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(Created page with " A '''sacred language''', '''holy language''' or '''liturgical language''' is any language that is cultivated and used primarily in church service or for other religious reasons by people who speak another, primary language in their daily lives. ==Concept== A sacred language is often the language which was spoken and written in the society in which a religion's sacred texts were first set down; these texts thereafter become fixed and holy, remainin...") |
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A '''sacred language''', '''holy language''' or '''liturgical language''' is any [[language]] that is cultivated and used primarily in [[church service]] or for other [[religion|religious]] reasons by people who speak another, primary language in their daily lives. | A '''sacred language''', '''holy language''' or '''liturgical language''' is any [[language]] that is cultivated and used primarily in [[church service]] or for other [[religion|religious]] reasons by people who speak another, primary language in their daily lives. | ||
==Concept== | ==Concept== | ||
A sacred language is often the language which was spoken and written in the society in which a religion's sacred texts were first set down; these texts thereafter become fixed and holy, remaining frozen and immune to later linguistic developments. (An exception to this would be Lucumí, a ritual lexicon of Cuban Orisa religion, with no standardized form.) Once a language becomes associated with religious worship, its believers may ascribe virtues to the language of worship that they would not give to their native tongues.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} In the case of sacred texts, there is a fear of losing authenticity and accuracy by a translation or re-translation, and difficulties in achieving acceptance for a new version of a text. A sacred language is typically vested with a solemnity and dignity that the vernacular lacks. Consequently, the training of clergy in the use of a sacred language becomes an important cultural investment, and their use of the tongue is perceived to give them access to a body of knowledge that untrained lay people cannot (or should not) access. | A sacred language is often the language which was spoken and written in the society in which a religion's sacred texts were first set down; these texts thereafter become fixed and holy, remaining frozen and immune to later linguistic developments. (An exception to this would be Lucumí, a ritual lexicon of Cuban Orisa religion, with no standardized form.) Once a language becomes associated with religious worship, its believers may ascribe virtues to the language of worship that they would not give to their native tongues.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} In the case of sacred texts, there is a fear of losing authenticity and accuracy by a translation or re-translation, and difficulties in achieving acceptance for a new version of a text. A sacred language is typically vested with a solemnity and dignity that the vernacular lacks. Consequently, the training of clergy in the use of a sacred language becomes an important cultural investment, and their use of the tongue is perceived to give them access to a body of knowledge that untrained lay people cannot (or should not) access. | ||
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When Buddha's [[sutra]]s were first written down in Pali, there were around 20 schools, each with their own version derived from the original. The Pali canon originates from the [[Tamrashatiya|Tamrashatiya school]]. The Chinese and Tibetan canons mainly derive from the [[Sarvastivada]] (originally written in Sanskrit, of which fragments remain). The texts were translated into Chinese and Tibetan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Heart of Buddha's Teachings|last=Hahn|first=Thich Nhat|publisher=Harmony|year=2015|pages=16}}</ref> | When Buddha's [[sutra]]s were first written down in Pali, there were around 20 schools, each with their own version derived from the original. The Pali canon originates from the [[Tamrashatiya|Tamrashatiya school]]. The Chinese and Tibetan canons mainly derive from the [[Sarvastivada]] (originally written in Sanskrit, of which fragments remain). The texts were translated into Chinese and Tibetan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Heart of Buddha's Teachings|last=Hahn|first=Thich Nhat|publisher=Harmony|year=2015|pages=16}}</ref> | ||
[[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]] uses Pali as its main liturgical language and prefers its [[Pali Canon|Pali Canon scriptures]] to be studied in the original Pali. | [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]] uses Pali as its main liturgical language and prefers its [[Pali Canon|Pali Canon scriptures]] to be studied in the original Pali. Pali is derived from one of the Indian Prakrits, which are closely related to Sanskrit. In Thailand, Pali is written using the Thai alphabet, resulting in a Thai pronunciation of the Pali language. [[Mahayana]] Buddhism makes little use of its original language, [[Sanskrit]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} Instead in [[East Asia]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]] is mainly used.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} In some Japanese rituals, Chinese texts are read out or recited with the Japanese pronunciations of their constituent characters, resulting in something unintelligible in both languages.<ref>{{citation|editor-last=Buswell|editor-first=Robert E.|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|volume=1|year=2003|page=137|location=London|publisher=Macmillan}}.</ref> | ||
