ref> Gangsta rap's pioneers were [[Schoolly D]] of Philadelphia in [[P.S.K. What Does It Mean?|1985]], [[Ice-T]] of Los Angeles in [[6 in the Mornin'|1986]], and especially [[N.W.A]] in [[Straight Outta Compton|1988]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://rap.about.com/od/genresstyles/p/GangstaRap.htm |title=Gangsta Rap – What Is Gangsta Rap |website=Rap.about.com |access-date=2015-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232338/http://rap.about.com/od/genresstyles/p/GangstaRap.htm |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[The Chronic|1993]], via record producer [[Dr. Dre]], rapper [[Snoop Dogg]] and their [[G-funk]] sound, gangsta rap took the rap genre's lead and became mainstream, popular music. | |||
Gangsta rap has been recurrently accused of promoting disorderly conduct and broad criminality, especially assault, homicide, and drug dealing, as well as misogyny, promiscuity, and materialism.<ref name="rap, race, and censorship">{{cite news|last=Philips|first=Chuck|title=COVER STORY : The Uncivil War : The battle between the Establishment and supporters of rap music reopens old wounds of race and class|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-19/entertainment/ca-4391_1_uncivil-war/2|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=July 19, 1992|access-date=2014-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104003238/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-19/entertainment/ca-4391_1_uncivil-war/2|archive-date=January 4, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Gangsta rap's defenders have variously characterized it as artistic depictions but not literal endorsements of real life in American ghettos, or suggested that some lyrics voice rage against social oppression or police brutality, and have often accused critics of hypocrisy and racial bias.<ref name="rap, race, and censorship"/><ref>{{cite web|date=2006-01-27|title=Cam'ron on The O'Reilly Factor|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnhUYWbW3jQ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114142547/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnhUYWbW3jQ|archive-date=November 14, 2015|access-date=2015-03-03|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Still, gangsta rap has been assailed even by some black public figures, including [[Spike Lee]],<ref>Spike Lee's satirical film ''[[Bamboozled]]'' likens gangsta rap to [[minstrel show]]s and [[blackface]].</ref> but first by pastor [[Calvin Butts]] and especially by activist [[C. Delores Tucker]]. | |||
== | ==1985–1988: Origins and early years== | ||
===Schoolly D and Ice-T=== | |||
[[Philadelphia]] rapper [[Schoolly D]] is generally considered the first “gangsta rapper” or one of the first “gangsta rappers”, significantly influencing the more popular early gangsta rap originator, [[Ice-T]]. Ice-T was born in [[Newark, New Jersey]], in 1958. As a teenager, he moved to [[Los Angeles]] where he rose to prominence in the [[West Coast hip hop|West Coast hip hop scene]]. In 1986, Ice-T released "[[6 in the Mornin']]", which is regarded as one of the first gangsta rap songs. Ice-T had been MCing since the early '80s, but first turned to gangsta rap themes after being influenced by [[Philadelphia]] rapper Schoolly D and his 1985 album ''[[Schoolly D (album)|Schoolly D]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/563261/Schoolly-D |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104101400/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/563261/Schoolly-D |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2012 |title=All Movie Guide: Schoolly D | accessdate=27 March 2021}}</ref> In an interview with PROPS magazine, Ice-T said: | |||
:Here's the exact chronological order of what really went down: The first record that came out along those lines was [[Schoolly D]]'s "[[P.S.K. What Does It Mean?|P.S.K.]]" Then the syncopation of that rap was used by me when I made "6 in the Mornin'". The vocal delivery was the same: ' ... P.S.K. is makin' that green', ' ... six in the morning, police at my door'. When I heard that record I was like "Oh shit!" and call it a bite or what you will but I dug that record. My record didn't sound like P.S.K., but I liked the way he was flowing with it. P.S.K. was talking about Park Side Killers but it was very vague. That was the only difference, when Schoolly did it, it was "... one by one, I'm knockin' em out." All he did was represent a gang on his record. I took that and wrote a record about guns, beating people down and all that with "6 in the Mornin'". At the same time my single came out, [[Boogie Down Productions]] hit with ''[[Criminal Minded]]'', which was a gangster-based album. It wasn't about messages or "You Must Learn", it was about gangsterism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daveyd.com/iceprops.html |title=Ice T Interview |website=Daveyd.com |access-date=2015-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718115817/http://www.daveyd.com/iceprops.html |archive-date=July 18, 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In 2011, Ice-T repeated in his autobiography that Schoolly D was his inspiration for gangsta rap.<ref>''Ice: A Memoir of Gangster Life and Redemption—from South Central to Hollywood'', Chapter 8: Six in the Mornin', One World, New York, 2011</ref> Ice-T continued to release gangsta albums for the remainder of the 1980s: ''[[Rhyme Pays]]'' in 1987, ''[[Power (Ice T)|Power]]'' in 1988 and ''[[The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say]]'' in 1989. Ice-T's lyrics also contained strong political commentary, and often played the line between glorifying the gangsta lifestyle and criticizing it as a [[no-win situation]]. | |||
Schoolly D's debut album, ''Schoolly D'', and especially the song "[[P.S.K. What Does It Mean?]]", would heavily influence not only Ice-T, but also [[Eazy-E]] and [[N.W.A]] (most notably in the song "[[Boyz-n-the-Hood]]") as well as the [[Beastie Boys]] on their seminal hardcore hip hop inspired album ''[[Licensed to Ill]]'' (1986).<ref name=hess>{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Mickey|title=Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide|date=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkCncJ7j744C&q=schoolly+d+influenced+eazy+e&pg=PA154|isbn=9780313343216}}</ref> | |||
===Boogie Down Productions=== | |||
[[Boogie Down Productions]] released their first single, "Say No Brother (Crack Attack Don't Do It)", in 1986. It was followed by "South-Bronx/P is Free" and "9mm Goes Bang" in the same year. The latter is the most gangsta-themed song of the three; in it, [[KRS-One]] boasts about shooting a crack dealer and his posse to death (in self-defense).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohhla.com/anonymous/boogiedp/cri_mind/9mm_goes.bdp.txt |title=The Original Hip-Hop (Rap) Lyrics Archive |website=Ohhla.com |access-date=2015-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814055106/http://www.ohhla.com/anonymous/boogiedp/cri_mind/9mm_goes.bdp.txt |archive-date=August 14, 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> The album ''[[Criminal Minded]]'' followed in 1987, and was the first rap album to have firearms on its cover. Shortly after the release of this album, BDP's DJ, [[Scott LaRock]] was shot and killed. After this, BDP's subsequent records were more focused with the inadequate rationale removed. | |||
===Other early influences=== | |||
The New York-based [[Run-DMC]] and [[LL Cool J]], though originating prior to the establishment of “gangsta rap” as a cohesive genre, were influential in the formation of gangsta rap, often producing early aggressive [[hardcore hip hop]] songs and being among the first rappers to dress in gang-like street clothing. The seminal Long Island-based group [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]] featured aggressive, politically charged lyrics, which had an especially strong influence on gangsta rappers such as [[Ice Cube]]. [[Rakim]] and [[Eric B & Rakim]] would further influence gangsta rap with aggressive, street-oriented raps, especially on the 1987 album ''[[Paid in Full (album)|Paid In Full]] ''. | |||
The hip hop group [[Beastie Boys]] also influenced the gangsta rap genre with their 1986 album ''[[Licensed to Ill]]'', with an early reference to being a “gangster” mentioned in the song “Slow Ride”. In 1986, the Los Angeles-based group [[C.I.A. (group)|C.I.A.]] (consisting of Ice Cube, K-Dee, Sir Jinks) rapped over the [[Beastie Boys]]’ tracks for songs such as "My Posse" and "Ill-Legal", and the Beastie Boys' influence can be seen significantly in N.W.A's early albums.<ref>Chang, Jeff. ''Can't Stop, Won't Stop: The History of the Hip Hop Generation''</ref> The [[Beastie Boys]] had started out as a [[hardcore punk]] band, but after introduction to producer [[Rick Rubin]] and the exit of [[Kate Schellenbach]] they became a hip hop group.<ref>[http://nymag.com/arts/popmusic/features/beastie-boys-2011-5/ Rude Boys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301015036/http://nymag.com/arts/popmusic/features/beastie-boys-2011-5/ |date=March 1, 2017 }}, Amos Barshad, New York magazine 2011 5, retr 2012 Oct</ref> According to ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' Magazine, the Beastie Boys’ 1986 album ''[[Licensed to Ill]]'' is "filled with enough references to guns, drugs and empty sex (including the pornographic deployment of a [[Wiffleball]] bat in "[[Paul Revere (song)|Paul Revere]]") to qualify as a gangsta-rap cornerstone."<ref>''The New Rolling Stone Album Guide'', Fourth Edition</ref> | |||
==1988–1997: Golden age== | |||
===N.W.A. And Ice Cube=== | |||
