Urban planning: Difference between revisions

Urban planning (edit)

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 Another important aspect of urban planning is that the range of urban planning projects include the large-scale master planning of empty sites or [[Greenfield project]]s as well as small-scale interventions and refurbishments of existing structures, buildings and public spaces. [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]] in Washington DC, [[Daniel Burnham]] in Chicago and [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann|Georges-Eugene Haussmann]] in Paris planned cities from scratch, and [[Robert Moses]] and [[Le Corbusier]] refurbished and transformed cities and neighbourhoods to meet their ideas of urban planning.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Urban Planning?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URLOGQhJWj0| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/URLOGQhJWj0| archive-date=2021-10-30|website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
+==History==
+{{Further|History of urban planning|}}
+[[File:Pori asemakaava 1852.png|thumb|250px|right|1852 city plan of [[Pori]] by [[Georg Theodor von Chiewitz|G.T. von Chiewitz]]]]
+[[File:Berlin - Siegessäule.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Berlin - Siegessäule. August 1963. Spacious and organized [[Urban planning in Nazi Germany|city planning in Germany]] was official government policy dating back to Nazi rule.<ref>Hass-Klau, Carmen. "Motorization and Footpath Planning During the Third Reich." The Pedestrian and the City. Routledge, 2014.</ref>]]
+There is evidence of urban planning and designed communities dating back to the [[Mesopotamia]]n, [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley]], [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]], and [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] civilizations in the [[3rd millennium BC|third millennium BCE]]. Archaeologists studying the ruins of cities in these areas find paved streets that were laid out at right angles in a grid pattern.<ref name=Davreu1>Davreu, Robert (1978). "Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley". ''The World’s Last Mysteries''. (second edition). Sydney: Readers’ Digest. pp. 121-129. {{ISBN|0-909486-61-1}}.</ref> The idea of a planned out urban area evolved as different civilizations adopted it. Beginning in the 8th century BCE, Greek city states were primarily centered on orthogonal (or grid-like) plans.<ref>Kolb, Frank (1984). Die Stadt im Altertum. München: Verlag C.H. Beck. pp. 51-141: Morris, A.E.J. (1972). History of Urban Form. Prehistory to the Renaissance. London. pp. 22-23.</ref> The [[ancient Rome|ancient Romans]], inspired by the Greeks, also used orthogonal plans for their cities. City planning in the Roman world was developed for military defense and public convenience. The spread of the [[Roman Empire]] subsequently spread the ideas of urban planning. As the Roman Empire declined, these ideas slowly disappeared. However, many cities in Europe still held onto the planned Roman city center. Cities in Europe from the 9th to 14th centuries, often grew organically and sometimes chaotically. But in the following centuries with the coming of the [[Renaissance]] many new cities were enlarged with newly planned extensions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dare.uva.nl/en/record/336940|title=The foundation, planning and building of new towns in the 13th and 14th centuries in Europe. An architectural-historical research into urban form and its creation.|last=Boerefijn|first=Wim|publisher=Phd. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam|year=2010|isbn=978-90-9025157-8}}</ref> From the 15th century on, much more is recorded of urban design and the people that were involved. In this period, theoretical treatises on architecture and urban planning start to appear in which theoretical questions around planning the main lines, ensuring plans meet the needs of the given population and so forth are addressed and designs of towns and cities are described and depicted. During the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment period]], several European rulers ambitiously attempted to redesign capital cities. During the [[Second French Empire]], [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann|Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann]], under the direction of [[Napoleon III]], [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|redesigned the city of Paris]] into a more modern capital, with long, straight, wide boulevards.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jordan|first1=David|title=Baron Haussmann and Modern Paris|journal=American Scholar|date=1992|volume=61|issue=1|page=99}}</ref>
+Planning and architecture went through a paradigm shift at the turn of the 20th century. The industrialized cities of the 19th century grew at a tremendous rate. The evils of urban life for the [[working poor]] were becoming increasingly evident as a matter of public concern. The [[laissez-faire]] style of government management of the economy, in fashion for most of the [[Victorian era]], was starting to give way to a [[Social liberalism|New Liberalism]] that championed intervention on the part of the poor and disadvantaged. Around 1900, theorists began developing urban planning models to mitigate the consequences of the [[industrial age]], by providing citizens, especially factory workers, with healthier environments. The following century would therefore be globally dominated by a [[central planning]] approach to urban planning, not necessarily representing an increment in the overall quality of the urban realm.
+At the beginning of the 20th century, urban planning began to be recognized as a separate profession. The [[Town and Country Planning Association]] was founded in 1899 and the first academic course in Great Britain on urban planning was offered by the [[University of Liverpool]] in 1909.<ref>Fainstein, Susan S. {{Britannica|619445|Urban planning}}</ref> In the 1920s, the ideas of [[modernism]] and uniformity began to surface in urban planning, and lasted until the 1970s. In 1933, Le Corbusier presented the Radiant City, a city that grows up in the form of towers, as a solution to the problem of pollution and over-crowding. But many planners started to believe that the ideas of modernism in urban planning led to higher crime rates and social problems.<ref name="Midgley" /><ref name="Morris-1997">{{Cite book|last=Morris |first=Eleanor Smith |display-authors=etal |year=1997 |title=British Town Planning and Urban Design: Principles and policies |location=[[Harlow]], Essex, England |publisher=[[Longman]] |pages=147–149 |isbn=978-0-582-23496-3}}</ref>
+In the second half of the 20th century, urban planners gradually shifted their focus to individualism and diversity in urban centers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Routley|first=Nick|date=2018-01-20|title=The Evolution of Urban Planning|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/evolution-urban-planning/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Visual Capitalist|language=en-US}}</ref>