In [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is the main school, and [[Classical Tibetan]] is the main language used for study,<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Tibetan Buddhism?|url=http://gothenburg.chineseconsulate.org/eng/zt/xzwt/t218250.htm|website=Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Gothenburg|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> although the Tibetan Buddhist canon was also translated into other languages, such as [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and [[Manchu language|Manchu]].<ref>Orzech, Charles D. (general editor), 2011. ''Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia.'' Brill, p. 540.</ref> Many items of [[Sanskrit Buddhist literature]] have been preserved because they were exported to Tibet, with copies of unknown ancient Sanskrit texts surfacing in Tibet as recently as 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/20170612-sanskrit-tibet-chinese-scholars-buddhism-986510-2017-06-03|title = The lost Sanskrit treasures of Tibet}}</ref> Sanskrit was valued in Tibet as “the elegant language of the gods”.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43299940?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A913006d678befb6c7f5be8a6a7f8077a&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|jstor=43299940|title=Sanskrit in Tibetan Literature|last1=Lama|first1=His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai|journal=The Tibet Journal|year=1979|volume=4|issue=2|pages=3–5}}</ref> Although in Tibetan Buddhist [[deity yoga]] the rest of the [[sadhana]] is generally recited in Tibetan, the [[mantra]] portion of the practice is usually retained in its original Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fpmt.org/education/teachings/texts/mantras/|title=Mantras - FPMT}}</ref> | In [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is the main school, and [[Classical Tibetan]] is the main language used for study,<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Tibetan Buddhism?|url=http://gothenburg.chineseconsulate.org/eng/zt/xzwt/t218250.htm|website=Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Gothenburg|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> although the Tibetan Buddhist canon was also translated into other languages, such as [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and [[Manchu language|Manchu]].<ref>Orzech, Charles D. (general editor), 2011. ''Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia.'' Brill, p. 540.</ref> Many items of [[Sanskrit Buddhist literature]] have been preserved because they were exported to Tibet, with copies of unknown ancient Sanskrit texts surfacing in Tibet as recently as 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/20170612-sanskrit-tibet-chinese-scholars-buddhism-986510-2017-06-03|title = The lost Sanskrit treasures of Tibet}}</ref> Sanskrit was valued in Tibet as “the elegant language of the gods”.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43299940?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A913006d678befb6c7f5be8a6a7f8077a&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|jstor=43299940|title=Sanskrit in Tibetan Literature|last1=Lama|first1=His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai|journal=The Tibet Journal|year=1979|volume=4|issue=2|pages=3–5}}</ref> Although in Tibetan Buddhist [[deity yoga]] the rest of the [[sadhana]] is generally recited in Tibetan, the [[mantra]] portion of the practice is usually retained in its original Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fpmt.org/education/teachings/texts/mantras/|title=Mantras - FPMT}}</ref> | ||
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These include: | These include: | ||
*[[Koine Greek]], the language the [[New Testament]] of the Christian Bible was originally written in, the [[Septuagint]] (a pre-Christian Greek translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]]), as well as the liturgical language of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] and the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic Church]]. | *[[Koine Greek]], the language the [[New Testament]] of the Christian Bible was originally written in, the [[Septuagint]] (a pre-Christian Greek translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]]), as well as the liturgical language of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] and the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic Church]]. | ||
*[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]] were the two original languages the [[Old Testament]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]) of the Christian Bible was written in. Hebrew's inscription upon the cross makes it one of the three sacred languages. Some religious nomenclature and phrases was borrowed from these languages. | *[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]] were the two original languages the [[Old Testament]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]) of the Christian Bible was written in. Hebrew's inscription upon the cross makes it one of the three sacred languages. Some religious nomenclature and phrases was borrowed from these languages. | ||
Liturgical languages are those which hold precedence within liturgy due to tradition and dispensation. many of these languages are evolutions of languages which were at one point vernacular, while some are intentional constructions by ecclesial authorities. liturgical language differs from vernacular language in that it is often no longer the tongue of the common man, but retains a place of honor due to tradition. | Liturgical languages are those which hold precedence within liturgy due to tradition and dispensation. many of these languages are evolutions of languages which were at one point vernacular, while some are intentional constructions by ecclesial authorities. liturgical language differs from vernacular language in that it is often no longer the tongue of the common man, but retains a place of honor due to tradition. | ||