The first blockbuster gangsta rap album was [[N.W.A]]'s ''[[Straight Outta Compton]]'', released in 1988. ''Straight Outta Compton'' would establish West Coast hip hop as a vital genre, and establish Los Angeles as a legitimate rival to hip hop's long-time capital, New York City. ''Straight Outta Compton'' sparked the first major controversy regarding hip hop lyrics when their song "[[Fuck tha Police]]" earned a letter from [[FBI]] Assistant Director, Milt Ahlerich, strongly expressing [[police|law enforcement]]'s resentment of the song.<ref>{{cite news|first=Ryan |last=Ritchie |title=Eazy to be hard |url=http://www.presstelegram.com/entertainment/ci_5315527 |website=Presstelegram.com|date=2007-02-28 |access-date=2008-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304170024/http://www.presstelegram.com/entertainment/ci_5315527 |archive-date=March 4, 2007 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>Deflem, Mathieu. 2020. [https://deflem.blogspot.com/2019/07/music-censorship-labeling.html "Popular Culture and Social Control: The Moral Panic on Music Labeling."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803015238/https://deflem.blogspot.com/2019/07/music-censorship-labeling.html |date=August 3, 2019 }} ''American Journal of Criminal Justice'' 45(1):2–24 (First published online July 24, 2019).</ref> Due to the influence of Ice-T, N.W.A, and [[Ice Cube]]'s early solo career, gangsta rap is often somewhat erroneously credited as being a mostly [[West Coast hip hop|West Coast]] phenomenon, despite the contributions of East Coast acts like Boogie Down Productions in shaping the genre and despite Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D being generally regarded as the first gangsta rapper. | |||
In the early 1990s, former N.W.A member [[Ice Cube]] would further influence gangsta rap with his hardcore, socio-political solo albums, which suggested the potential of gangsta rap as a political medium to give voice to inner-city youth. Ice Cube’s early solo albums and EPs, including ''[[AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted]]'' (1990), ''[[Death Certificate (album)|Death Certificate]]'' (1991), the ''[[Kill at Will]]'' EP (1991) and ''[[The Predator (Ice Cube album)|The Predator]]'' (1992) all contributed significantly to the development of gangsta rap. N.W.A's second album, ''[[Efil4zaggin]]'' (1991) (released after Ice Cube's departure from the group), broke ground as the first gangsta rap album to reach #1 on the Billboard pop charts. | |||
===West, East and South=== | |||
Aside from N.W.A and Ice T, [[Too Short]] (from [[Oakland, California]]), [[Frost (rapper)|Kid Frost]] and the [[South Gate, California|South Gate]]-based Latino group [[Cypress Hill]] were pioneering West Coast rappers with gangsta rap songs and themes. [[Above the Law (group)|Above the Law]] also played an important role in the gangsta rap movement, as their 1990 debut album ''[[Livin' Like Hustlers]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=above_the_law|title=TrouserPress.com :: Above the Law|website=www.trouserpress.com | accessdate=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thequietus.com/articles/17426-above-the-law-livin-like-hustlers|title=The Quietus | Features | Anniversary | Is Above The Law's Livin' Like Hustlers The Best Gangsta Rap Album?|website=The Quietus | accessdate=24 April 2021}}</ref> as well as their guest appearance on N.W.A's 1991 ''Efil4zaggin'', foreshadowed the dominance of the genre in 1990s starting with Dr. Dre's ''[[The Chronic]]''. | |||
East Coast hardcore rappers like [[Kool G Rap]], [[Big Daddy Kane]], [[Slick Rick]] and [[EPMD]] also reflected the trend in hip-hop music in the late 1980s towards hard-hitting, angry, aggressive, and politically conscious lyrics, revolving around crime, violence, poverty, war and gunplay. | |||
The [[Houston]]-based group known as the [[Geto Boys]] came out around the late 1980s and made songs containing both gangsta themes of crime and violence. Early 90s, the Geto Boys gained Top 40 hit "Mind Playing Tricks On Me".<ref>{{cite web |title=Geto Boys Biography |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwclassical/classical/Geto-Boys/bio |website=Broadway World | access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> The group notably released gangsta song "Scarface", a track centered on selling [[cocaine]] and killing rival gang members. The Geto Boys are also known for being the first rap group to sample from the movie ''[[Scarface (1983 movie)|Scarface]]'', a film which became the basis for various mafioso rap samples in the 1990s. Furthermore, the Geto Boys, along with [[Jam Master Jay|Jam Master J]]'s and [[Erick Sermon]]'s group [[Flatlinerz]] and [[Prince Paul (producer)|Prince Paul]]'s and [[RZA]]'s group [[Gravediggaz]], are often cited as pioneers of "[[horrorcore]]" rap, a [[Transgressive art|transgressive]] and abrasive subgenre of hardcore rap or gangsta rap which focuses on common [[Horror fiction|horror]] themes, such as the [[supernatural]] and the [[occult]], often with [[Gothic fiction|gothic]] or [[macabre]] lyrics, [[Satanism|satanic]] imagery and [[slasher film]] or [[splatter film]]-like violence. | |||
===Ice-T's solo career=== | |||
[[Ice-T]] released one of the seminal albums of the genre, ''[[OG: Original Gangster]]'' in 1991. It also contained a song by his new [[thrash metal]] group [[Body Count (band)|Body Count]], who released a [[Body Count (album)|self titled album]] in 1992. Particular controversy surrounded one of its songs "[[Cop Killer (song)|Cop Killer]]". The rock song was intended to speak from the viewpoint of a police target seeking revenge on racist, brutal cops. Ice-T's rock song infuriated government officials, the [[National Rifle Association]] and various police advocacy groups.<ref name="Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining">{{cite news|last=Philips|first=Chuck |author-link=Chuck Philips|title=Cover Story : 'Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining.' : A Q & A with Ice-T about rock, race and the 'Cop Killer' furor|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-19/entertainment/ca-4406_1_cop-killer|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=July 19, 1992|access-date=2014-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112203705/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-19/entertainment/ca-4406_1_cop-killer|archive-date=January 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, Time Warner Music refused to release Ice-T's upcoming album ''Home Invasion'' and dropped Ice-T from the label. Ice-T suggested that the furor over the song was an overreaction, telling journalist [[Chuck Philips]] "... they've done movies about nurse killers and teacher killers and student killers. Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining about that." In the same interview, Ice-T suggested to Philips that the misunderstanding of ''Cop Killer'', the misclassification of it as a rap song (not a rock song), and the attempts to censor it had racial overtones: "The Supreme Court says it's OK for a white man to burn a cross in public. But nobody wants a black man to write a record about a cop killer."<ref name="Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining"/> | |||
Ice-T's next album, ''[[Home Invasion (album)|Home Invasion]]'' was postponed as a result of the controversy, and was finally released in 1993. While it contained gangsta elements, it was his most [[political hip hop|political]] album to date. After a proposed censoring of the ''[[Home Invasion (album)|Home Invasion]]'' album cover art, he left [[Warner Bros. Records]]. Ice-T's subsequent releases went back to straight gangsta-ism, but were never as popular as his earlier releases. He had alienated his core audience with his involvement in metal, his emphasis on politics and with his uptempo Bomb-Squad style beats during a time when [[G-funk]] was popular. He published a book "The Ice Opinion: Who Gives a @#!*% ?" in 1994. | |||
===G-funk and Death Row Records=== | |||
{{Main|G-funk}} | |||
In 1992, former N.W.A member [[Dr. Dre]] released ''[[The Chronic]]'', a massive seller (eventually going triple platinum) which showed that explicit gangsta rap could hold mass commercial appeal just like more pop-oriented rappers such as [[MC Hammer]], [[DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince|The Fresh Prince]] and [[Tone Lōc]]. The album established the dominance of West Coast gangsta rap and Dre's new post-N.W.A label, [[Death Row Records]] (owned by Dr. Dre along with [[Marion "Suge" Knight]]), as Dre's album showcased a stable of promising new Death Row rappers. The album also began the subgenre of G-funk, a slow, drawled form of hip hop that dominated the rap charts for some time. | |||
Extensively sampling [[Psychedelic funk|P-Funk]] bands, especially [[Parliament (band)|Parliament]] and [[Funkadelic]], G-funk was multi-layered, yet simple and easy to dance to. The simple message of its lyrics, that life's problems could be overcome by guns, alcohol and marijuana, endeared it to a teenage audience. The single "[[Nuthin' but a "G" Thang]]" became a crossover hit, with its humorous, ''[[House Party (film)|House Party]]''-influenced video becoming an MTV staple despite that network's historic orientation towards rock music. | |||
Another success was [[Ice Cube]]'s ''[[The Predator (1992 album)|Predator]]'' album, released at about the same time as ''The Chronic'' in 1992. It sold over 5 million copies and was #1 in the charts, propelled by the hit single "[[It Was a Good Day]]", despite the fact that Ice Cube was not a Death Row artist. One of the genre's biggest crossover stars was Dre's protégé [[Snoop Dogg|Snoop Doggy Dogg]] (''[[Doggystyle]]''), whose exuberant, party-oriented themes made songs such as "[[Gin and Juice]]" club anthems and top hits nationwide. In 1996, [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] signed with Death Row and released the multi-platinum double album ''[[All Eyez on Me]]''. Not long afterward, his shocking murder brought gangsta rap into the national headlines and propelled his posthumous ''[[The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory]]'' album (released under the alias "Makaveli") (which eerily featured an image of 2Pac being crucified on the front cover) to the top of the charts. [[Warren G]] was another G-funk musician along with the now deceased [[Nate Dogg]]. Other successful G-funk influenced artists included [[Spice 1]], [[MC Eiht]] and [[MC Ren]], all of them reaching decent positions on the Billboard 100, in spite of not being associated with Death Row. | |||
===Mafioso rap=== | |||
Mafioso rap is a [[hardcore hip hop]] subgenre founded by [[Kool G Rap]] in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/only-built-4-cuban-linx-mw0000171262 |title=Only Built 4 Cuban Linx – Raekwon |website=Allmusic.com |access-date=November 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013175854/http://www.allmusic.com/album/only-built-4-cuban-linx-mw0000171262 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> East coast mafioso rap was partially the counterpart of West Coast [[G-funk]] rap. Mafioso rap is characterized by references to famous [[Gangster|mobsters]] and [[made man|mafiosi]], [[racketeering]] and [[organized crime]] in general (but especially the [[Sicilian Mafia]], the [[American Mafia|Italian-American Mafia]], [[African-American organized crime]] and [[Latin Americans|Latin American]] organized crime or [[drug cartel]]s). Though a significant amount of mafioso rap was more gritty and street-oriented, focusing on street-level organized crime, other mafioso rap artists frequently focused on lavish, self-indulgent, [[Economic materialism|materialistic]] and luxurious subject matter associated with [[crime bosses]] and high-level mobsters, such as expensive drugs, cars and expensive [[champagne]]. Though the genre died down for several years, it re-emerged in 1995 when [[Wu-Tang Clan]] member [[Raekwon]] released his critically acclaimed solo album, ''[[Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...]]''<ref>Ma, David. [http://www.waxpoetics.com/2009/07/cuban-linx-revisited-interview-with-raekwon/ ''Cuban Linx'' Revisited (page 1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206005821/http://www.waxpoetics.com/2009/07/cuban-linx-revisited-interview-with-raekwon/ |date=December 6, 2010 }}. ''[[Wax Poetics]]''. Retrieved 20 April 2021</ref> It. 1995 also saw the release of ''[[Doe or Die]]'' by [[Nas]]' protégé [[AZ (rapper)|AZ]] and the release of the album ''[[4,5,6]]'' by subgenre originator Kool G Rap. This album featured other mafioso rap artists [[MF Grimm]], [[Nas]] and B-1. These three albums brought the genre to mainstream recognition, and inspired other East Coast artists, such as [[Jay-Z]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.|Notorious B.I.G.]] and [[Nas]], to adopt the same themes as well with their albums ''[[Reasonable Doubt (album)|Reasonable Doubt]]'', ''[[Life After Death]]'' and ''[[It Was Written]]'' (respectively). | |||
East coast gangsta rap was popular by the late 1990s, and there were more modern mafioso rap albums such as [[Ghostface Killah]]'s ''[[Fishscale]]'', [[Jay-Z]]'s ''[[American Gangster (album)|American Gangster]]'' and [[Raekwon]]'s ''[[Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II]]''. Many rappers, such as Conejo, Mr Criminal, [[T.I.]], [[Rick Ross]], [[Fabolous]], [[Jadakiss]], [[Jim Jones (rapper)|Jim Jones]] and [[Cassidy (rapper)|Cassidy]] have maintained popularity with lyrics about self-centered urban criminal lifestyles or "hustling". [[Lil' Kim]]'s mafioso album ''[[La Bella Mafia]]'', released in 2003, was a commercial success, receiving platinum certification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database |title=Gold & Platinum Searchable Database – March 03, 2015 |website=Riaa.com |access-date=2015-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830055854/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database |archive-date=August 30, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, Belgian rapper CHG Unfadable released the mafioso rap album ''Lifestyle'' featuring Kool G Rap, [[AZ (rapper)|AZ]] and the first Italian-American mob rapper The Shark. After a long slump in the popularity of Mafioso rap, music collective [[Griselda Records|Griselda]] re-popularised nostalgic Mafioso rap and [[Boom bap|boom-bap]] rap style of the 90s and 80s with artists such as Westside Gunn, [[Conway the Machine]], [[Benny the Butcher]] and [[Daringer (producer)|Daringer]]. | |||
===East Coast hardcore hip hop and the East Coast–West Coast feud=== | |||
Meanwhile, rappers from New York City, such as [[Wu-Tang Clan]], [[Black Moon (group)|Black Moon]] and [[Boot Camp Clik]], [[Onyx (band)|Onyx]], [[Big L]], [[Mobb Deep]], [[Nas]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[DMX]] and [[The Lox|The LOX]], among others, pioneered a grittier sound known as [[hardcore hip hop]]. In 1994, both [[Nas]] and [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] released their debut albums ''[[Illmatic]]'' (April 19) and ''[[Ready to Die]]'' (September 13) respectively, which paved the way for New York City to take back dominance from the West Coast. In an interview for ''[[The Independent]]'' in 1994, the Wu-Tang Clan's [[GZA]] commented on the term "gangsta rap" and its association with his group's music and hip hop at the time: | |||
{{Blockquote|Our music is not 'gangsta rap'. There's no such thing. The label was created by the media to limit what we can say. We just deliver the truth in a brutal fashion. The young black male is a target. Snoop (Doggy Dogg) has gone four times platinum and makes more money than the president. They don't like that, so you hear 'ban this, ban that'. We attack people's emotions. It's a real live show that brings out the inside in people. Like I said, intense.<ref name="ALewis">Lewis, Angela. [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/pop-music--on-pop-1386521.html On Pop: Life & Style] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224171843/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/pop-music--on-pop-1386521.html |date=December 24, 2012 }}. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved on 2009-08-03.</ref>|GZA}} | |||
It is widely speculated that the ensuing "East/West" battle between [[Death Row Records]] and [[Bad Boy Records]] resulted in the deaths of [[Death Row Records]]' [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] (who was 25 years old) and [[Bad Boy Records]]' [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] (who was 24 years old). Even before the murders, Death Row had begun to unravel, as co-founder Dr. Dre had left earlier in 1996; in the aftermath of 2Pac's death, label owner [[Suge Knight]] was sentenced to prison for a parole violation, and Death Row proceeded to sink quickly as most of its remaining artists, including [[Snoop Dogg]], left. Dr. Dre, at the [[MTV Video Music Awards]], claimed that "gangsta rap was dead". While Puff Daddy's Bad Boy Entertainment fared better than its West Coast rival, it eventually began to lose popularity and support by the end of the decade, due to its pursuit of a more mainstream sound, as well as challenges from [[Atlanta]] and New Orleans-based labels, especially, [[Master P]]'s [[No Limit Records|No Limit]] stable of popular rappers. | |||
===Southern and Midwest gangsta rap=== | |||
[[Houston]] first came on to the national scene in the late 1980s with the violent and disturbing stories told by the [[Geto Boys]], with member [[Scarface (rapper)|Scarface]] achieving major solo success in the mid-1990s. Willie D recorded G rap album also. | |||
After the deaths of [[Tupac Shakur]] and [[The Notorious B.I.G.|Biggie Smalls]] and the media attention the murders generated,<ref>[http://womenincrimeink.blogspot.com/2011/01/biggie-smalls-and-tupac-shakur-murder.html "Biggie Smalls and Tupac Shakur Cold Cases Heat Up,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708072554/http://womenincrimeink.blogspot.com/2011/01/biggie-smalls-and-tupac-shakur-murder.html |date=July 8, 2011 }} ''[[Women in Crime Ink]]'' 2011-01-11</ref> gangsta rap became an even greater commercial force. However, most of the industry's major labels were in turmoil, bankrupt, or creatively stagnant, and new labels representing the rap scenes in new locations sprang up. | |||
Master P's No Limit Records label, based out of New Orleans, became quite popular in the late 1990s, though critical success was very scarce, with the exceptions of some later additions like [[Mystikal]] (''[[Ghetto Fabulous (album)|Ghetto Fabulous]]'', 1998). No Limit had begun its rise to national popularity with Master P's ''[[The Ghetto Is Trying to Kill Me!]]'' (1994), and had major hits with [[Silkk the Shocker]] (''[[Charge It 2 Da Game]]'', 1998) and [[C Miller|C-Murder]] (''[[Life or Death (C-Murder album)|Life or Death]]'', 1998). [[Cash Money Records]], also based out of New Orleans, had enormous commercial success beginning in the late 1990s with a similar musical style but utilized a quality-over-quantity business approach unlike No Limit. | |||
[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] collective [[Hypnotize Minds]], led by [[Three 6 Mafia]] and [[Project Pat]], have taken gangsta rap to some of its darker extremes. Led by in-house producers [[DJ Paul]] and [[Juicy J]], the label became known for its pulsating, menacing beats and uncompromisingly thuggish lyrics. However, in the mid-2000s, the group began attaining more mainstream popularity, eventually culminating in the [[Three 6 Mafia]] winning an [[Academy Award]] for the song "[[It's Hard out Here for a Pimp]]" from ''[[Hustle & Flow]]''. | |||