These include: | These include: | ||
*[[Ecclesiastical Latin]] in the [[Latin liturgical rites]] of the [[Catholic Church]] | *[[Ecclesiastical Latin]] in the [[Latin liturgical rites]] of the [[Catholic Church]] | ||
*[[Church Slavonic]] in several of the [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]] [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]] and ''[[sui iuris]]'' [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] | *[[Church Slavonic]] in several of the [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]] [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]] and ''[[sui iuris]]'' [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] | ||
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*[[Syriac language|Syriac]] in [[Syriac Christianity]] represented by the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Church of the East]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]], [[Maronite Church]] and [[Saint Thomas Christian Churches]] | *[[Syriac language|Syriac]] in [[Syriac Christianity]] represented by the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Church of the East]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]], [[Maronite Church]] and [[Saint Thomas Christian Churches]] | ||
*[[Early Modern English|King James English]] in the [[Orthodox Church in America]], the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]], English-speaking parishes of [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia|ROCOR]], among English-language parishes of other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] jurisdictions, by the various [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] churches as well as in the [[Personal Ordinariate]] within the [[Latin Catholic Church]]. | *[[Early Modern English|King James English]] in the [[Orthodox Church in America]], the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]], English-speaking parishes of [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia|ROCOR]], among English-language parishes of other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] jurisdictions, by the various [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] churches as well as in the [[Personal Ordinariate]] within the [[Latin Catholic Church]]. | ||
The extensive use of [[Greek language|Greek]] in the Roman Liturgy has continued, in theory; it was used extensively on a regular basis during the [[Papal Mass]], which has not been celebrated for some time. By the reign of Pope [[Damasus I]], the continuous use of Greek in the Roman Liturgy had come to be replaced in part by Latin. Gradually, the Roman Liturgy took on more and more Latin until, generally, only a few words of [[Hebrew]] and Greek remained. The adoption of Latin was further fostered when the [[Vetus Latina]] (old Latin) version of the [[Bible]] was edited and parts retranslated from the original Hebrew and Greek by [[Saint Jerome]] in his [[Vulgate]]. Latin continued as the Western Church's language of liturgy and communication. One simply practical reason for this may be that there were no standardized vernaculars throughout the Middle Ages. [[Church Slavonic]] was used for the celebration of the Roman Liturgy in the 9th century (twice, 867-873 and 880-885).{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} | The extensive use of [[Greek language|Greek]] in the Roman Liturgy has continued, in theory; it was used extensively on a regular basis during the [[Papal Mass]], which has not been celebrated for some time. By the reign of Pope [[Damasus I]], the continuous use of Greek in the Roman Liturgy had come to be replaced in part by Latin. Gradually, the Roman Liturgy took on more and more Latin until, generally, only a few words of [[Hebrew]] and Greek remained. The adoption of Latin was further fostered when the [[Vetus Latina]] (old Latin) version of the [[Bible]] was edited and parts retranslated from the original Hebrew and Greek by [[Saint Jerome]] in his [[Vulgate]]. Latin continued as the Western Church's language of liturgy and communication. One simply practical reason for this may be that there were no standardized vernaculars throughout the Middle Ages. [[Church Slavonic]] was used for the celebration of the Roman Liturgy in the 9th century (twice, 867-873 and 880-885).{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} | ||
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Among many segments of the [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]], [[Yiddish]], although not used in liturgy, is used for religious purposes, such as for [[Torah study]]. In contemporary [[Israel]], where Yiddish has virtually disappeared as a spoken language among the general public, it is cultivated and extensively used by some Haredi groups - partly in protest against [[Hebrew]], the traditional sacred language they see having been profaned by [[Zionism]], making it the main language of modern secular Israeli society.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Moreover, in these circles Yiddish is associated with the memory of the great Torah sages of Eastern Europe, who spoke it and whose communities were destroyed in the [[Holocaust]]. | Among many segments of the [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]], [[Yiddish]], although not used in liturgy, is used for religious purposes, such as for [[Torah study]]. In contemporary [[Israel]], where Yiddish has virtually disappeared as a spoken language among the general public, it is cultivated and extensively used by some Haredi groups - partly in protest against [[Hebrew]], the traditional sacred language they see having been profaned by [[Zionism]], making it the main language of modern secular Israeli society.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Moreover, in these circles Yiddish is associated with the memory of the great Torah sages of Eastern Europe, who spoke it and whose communities were destroyed in the [[Holocaust]]. | ||