The [[Chopped and screwed]] genre was developed in [[Houston]], Texas which remains the location most associated with the style. The late [[DJ Screw]], a South Houston DJ, is credited with the creation of and early experimentation with the genre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/2013/03/10-chopped-and-screwed-songs-that-never-get-old/ |title=10 CHOPPED AND SCREWED SONGS THAT NEVER GET OLD |last=Cheng |first=Briana |publisher=Pigeons and Planes |access-date=2016-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205122601/http://pigeonsandplanes.com/2013/03/10-chopped-and-screwed-songs-that-never-get-old/ |archive-date=February 5, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> DJ Screw began making mixtapes of the slowed-down music in the early 1990s and began the [[Screwed Up Click]]. This provided a significant outlet for MCs in the South-Houston area, and helped local rappers such as [[Big Moe]], [[Lil' Flip]], [[E.S.G. (rapper)|E.S.G.]], [[UGK]], [[Lil' Keke]], [[South Park Mexican]], [[Spice 1]] and [[Z-Ro]] gain regional and sometimes national prominence. | |||
===Narco-rap=== | |||
Narco-rap is a music scene, similar to the early underground gangsta rap scene, that emerged in north-eastern Mexico and southern [[Texas]]. Its lyrical content, popular among Latino youth, is violent and focuses on the power of drug cartels and the gruesomeness of the [[Mexican drug war]]. Narco-rap emerged in the urban areas of [[Tamaulipas]], a Mexican state currently subject to a turf war between [[Los Zetas]] and the [[Gulf Cartel]]. Narco-rappers sing about the life of mobsters and the reality of the cities under the cartel's rule. Some of the key players of the genre are [[Samuel Flores Borrego#Narco-Rap legacy|Cano y Blunt]], DemenT and Big Los.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/es_mx/read/en-tamaulipas-los-narcos-disparan-a-ritmo-de-rap-0000156-v5n4|title=En Tamaulipas los narcos disparan a ritmo de rap – VICE – México|website=Vice.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2010/06/23/hfr-el-narco-rap-la-banda-sonora-del-horror-en-reynosa|title=El ''narco-rap'', la banda sonora del horror en Reynosa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131031413/http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2010/06/23/hfr-el-narco-rap-la-banda-sonora-del-horror-en-reynosa|archive-date=January 31, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://diario.mx/El_Paso/2013-06-16_0ee2cdd6/se-suman-los-raperos-norteamericanos-a-la-ola-narco/|title=Se suman los raperos norteamericanos a la 'ola narco'|last=Chaparro|first=Luis|website=Diario.mx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elnuevoheraldo.com/el_valle/noticias_locales/mcallen-reynosa-la-maldosa/article_b3e9d5da-e8e4-11e2-b83d-0019bb30f31a.html|title=McALLEN: 'Reynosa la Maldosa'|website=Elnuevoheraldo.com|access-date=January 20, 2016|archive-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611183556/http://www.elnuevoheraldo.com/el_valle/noticias_locales/mcallen-reynosa-la-maldosa/article_b3e9d5da-e8e4-11e2-b83d-0019bb30f31a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2013/06/us-rappers-dedicate-their-songs-to.html|title=Borderland Beat: US Rappers Dedicate Their Songs to Mexican Drug Lords|website=Borderlandbeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/mexicos-narco-rappers-are-here-to-stay-cano-blunt-interview-reynosa|title=Mexico's Narco Rappers Are Here to Stay – VICE – United Kingdom|website=Vice.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuestraaparenterendicion.com/index.php/biblioteca/cronicas-y-reportajes/item/962-voy-a-morir-porque-creen-que-soy-un-zeta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092240/http://nuestraaparenterendicion.com/index.php/biblioteca/cronicas-y-reportajes/item/962-voy-a-morir-porque-creen-que-soy-un-zeta|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-01-29|title=Voy a morir porque creen que soy un Zeta|website=Nuestraaparenterendicion.com}}</ref> | |||
==1997–2009: Bling era== | |||
Before the late 1990s, gangsta rap, while a huge-selling genre, had been regarded as well outside of the pop mainstream, committed to representing the experience of the inner-city and not "selling out" to the pop charts. However, the rise of Bad Boy Records, propelled by the massive crossover success of Bad Boy head [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]]'s 1997 ensemble album, ''[[No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)|No Way Out]]'', on the heels of the media attention generated by the murders of [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] and [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], signaled a major stylistic change in gangsta rap (or as it is referred to on the East Coast, hardcore rap), as it morphed into a new subgenre of hip hop which would become even more commercially successful and popularly accepted. | |||
The earlier, somewhat controversial crossover success enjoyed by popular gangsta rap songs like "[[Gin and Juice]]" gave way to gangsta rap's becoming a widely accepted staple on the pop charts in the late 1990s. For example, between the release of The Notorious B.I.G.'s debut album ''[[Ready to Die]]'' in 1994 and his follow-up, the posthumous ''[[Life After Death]]'' in 1997, his sound changed from a darker, tense production, with lyrics projecting desperation and paranoia, to a cleaner, more laid-back sound, fashioned for popular consumption (though the references to guns, drug dealing and life as a thug on the street remained). | |||
[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]-styled hooks and instantly recognizable samples of well-known [[soul music|soul]] and pop songs from the 1970s and 1980s were the staples of this sound, which was showcased primarily in [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]]'s latter-day production work for The Notorious B.I.G. ("[[Mo Money, Mo Problems]]"), [[Mase]] ("[[Feel So Good (song)|Feels So Good]]") and non-Bad Boy artists such as [[Jay-Z]] ("[[Can I Get A...]]") and [[Nas]] ("[[Street Dreams (song)|Street Dreams]]"). Also achieving similar levels of success with a similar sound at the same time as Bad Boy was [[Master P]] and his No Limit label in New Orleans, as well as the New Orleans upstart Cash Money label.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/soulja-boy-rockstar-new-mixtape.116492.html?song-111643 |title=Rockstar Souljah Boy mixtape |last=Lilah |first=Rose |date=August 1, 2016 |website=Hotnewhiphop |access-date=August 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816140032/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/soulja-boy-rockstar-new-mixtape.116492.html?song-111643 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Many of the artists who achieved such mainstream success in the 2000s, such as [[Jay-Z]], [[DMX]], then [[50 Cent]] and [[G-Unit]], originated from the gritty 1990s East Coast rap scene and were influenced by hardcore artists such as [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[Wu-Tang Clan]] and [[Nas]]. [[Mase]] and [[Cam'ron]] were typical of a more relaxed, casual flow that became the pop-gangsta norm. By contrast, other rappers like [[Eminem]] and [[DMX]] enjoyed commercial success in the late 1990s by rapping about ever-more macabre tales of death and violence, maintaining commercial relevance by attempting to be controversial and subversive, growing on the [[Horrorcore]] rap style born in the late 1980s. | |||
==2009–present: Mainstream decline, rise of drill and trap== | |||
{{Further|Drill music|trap music}} | |||
By the late 2000s, [[alternative hip hop]] had secured its place within the mainstream, due in part to the declining commercial viability of gangsta rap. Industry observers view the [[Graduation (album)#Sales|sales race]] between Kanye West's ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' and [[50 Cent]]'s ''[[Curtis (50 Cent album)|Curtis]]'' as a turning point for hip hop. Kanye West emerged the victor, selling nearly a million copies in the first week alone, proving that innovative rap music could be just as commercially viable as gangsta rap, if not more so.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Sexton, Paul|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049223/kanye-defeats-50-cent-on-uk-album-chart|title=Kanye Defeats 50 Cent On U.K. Album Chart|magazine=Billboard|date=September 17, 2007|access-date=May 31, 2012}}</ref> Although he designed it as a melancholic [[pop music|pop]] album rather than a rap album, Kanye's following ''[[808s & Heartbreak]]'' would have a significant effect on hip hop music. While his decision to sing about love, loneliness, and heartache for the entirety of the album was at first heavily criticized by music audiences and the album was predicted to be a flop, its subsequent critical acclaim and commercial success encouraged other mainstream rappers to take greater creative risks with their music.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|title=Common Praises Kanye's Singing; Lupe Fiasco Plays CEO: Mixtape Monday|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596254/20081003/common.jhtml|publisher=MTV|date=October 3, 2008|access-date=November 23, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Observer">{{Cite news|title=Urban Review: Kanye West, ''808s and Heartbreak''|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=[[The Observer]]|publisher=Guardian News and Media Ltd|date=November 9, 2008|access-date=November 24, 2008|location=London}}</ref> During the release of ''[[The Blueprint 3]]'', New York rap mogul [[Jay-Z]] revealed that next studio album would be an experimental effort, stating, "... it's not gonna be a #1 album. That's where I'm at right now. I wanna make the most experimental album I ever made."<ref>{{cite web|author1=Kash, Tim|author2=Reid, Shaheem|author3=Rodriguez, Jayson|title=Exclusive: Jay-Z's Next LP Will Be 'The Most Experimental I Ever Made'|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1620692/20090902/jay_z.jhtml|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=September 3, 2009|access-date=September 3, 2009}}</ref> Jay-Z elaborated that like Kanye, he was unsatisfied with contemporary hip hop, was being inspired by indie-rockers like [[Grizzly Bear (band)|Grizzly Bear]], and asserted his belief that the indie rock movement would play an important role in the continued evolution of hip-hop.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Kash, Tim|author2=Montgomery, James|title=Jay-Z Hopes Bands Like Grizzly Bear Will 'Push Hip-Hop'|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1620444/20090831/jay_z.jhtml|publisher=MTV|date=September 3, 2009|access-date=September 3, 2009}}</ref> | |||
In the 2010s, a new form of gangsta rap known as [[drill music|drill]] emerged from the Midwest, gaining popularity via rappers such as [[Lil Durk]], [[Chief Keef]], [[Lil Reese]], [[King Von]], [[Polo G]] and [[G Herbo]]. West Coast rapper [[Vince Staples]] is part of the new generation of rappers that is influenced by G-funk.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pierre |first1=Alphonse |title=Vince Staples: FM! |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/vince-staples-fm/ |website=Pitchfork |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417053231/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/vince-staples-fm/ |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Being from the same area as Snoop himself, Staples has a sound that is lyrically in comparison to gangsta rap, though also containing elements of [[Conscious hip hop|conscious rap]]. His 2015 album ''[[Summertime '06]]'' reflects the "challenges of racism, injustice, and violent fallouts in his childhood neighborhood."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Michel |last2=Greenstone |first2=Scott |title=Vince Staples: 'We Live In A Space Where Your Name Isn't Enough' |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/02/522236735/vince-staples-we-live-in-a-space-where-your-name-isnt-enough |website=Npr.org |access-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403152244/https://www.npr.org/2017/04/02/522236735/vince-staples-we-live-in-a-space-where-your-name-isnt-enough |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other gangsta rappers who have maintained success in recent times include [[Rick Ross]], [[Jeezy]], [[Nipsey Hussle]], [[Gucci Mane]], [[Freddie Gibbs]], [[Meek Mill]], [[Ace Hood]], [[Pusha T]], [[YG (rapper)|YG]], [[A$AP Ferg]], [[Bobby Shmurda]], [[A$AP Rocky]], [[Jay Rock]], [[ScHoolboy Q]], [[21 Savage]], [[Denzel Curry]], [[XXXTentacion]], [[Ski Mask the Slump God|Ski Mask The Slump God]], [[Smokepurpp]], [[Lil Pump]], [[6ix9ine]], [[Dave East]], [[Tay-K]], [[Uncle Murda]], [[Casanova (rapper)|Casanova]], [[Lil Baby]], [[DaBaby|Da Baby]], [[Blueface]], [[Roddy Ricch]], [[YoungBoy Never Broke Again|NBA Youngboy]], [[NLE Choppa]], [[Pop Smoke]], [[22Gz]], [[SpotemGottem]], [[Pooh Shiesty]], [[Key Glock]], [[Rowdy Rebel]], [[Young Dolph]], [[9lokkNine]], [[Moneybagg Yo]], [[Lil Loaded]], [[42 Dugg]], [[YBN Nahmir]], [[Fredo Bang]], and [[BlocBoy JB]]. | |||
Gangsta rap's pioneers have met success in other forms of pop culture as well. In 2016, [[N.W.A]] was inducted to the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/nwa|title=N.W.A|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame|access-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020084143/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/nwa|archive-date=October 20, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> They were followed up by the late [[Tupac Shakur]] in 2017 who was inducted as the first solo hip hop act, under his first year of eligibility as a nominee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/tupac-shakur|title=Tupac Shakur|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112204850/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/tupac-shakur|archive-date=November 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2016/12/tupac-inducted-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame/|title=Tupac Shakur to Be Inducted Into 2017 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – XXL|website=XXL Mag|access-date=November 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033530/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2016/12/tupac-inducted-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Hip-Hop Acts include the 2007 induction of [[Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five]], who are considered pioneers of expanding the sound of Hip-Hop from disco inspired partying, to street reality that inspired social change.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/grandmaster-flash-and-furious-five|title=Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame|access-date=November 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903162435/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/grandmaster-flash-and-furious-five|archive-date=September 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.culturecreature.com/grandmaster-flash-the-message-history/|title='The Message' is the Most 'New York' Song of All Time|date=June 11, 2016|website=Culturecreature.com|access-date=November 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043528/https://www.culturecreature.com/grandmaster-flash-the-message-history/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2009 induction of [[Run-D.M.C]] to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opened the door for more Hip-Hop inductions, as they were followed up by the 2012 induction of [[Beastie Boys]], and the 2013 induction of [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/run-dmc|title=Run-D.M.C.|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame|access-date=November 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040824/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/run-dmc|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/beastie-boys|title=Beastie Boys|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame|access-date=November 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032717/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/beastie-boys|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/public-enemy|title=Public Enemy|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame|access-date=November 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033101/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/public-enemy|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==Criticism and debate{{anchor|Criticisms}}== | |||
The explicit nature of gangsta rap's lyrics has made it heavily controversial. There is also debate about the [[Causality|causation]] between gangsta rap and violent behavior. A study by the Prevention Research Center of the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation in Berkeley, Calif., finds young people who listen to rap and hip-hop are more likely to abuse alcohol and commit violent acts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Study: Rap Music Linked to Alcohol, Violence |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5390075 |website=NPR.org |access-date=10 February 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011642/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5390075 |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Critics of gangsta rap hold that it glorifies and encourages criminal behavior, and may be at least partially to blame for the problem of street gangs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2003/11/14/is-gangsta-rap-hurting-america-children.html|title=Is Gangsta Rap Hurting America's Children? – Fox News|date=November 14, 2003|website=Foxnews.com|access-date=November 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164723/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2003/11/14/is-gangsta-rap-hurting-america-children.html|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Although this view is often stereotyped as that of [[White Americans|white]] [[conservatism|conservatives]], it has been shared by members of the [[African Americans|black]] community, most notably [[Bill Cosby]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://realtalkny.uproxx.com/2007/10/topic/topic/news/video-bill-cosby-speaks-on-gangster-rap-the-youth/|title=Video: Bill Cosby Speaks On Gangster Rap & The Youth|date=October 15, 2007|access-date=November 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133239/http://realtalkny.uproxx.com/2007/10/topic/topic/news/video-bill-cosby-speaks-on-gangster-rap-the-youth/|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | |||
Those who are supportive or at least less critical of gangsta rap hold that crime on the street level is for the most part a reaction to [[poverty]] and that gangsta rap reflects the reality of lower class life. Many believe that the blaming of crime on gangsta rap is a form of unwarranted [[moral panic]]; [[The World Development Report 2011]], for instance, confirmed that most street gang members maintain that poverty and unemployment is what drove them to crime; none made reference to music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDRS/Resources/WDR2011_Full_Text.pdf |title=Conflict, Security, and Development |newspaper=Siteresources.worldbank.org |date=2011 |access-date=November 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220114710/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDRS/Resources/WDR2011_Full_Text.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ice Cube]] famously satirized the blame placed on gangsta rap for social ills in his song "[[Gangsta Rap Made Me Do It]]". Many gangsta rappers maintain they are playing a "role" in their music like an actor in a play or film, and do not encourage the behavior in their music.<ref name="mic.com">{{cite web|url=http://mic.com/articles/125023/slim-jesus-new-video-drill-time-is-being-hilariously-destroyed-by-the-internet|title=Slim Jesus' New Video "Drill Time" Is Being Hilariously Destroyed by the Internet|website=Mic.com|access-date=November 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055620/http://mic.com/articles/125023/slim-jesus-new-video-drill-time-is-being-hilariously-destroyed-by-the-internet|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Moreover, English scholar Ronald A.T. Judy has argued that gangsta rap reflects the experience of blackness at the end of political economy, when capital is no longer wholly produced by human labor but in a globalized system of commodities.<ref>Judy, 1994, p. 211-230.</ref> In this economy, gangsta rap traffics blackness as a commodifiable effect of "being a nigga".<ref>Judy, 1994, 227.</ref> In other words, gangsta rap defines the experience of blackness, in which he locates in gangsta rap's deployment of the word "nigga", in this new global economic system as "adaptation to the force of commodification".<ref>Judy, 1994, 229.</ref> For Judy, ''nigga'' (and gangsta rap) becomes an epistemologically authentic category for describing the condition of being black in the modern "realm of things". | |||