Among the [[Sephardi]]m, [[Ladino language|Ladino]], a [[Creole language|creole]] of Hebrew or Aramaic syntax and [[Castilian language|Castilian]] words, was used for sacred translations such as the [[Ferrara Bible]]. It was also used during the Sephardi liturgy. Note that the name ''Ladino'' is also used for [[Judeo-Spanish]], a dialect of Castilian used by Sephardim as an everyday language until the 20th century.<ref name="Sephiha" | Among the [[Sephardi]]m, [[Ladino language|Ladino]], a [[Creole language|creole]] of Hebrew or Aramaic syntax and [[Castilian language|Castilian]] words, was used for sacred translations such as the [[Ferrara Bible]]. It was also used during the Sephardi liturgy. Note that the name ''Ladino'' is also used for [[Judeo-Spanish]], a dialect of Castilian used by Sephardim as an everyday language until the 20th century.<ref name="Sephiha"> ''EL LADINO: Lengua litúrgica de los judíos españoles'', Haim Vidal Sephiha, [[Sorbonne|Sorbona]] (París), Historia 16 - AÑO 1978:</ref><ref name="Cohen">[http://www.cryptojews.com/clearing_up_ladino.htm "Clearing up Ladino, Judeo-Spanish, Sephardic Music"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416142720/http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1596 |date=2008-04-16 }} Judith Cohen, HaLapid, winter 2001; [http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1596 Sephardic Song] Judith Cohen, Midstream July/August 2003</ref> | ||
==List== | ==List== | ||
*[[Old Tamil]] (Dravidian family of languages): The sacred language and claimed to be the oldest living language in the world have literical history in [[Dharmic religions]] such as [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaktism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tamil Buddhists of the Past and the Future|url=https://sangam.org/2010/12/Tamil_Buddhists.php?uid=4177#:~:text=The%20well%20known%20Tamil%20Buddhist,work%20done%20in%20Tamil%20Nadu.|access-date=2021-07-27|website=sangam.org}}</ref> | *[[Old Tamil]] (Dravidian family of languages): The sacred language and claimed to be the oldest living language in the world have literical history in [[Dharmic religions]] such as [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaktism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tamil Buddhists of the Past and the Future|url=https://sangam.org/2010/12/Tamil_Buddhists.php?uid=4177#:~:text=The%20well%20known%20Tamil%20Buddhist,work%20done%20in%20Tamil%20Nadu.|access-date=2021-07-27|website=sangam.org}}</ref> | ||
*[[Sadhu bhasha]] (Bengali) and Middle Bengali: The sacred language, besides Sanskrit, of the Gaudiya or Chaitanya Vaishnava Spiritual Tradition. Spiritual classics written in the above mentioned two variants include [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]], [[Vaishnava Padavali]] , [https://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-magazines/bhakti-books/english/21-jaiva-dharma Jaiva Dharma] ([[iarchive:1 20191030 20191030 1133|জৈব ধর্ম]]) etc. | *[[Sadhu bhasha]] (Bengali) and Middle Bengali: The sacred language, besides Sanskrit, of the Gaudiya or Chaitanya Vaishnava Spiritual Tradition. Spiritual classics written in the above mentioned two variants include [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]], [[Vaishnava Padavali]] , [https://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-magazines/bhakti-books/english/21-jaiva-dharma Jaiva Dharma] ([[iarchive:1 20191030 20191030 1133|জৈব ধর্ম]]) etc. | ||
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*[[Mandaic language|Mandaic]], an Aramaic language, in [[Mandaeanism]]. | *[[Mandaic language|Mandaic]], an Aramaic language, in [[Mandaeanism]]. | ||
*[[Classical Mongolian language|Classical Mongolian]] was used alongside Classical Tibetan as sacred languages of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. | *[[Classical Mongolian language|Classical Mongolian]] was used alongside Classical Tibetan as sacred languages of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. | ||
*Historian [[Robert Beverley Jr.]], in his ''History and Present State of Virginia'' (1705), wrote that the "priests and conjurers" of the [[Virginia Indian]] tribes "perform their adorations and conjurations" in the [[Occaneechi]] language, much "as the Catholics of all nations do their Mass in the Latin". | *Historian [[Robert Beverley Jr.]], in his ''History and Present State of Virginia'' (1705), wrote that the "priests and conjurers" of the [[Virginia Indian]] tribes "perform their adorations and conjurations" in the [[Occaneechi]] language, much "as the Catholics of all nations do their Mass in the Latin". He also stated the language was widely used as a ''lingua franca'' "understood by the chief men of many nations, as Latin is in many parts of Europe"—even though, as he says, the Occaneechis "have been but a small nation, ever since those parts were known to the English". Scholars believe that the Occaneechi spoke a [[Siouan]] dialect similar to [[Tutelo language|Tutelo]]. | ||
*[[Palaic language|Palaic]] and [[Luwian language|Luwian]], cultivated as a religious language by the [[Hittites]]. | *[[Palaic language|Palaic]] and [[Luwian language|Luwian]], cultivated as a religious language by the [[Hittites]]. | ||
*[[Pali]], the original language of [[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]]. | *[[Pali]], the original language of [[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]]. | ||
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*[[Vedic]] & Classical [[Sanskrit]], the dialects of the [[Veda]]s and other sacred texts of [[Hinduism]] as well as the original language of several sects of early [[Buddhism]] and a language of [[Jainism]]. | *[[Vedic]] & Classical [[Sanskrit]], the dialects of the [[Veda]]s and other sacred texts of [[Hinduism]] as well as the original language of several sects of early [[Buddhism]] and a language of [[Jainism]]. | ||
*[[Old Church Slavonic]], also called [[Old Bulgarian]], the liturgical language of the [[Eastern Orthodox Slavs|Slavic Eastern Orthodoxy]], and the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] | *[[Old Church Slavonic]], also called [[Old Bulgarian]], the liturgical language of the [[Eastern Orthodox Slavs|Slavic Eastern Orthodoxy]], and the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] | ||
*[[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]] is the current liturgical language of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], [[Serbian Orthodox Church]], [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] | *[[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]] is the current liturgical language of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], [[Serbian Orthodox Church]], [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] and the [[Macedonian Orthodox Church]] and certain [[Byzantine]] ([[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian]]) [[Eastern Catholic]] churches. | ||
*[[Sumerian language|Sumerian]], cultivated and preserved in [[Assyria]] and [[Babylon]] long after its extinction as an everyday language. | *[[Sumerian language|Sumerian]], cultivated and preserved in [[Assyria]] and [[Babylon]] long after its extinction as an everyday language. | ||
*[[Syriac language|Syriac]], a dialect of [[Aramaic]], is used as a liturgical language by [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christians]] who belong to the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]], [[Syro Malabar Catholic Church]] and [[Maronite Church]]. | *[[Syriac language|Syriac]], a dialect of [[Aramaic]], is used as a liturgical language by [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christians]] who belong to the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]], [[Syro Malabar Catholic Church]] and [[Maronite Church]]. | ||
*[[Classical Tibetan]], known as ''Chhokey'' in [[Bhutan]], the sacred language of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. | *[[Classical Tibetan]], known as ''Chhokey'' in [[Bhutan]], the sacred language of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. | ||
*Various [[Native American languages]] are cultivated for religious and ceremonial purposes by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] who no longer use them in daily life. | *Various [[Native American languages]] are cultivated for religious and ceremonial purposes by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] who no longer use them in daily life. | ||
*[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] (known as [[Lucumi language|Lucumi]] in [[Cuba]]), the language of the [[Yoruba people]], brought to the [[New World]] by [[Africa]]n [[slavery|slaves]], and preserved in [[Santería]], [[Candomblé]], and other transplanted African religions. The Yoruba descendants in these communities, as well as non-descendants that have adopted one of the Yoruba-based religions in the diaspora, no longer speak any of the Yoruba dialects with any level of fluency. | *[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] (known as [[Lucumi language|Lucumi]] in [[Cuba]]), the language of the [[Yoruba people]], brought to the [[New World]] by [[Africa]]n [[slavery|slaves]], and preserved in [[Santería]], [[Candomblé]], and other transplanted African religions. The Yoruba descendants in these communities, as well as non-descendants that have adopted one of the Yoruba-based religions in the diaspora, no longer speak any of the Yoruba dialects with any level of fluency. And the liturgical usage also reflects the compromise of the language whereby there isn't an understanding of correct grammar nor proper intonation. Spirit possession by the Yoruba deities in Cuba shows that the deity manifested in the devotee at a Cuban orisa ceremony delivers messages to the faithful in [[Bozal]], a type of Spanish-based creole with some words of Yoruba language as well as those of [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] origin with an inflection similar to the way Africans would speak as they were learning Spanish during enslavement. | ||
*[[Habla Congo]] (or ''Habla Bantu'') is a [[Kongo language|Kongo]]-based [[liturgical language]] of the [[Palo religion]] with origins in Cuba, later spreading to other countries in the [[Caribbean Basin]]. | *[[Habla Congo]] (or ''Habla Bantu'') is a [[Kongo language|Kongo]]-based [[liturgical language]] of the [[Palo religion]] with origins in Cuba, later spreading to other countries in the [[Caribbean Basin]]. | ||
*[[Early Modern English|King James English]] is the primary Liturgical Language of the [[Orthodox Church in America]], the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]], and [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia|ROCOR]] dioceses of America, and is used popularly among English-language parishes of other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] jurisdictions | *[[Early Modern English|King James English]] is the primary Liturgical Language of the [[Orthodox Church in America]], the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]], and [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia|ROCOR]] dioceses of America, and is used popularly among English-language parishes of other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] jurisdictions | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references group=""></references> | <references group=""></references> | ||