Despite this, many who hold that gangsta rap is not responsible for social ills are critical of the way many gangsta rappers intentionally exaggerate their criminal pasts for the sake of [[street credibility]]. [[Rick Ross]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.7847/title.rick-ross-admits-correctional-officer-past|title=Rick Ross Admits Correctional Officer Past|website=Hiphopdx.com|date=October 7, 2008|access-date=November 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208131134/http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.7847/title.rick-ross-admits-correctional-officer-past|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and Slim Jesus<ref name="mic.com"/> among others have been heavily criticized for this. | |||
===''2Pacalypse Now'' controversy=== | |||
In 1992, then-U.S. Vice President [[Dan Quayle]] blasted the recording industry for producing [[Hip hop music|rap music]] he believed led to violence. Quayle called on [[WarnerMedia|Time Warner Inc.]] subsidiary, [[Interscope Records]], to withdraw [[Tupac Shakur]]'s 1991 debut album ''[[2Pacalypse Now]]'' from stores. Quayle stated, "There is absolutely no reason for a record like this to be published—It has no place in our society." Quayle's motivation came in light of the murder of a Texas state trooper Bill Davidson, who had been shot by [[Ronald Ray Howard]] after he had been pulled over. Howard was driving a stolen vehicle while songs from ''2Pacalypse Now'' were playing on the tape deck when he was stopped by the officer. The family of Davidson filed a civil suit against Shakur and Interscope Records, claiming the record's violent lyrics incite "imminent lawless action".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-09-23/news/mn-1144_1_rap-album|title=Quayle Calls for Pulling Rap Album Tied to Murder Case|first=John|last=Broder|date=September 23, 1992|website=Articles.latimes.com|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042211/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-09-23/news/mn-1144_1_rap-album|archive-date=November 2, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> District Judge John D. Rainey held that Shakur and the record companies did not have the duty to prevent distributing his music when they could not reasonably foresee violence arising from the distribution, nor was there any intent for the usage of the music as a "product for purposes of recovery under a products liability theory." Judge Rainey concluded the suit by ruling the Davidsons' argument that the music was unprotected speech under the First Amendment was irrelevant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://andrewsmall1863.blogspot.com/2010/10/freedom-of-speech-did-tupacs.html|title=Andrew Small: Did Tupac's Lyrics Incite A Cop Killer?|first=Andrew|last=Small|date=October 3, 2010|website=Andrewsmall19863.blogspot.com|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232653/http://andrewsmall1863.blogspot.com/2010/10/freedom-of-speech-did-tupacs.html|archive-date=December 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
===C. Delores Tucker=== | |||
Politicians such as [[C. Delores Tucker]] have cited concerns with sexually explicit and misogynistic lyrics featured in hip-hop tracks. Tucker claimed the explicit lyrics used in hip-hop songs were threatening to the African-American community. Tucker, who once was the highest-ranking African American woman in the Pennsylvania state government, focused on rap music in 1993, labeling it as "pornographic filth" and claiming it was offensive and demeaning to black women. Tucker stated, "You can't listen to all that language and filth without it affecting you." Tucker also handed out leaflets containing lyrics from rap music and urged people to read them aloud. She picketed stores that sold the music and handed out petitions. She then proceeded to buy stock in [[WarnerMedia|Time Warner]], [[Sony]] and other companies for the sole purpose to protest rap music at shareholders meetings. In 1994, Tucker protested when the [[NAACP]] nominated rapper [[Tupac Shakur]] for one of its image awards as Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture from his role in ''[[Poetic Justice (film)|Poetic Justice]]''. | |||
Some rappers labeled her "narrow-minded", and some ridiculed her in their lyrics, notably Shakur, who mentions her multiple times in his diamond certified 1996 album ''[[All Eyez On Me]]''. Shakur mentions Tucker in the tracks "Wonda Why They Call U Bitch" and "How Do U Want It", where Shakur sings "Delores Tucker, you's a motherfucker/Instead of trying to help a nigga you destroy a brother." Tucker filed a $10 million lawsuit against Shakur's estate for the comments made in both songs. In her lawsuit, she claimed that the comments were slanderous, caused her emotional distress and invaded her personal privacy. The case was eventually dismissed. Shakur was not the only rap artist to mention her in his songs, as [[Jay-Z]], [[Eminem]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]] and [[Lil Wayne]] have all previously criticized Tucker for her opposition of the genre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/13/AR2005101300024.html|title=C. Delores Tucker Dies at 78; Rights and Anti-Rap Activist|first=Yvonne Shinhoster|last=Lamb|date=October 13, 2005|website=Washingtonpost.com|access-date=January 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025132643/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/13/AR2005101300024.html|archive-date=October 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=2+pac&ti=&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH|title=Gold & Platinum|website=Riaa.com|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010153610/http://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=2+pac&ti=&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH|archive-date=October 10, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2014/01/rap-villains-people-rap-fans-hate/c-delores-tucker|title=Rap Villains: 12 People Hip-Hop Fans HateC. Delores Tucker|website=Complex.com|access-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054155/http://www.complex.com/music/2014/01/rap-villains-people-rap-fans-hate/c-delores-tucker|archive-date=December 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lipstickalley.com/threads/spinoff-hip-hop-artists-vs-c-dolores-tucker.1079141/|title=SPINOFF: Hip-Hop Artists vs C. Dolores Tucker|website=Lipstickalley.com}}</ref> | |||
===First Amendment rights=== | |||
Gangsta rap has also raised questions of whether it is protected speech under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]], since lyrics may express violence and may be considered [[true threat]]s. The Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Elonis v. United States]]'' (2015) that ''[[mens rea]]'', the intent to commit a crime, is necessary to convict someone of a crime for using threatening words in a rap song. | |||
In a notable case, rapper Jamal Knox, performing as "Mayhem Mal", wrote a gangsta rap song named "F*** the Police" shortly after he was arrested for gun and drug charges in Pittsburgh.<ref name=harvard132>{{cite journal |last1=Note |title=Recent Case: Pennsylvania Supreme Court Finds Rap Song a True Threat |journal=[[Harvard Law Review]] |date=2019 |volume=132 |page=1558 |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/1558-1565_Online.pdf}}</ref> The song's lyrics specifically named the two arresting officers, and included explicit violent threats including "Let's kill these cops cuz they don't do us no good". One of the officers, believing to be threatened, subsequently left the force. | |||
Knox was convicted of making [[terroristic threat]]s and of [[witness intimidation]] in a bench trial, and the conviction was affirmed by the [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]], which held that the song's lyrics amounted to a true threat.<ref name=harvard132/><ref>{{cite court |litigants=Commonwealth v. Knox|vol=190|reporter=A.3d|opinion=1146|court=Pa.|date=2018|url= https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16830461058030971078 }}</ref> Knox petitioned the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] to hear the case, and academics joined rappers Killer Mike, Chance the Rapper, Meek Mill, Yo Gotti, Fat Joe and 21 Savage in an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief arguing that Knox's song should be seen as a political statement and thus is protected speech.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |author-link=Adam Liptak |title=Hip-Hop Artists Give the Supreme Court a Primer on Rap Music |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/us/politics/supreme-court-rap-music.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/us/politics/supreme-court-rap-music.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=2 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 March 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Supreme Court declined review in April 2019.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/15/politics/supreme-court-jamal-knox-first-amendment/index.html | title = Supreme Court declines to take up First Amendment case brought by rap artist | first = Adrian | last = de Vogue | date = April 15, 2019 | access-date = April 15, 2019 | work = [[CNN]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190415162415/https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/15/politics/supreme-court-jamal-knox-first-amendment/index.html | archive-date = April 15, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/14/us/first-amendment-rappers-supreme-court-elonis/index.html | title = Hip-hop wants Supreme Court to rule, again, on when threatening to kill constitutes art | first = Eliott C. | last = McLaughlin | date = March 19, 2019 | access-date = April 15, 2019 | work = [[CNN]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190416003852/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/14/us/first-amendment-rappers-supreme-court-elonis/index.html | archive-date = April 16, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Knox v. Pennsylvania |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/knox-v-pennsylvania/ |website=[[SCOTUSblog]] |access-date=2 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
==International influence== | |||
=== German gangsta-rap === | |||
{{Main|German hip hop}} | |||
The gangsta-rap movement in Germany derived its roots from the '90s and since 2003–2004 has become a successful subgenre of German hip hop. Contextually and musically, it borrows its influences from the French and US-based gangsta rap and [[battle rap]]. Although there is a certain correlation between street-rap and gangsta-rap, gangsta-rap is not considered as a derivative genre since it is only partially related to street-rap and has contextually little to do with the other subgenre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.16bars.de/magazin/1846/von-messerstechern-zu-moral-aposteln-der-wandel-des-strassenraps-teil-iv/ |title=Von Messerstechern Zu Moral Aposteln Der Wandel Des Strassenraps Teil IV |date=2009-06-20 |access-date=2017-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003434/http://www.16bars.de/magazin/1846/von-messerstechern-zu-moral-aposteln-der-wandel-des-strassenraps-teil-iv/ |archive-date=December 8, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
====History==== | |||
Pioneers of the subgenre gangsta-rap, who have since the 1990s still been active, are [[Kool Savas]] and [[Azad (rapper)|Azad]]. Within the genre, they implemented an incredibly explicit, broken and aggressive text, that originally still had much influence from English text elements.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dietrich |first1=Marc |last2=Seeliger |first2=Martin (|title=Deutscher Gangsta-Rap: Sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Beiträge zu einem Pop-Phänomen) |publisher=transcript Verlag |date=2014-03-01 |isbn=978-3-8376-3750-2 |page=48}}</ref> This style of rap, after the turn of the century, was implemented by the majority of gangsta-rappers in Germany and is, therefore, a very well respected form on the approach of German gangsta-rap. On the other hand, Savas distanced himself from these vulgar and explicit texts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.traunsteiner-tagblatt.de/startseite_artikel,-savas-sido-deutscher-rap-ohne-schnoerkel-_arid,359293.html|title=Savas & Sido: Deutscher Rap ohne Schnörkel|last=Bunker|first=Royal|date=2017-10-03|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174750/https://www.traunsteiner-tagblatt.de/startseite_artikel,-savas-sido-deutscher-rap-ohne-schnoerkel-_arid,359293.html|archive-date=December 8, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> One of the founding fathers of German gangsta-rap, Charnell, the little-known rapper and martial-arts artist, thematized growing up in the midst of a social renaissance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://90erhiphop.de/2017/deutschrap-classics-4-4-da-mess-mein-leben-1997/|title=Deutschrap Classics: 4 4 Da Mess – Mein Leben (1997)|last=Goldenera|first=Sven|date=2017-02-05|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155752/http://90erhiphop.de/2017/deutschrap-classics-4-4-da-mess-mein-leben-1997/|archive-date=October 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Gangsta-rap in other countries, that resembled the music of the [[Rödelheim Hartreim Projekt]] in Germany, was commercially successful in the 2000s. Germany at the time, however, had few rappers active in this subgenre; allowing certain artists in the Berlin underground-hip-hop scene an opportunity to establish themselves with their lyrics representing a certain hardship acquired through the criminal lifestyle which had previously been popularized. Recognizable names from the underground scene are Bass Sultan Hengzt, [[Fler]], [[MC Bogy]] or [[MOK]]. Another notable rapper and pioneer of gangsta-rap in Germany is Azad. Although he came from the rural [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], he was a big reason this subgenre became popular in Germany. In his lyrical text, he thematized the rigid and rough lifestyle of living in the northwest district of Frankfurt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stern.de/kultur/musik/hip-hop-spricht-die-penislaenge-als-freiheitsmass-618745.html/|title=Die Penislänge als Freiheitsmaß|last=Gernert|first=Johannes|date=2008-04-29|access-date=2017-12-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217183005/http://www.stern.de/kultur/musik/hip-hop-spricht-die-penislaenge-als-freiheitsmass-618745.html|archive-date=February 17, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | |||
At the beginning of the year 2003 the process of commercialization of this subgenre began. Contrary to popular belief, a variable of the German gangsta-rap became popular before the actual subgenre itself did. When [[Sido (rapper)|Sido]], a notoriously known rapper from Berlin, released his album ''[[Maske]]'' which thematized gangs, drugs and violence, this album became the first of its genre to sell 100,000 copies. Following that album Sido released another two named ''[[Ich (album)|Ich]]'' and ''[[Ich und meine Maske]]'' which both had over 100,000 sold copies and emphasized the success of his first album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/www.musikindustrie.de|title=Die Penislänge als Freiheitsmaß|author=e|access-date=2017-12-04}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/rap-star-massiv-ein-monster-lernt-zu-lieben-a-614256.html|title=Ein Monster lernt zu lieben|last=Oehmke|first=Philipp|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=2009-03-23|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902014618/http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/rap-star-massiv-ein-monster-lernt-zu-lieben-a-614256.html|archive-date=September 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/hiphop-ruepel-sido-den-faxen-entwachsen-a-557195.html|title=Den Faxen entwachsen|last=Schneider|first=Markus|website=Spiegel.de|date=2008-06-08|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131181350/http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/hiphop-ruepel-sido-den-faxen-entwachsen-a-557195.html|archive-date=January 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Following the success of Sido and his albums, [[Bushido (rapper)|Bushido]] became the next artist to emerge from the German gangsta-rap scene. He established himself a career and became the most important representative of German gangsta-rap of his time. [[Aggro Berlin]], the label those two artists were both represented by, stated that this version of rap was the second, more aggressive evolution of German hip-hop.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/sonntagszeitung/uebelst-tolerant-1460012.html|title=Übelst tolerant|last=Wittman|first=Martin|newspaper=Faz.net|date=2007-07-21|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235033/https://www.faz.net/sonntagszeitung/uebelst-tolerant-1460012.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Bushido's albums ''[[Carlo Cokxxx Nutten]]'' with Fler and Bushido's debut album ''[[Vom Bordstein bis zur Skyline]]'' had relatively little success although the prominent topics on his album reflected directly with the themes that made Sido popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laut.de/bushido|title=Bushido – laut.de – Band|website=Laut.de|access-date=December 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221201637/https://www.laut.de/bushido|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laut.de/Bushido/Vom-Bordstein-Bis-Zur-Skyline-(Album)/|title=Vom Bordstein Bis Zur Skyline|last=Johannesberg|first=Stefan|website=Laut.de|date=2003-08-14|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518002425/http://www.laut.de/Bushido/Vom-Bordstein-Bis-Zur-Skyline-(Album)|archive-date=May 18, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Following the continuous success of Sido and Bushido came a wave of rappers who were trying, with the help of major-labels, to establish themselves and be recognized by the populace. Eventually came Massiv, who was signed with Sony BMG, and was crowned by his label to be the German [[50 Cent]]. This artist did not reach the success of 50 Cent.<ref name="SPON-528792">{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/angriff-in-berlin-schuesse-auf-massiv-wurden-minuten-spaeter-im-internet-vermeldet-a-528792/|title=Schüsse auf Massiv wurden Minuten später im Internet vermeldet|last=Gebauer|first=Matthias|date=2008-01-15|access-date=2017-12-04}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Further artists such as [[Baba Saad]] or [[Kollegah]] have since then established themselves as relatively successful in the German charts. As of recently, names such as [[Farid Bang]], Nate57, Majoe & Jasko and [[Haftbefehl (rapper)|Haftbefehl]] have appeared on the charts regularly. | |||
====Musical style==== | |||
Gangsta-rap in Germany originated from Queensbridge-rap in the 1990s as well as French gangsta-rap. Characteristically the necessary ambiance and melody for this type of hip-hop needs to be melancholic, dark and often threatening. Often, the songs incorporate piano, choir, synthesizers, but also [[Sampling (music)|samples]] from classical and neo-classical arrangements. All complexities such as minimalistic arrangements to vast orchestral symphonic arrangements are used and sampled in this subgenre. | |||
=== Road rap === | |||
{{Main|British_hip_hop#Road_rap|l1 = British hip hop}} | |||
Road rap (also known as British gangsta rap or simply UK rap) is a genre of music pioneered in [[South London]], primarily in [[Brixton]] and [[Peckham]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/nepwa8/tiny-boost-comeback-interview-2018|title=Tiny Boost Is Rapping for All the Streets and the People in Them|last1=Bassil|first1=Ryan|last2=Garcia|first2=Francisco|date=2018-11-13|website=Vice|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804033250/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/nepwa8/tiny-boost-comeback-interview-2018|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.factmag.com/2015/05/27/20-essential-road-rap-tracks/|title=20 Essential Road Rap Tracks|last=aidanbnsn|date=2015-05-27|website=FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music.|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804033249/https://www.factmag.com/2015/05/27/20-essential-road-rap-tracks/|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The genre was pioneered by groups such as [[PDC (gang)|PDC]], SMS, SN1, North Star, MashTown, U.S.G. and artists such as [[Giggs (rapper)|Giggs]], [[K Koke]], [[Nines (rapper)|Nines]] and [[Sneakbo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/grime-dubstep/7901-grime-dubstep/|title=Grime / Dubstep|website=Pitchfork|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424054128/https://pitchfork.com/features/grime-dubstep/7901-grime-dubstep/|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2019/01/influential-uk-rap-mixtapes/|title=7 Mixtapes That Laid UK Rap's Foundations|website=Complex|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221074920/https://www.complex.com/music/2019/01/influential-uk-rap-mixtapes/|archive-date=21 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The genre came to the fore as a backlash against the perceived commercialisation of [[Grime (music)|grime]] in the mid-late 2000s in London.<ref name="factmag.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.factmag.com/2012/04/27/end-of-the-road-the-rise-of-road-rap-and-the-uncertain-future-of-the-hardcore-continuum/ |title=End of the road: the rise of road rap and the uncertain future of the hardcore continuum |publisher=Factmag.com |date=2012-04-27 |access-date=2015-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812053450/http://www.factmag.com/2012/04/27/end-of-the-road-the-rise-of-road-rap-and-the-uncertain-future-of-the-hardcore-continuum/ |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The genre came to prominence around 2007 with the rise of Giggs.<ref name=":2" /> Road rap retained the explicit depictions of violence and British gang culture found in some early grime music and combines it with a musical style more similar to American gangsta rap than the [[Sound system (DJ)|sound system]] influenced music of grime, [[dubstep]], [[UK garage]], [[jungle music|jungle]], [[reggae]] and [[dub music|dub]].<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web |author=Dan Hancox |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/12/rap-riots-professor-green-lethal-bizzle-wiley |title=Rap responds to the riots: 'They have to take us seriously' |work=The Guardian |date=12 August 2011 |access-date=2015-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226150625/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/12/rap-riots-professor-green-lethal-bizzle-wiley |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Gangs played a large part in the genre, with gangs such as the [[Peckham Boys]] (with its various sets such as SN1, PYG and OPB), based in Peckham and [[GAS Gang]], based in Brixton, becoming notable in the road rap scene during the 2000s.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-17|title=Peckham Boys (PB) - www.londonstreetgangs.com|url=https://sites.google.com/site/londonstreetgangs/gang-lists/south-london-gangs/peckham-boys-black-gang|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217145757/https://sites.google.com/site/londonstreetgangs/gang-lists/south-london-gangs/peckham-boys-black-gang|archive-date=2012-12-17|access-date=2019-08-04|website=archive.fo}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> | |||
The road rap scene centres around mixtape releases and YouTube videos with some of the genres more popular acts getting mainstream recognition.<ref name="factmag.com" /> The genre has been criticised for the relentless nihilism and violence in its lyrics as well as its links to gangs and gun crime with many rappers serving prison sentences.<ref name="theguardian.com" /><ref>[http://djsemtex.com/blog/2010/01/08/giggs-nme-interview/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521235215/http://djsemtex.com/blog/2010/01/08/giggs-nme-interview/|date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/rapper-kyze-jailed-for-shooting-178357 |title=Rapper Kyze jailed for shooting – Mirror Online |work=Daily Mirror |date=2011-04-18 |access-date=2015-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043730/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/rapper-kyze-jailed-for-shooting-178357 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In keeping with grime, road rap has suffered from pre-emptive policing with Giggs claiming that the [[Metropolitan Police]] have set out to deny him the opportunity to make a living from music having banned him from touring.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sam Wolfson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/05/giggs-when-will-it-stop?CMP=twt_gu |title=Giggs: prison, police harassment, cancelled tours – When Will It Stop |work=The Guardian |date = 5 October 2013|access-date=2015-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826122022/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/05/giggs-when-will-it-stop?CMP=twt_gu |archive-date=26 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, Stigs was served the first ever gang injunction that banned him from rapping about anything that may encourage violence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/22/the-war-against-rap-censoring-drill-may-seem-radical-but-its-not-new|title=The war against rap: censoring drill may seem radical but it's not new|last=Hancox|first=Dan|date=2018-06-22|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-08-04|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721161711/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/22/the-war-against-rap-censoring-drill-may-seem-radical-but-its-not-new|archive-date=21 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In the early 2010s, the American genre [[Drill music|drill]] began to emerge in the UK, pushed by groups such as 150, [[67 (rap group)|67]] and [[Section Boyz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/gypwa7/uk-gangsta-drill-road-rap-67-section-boyz-giggs|title=Don't Call It Road Rap: When Drill, UK Accents and Street Life Collide|last=McQuaid|first=Ian|date=2017-06-14|website=Vice|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718211023/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/gypwa7/uk-gangsta-drill-road-rap-67-section-boyz-giggs|archive-date=18 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[UK drill]] has been referred to as subgenre of road rap due to the influence it's had on the genre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/different-types-of-hip-hop-guide|title=A guide to the many styles of hip-hop, from hyphy to horrorcore|website=Red Bull|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804033246/https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/different-types-of-hip-hop-guide|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bigissue.com/culture/music/police-have-banned-a-london-rap-group-from-making-drill-music/|title=Police have banned a London rap group from making drill music|date=2018-06-19|website=The Big Issue|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804033249/https://www.bigissue.com/culture/music/police-have-banned-a-london-rap-group-from-making-drill-music/|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5355f564-288a-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804033248/https://www.ft.com/content/5355f564-288a-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live|last1=Hunter-Tilney|first1=Ludovic}}</ref> Road rap also went on to influence [[afroswing]], which emerged in the mid-2010s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/35706/1/uk-drill-artists-and-crews|title=Inside UK Drill, London's Hyper-Local DIY Sound|last=Dazed|date=2017-04-25|work=Dazed|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309135634/http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/35706/1/uk-drill-artists-and-crews|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[List of gangsta rap artists]] | |||
* [[List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates]] | |||
* [[Narcocorrido]] | |||
* [[British hip hop#Road rap|Road rap]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | |||
==Sources== | |||
* {{cite journal|last1=Judy|first1=R. A. T.|title=On the Question of Nigga Authenticity|journal=Boundary 2|date=1994|volume=21|issue=3|pages=211–230|doi=10.2307/303605|jstor=303605|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]}} | |||
{{Hiphop}} | |||
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