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 The word {{Lang|es|alcalde}} originally was used for simple judges, as in [[Andalusian Arabic]]. Only later was it applied to the presiding municipal magistrate.<ref>Corominas, "Alcalde", 127.</ref> This early use continued to be reflected in its other uses, such as {{Lang|es|alcaldes del crimen}}, the judges in the ''[[Audiencia Real|audiencia]]s''; {{Lang|es|Alcaldes de la Casa y Corte de Su Majestad}}, who formed the highest tribunal in Castile and also managed the royal court; {{Lang|es|alcaldes mayores}}, a synonym for [[Corregidor (position)|''corregidor'']]; and {{Lang|es|alcaldes de barrio}}, who were roughly the equivalent of British [[parish constable]]s.  Because of this, the municipal {{Lang|es|alcalde}} was often referred to as an {{Lang|es|alcalde ordinario}}.
+==Mayors by country==
+===Australia===
+<!-- This section is linked from [[Albury, New South Wales]] -->
+On Australian councils, the mayor is generally the member of the council who acts as ceremonial figurehead at official functions, as well as carrying the authority of council between meetings. Mayoral decisions made between meetings are subject to council and may be confirmed or repealed if necessary. Mayors in Australia may be elected either directly through a ballot for the position of mayor at a local-government election, or alternatively may be elected from within the council at a meeting.
+The civic regalia and insignia of local government have basically remained unaltered for centuries. For ceremonial occasions a mayor may wear robes, a [[Livery collar|mayoral chain]] and a [[Ceremonial mace|mace]]. Mayors have the title of ''''[[Worship (style)|His/Her Worship]]'''' whilst holding the position.
+In councils where [[councillors]] are elected representing political parties, the mayor is normally the leader of the party receiving the most seats on council. In [[Queensland]], the [[lord mayor]] and mayors are elected by popular vote at the general council election.
+===Bangladesh===
+Mayors in [[Bangladesh]] are elected every five years in the local elections. They are very powerful in municipal government. The mayor is the highest-ranking official in municipal governments in Bangladesh.
+===Brazil===
+Every municipality in Brazil elects a mayor (Portuguese: {{Lang|pt|prefeito/prefeita}}) and a vice-mayor (Portuguese: {{Lang|pt|vice-prefeito/vice-prefeita}}) for a four-year term, acting as an executive officer with the city council (Portuguese: {{Lang|pt|Câmara Municipal}}) functioning with legislative powers. The mayor can be re-elected and manage the city for two consecutive terms.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=CONSTITUIÇÃO DA REPÚBLICA FEDERATIVA DO BRASIL|url=https://www.senado.leg.br/atividade/const/con1988/con1988_05.10.1988/art_29_.asp|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-03|website=www.senado.leg.br|language=pt-br|doi=<!-- none -->}}</ref>
+Mayoral elections in Brazil occur in two different ways: in municipalities with more than 200,000 inhabitants, the voting happens in a [[two-round system]], like the [[Presidential elections in Brazil|presidential]] and [[Federative units of Brazil|gubernatorial]] elections. In municipalities with less than 200,000 inhabitants, the voting happens in a [[Plurality (voting)|relative majority system]] (with only one round). <ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleições 2020: 95 municípios com mais de 200 mil eleitores poderão ter 2º turno em novembro|url=https://www.tse.jus.br/imprensa/noticias-tse/2020/Setembro/eleicoes-2020-95-municipios-com-mais-de-200-mil-eleitores-poderao-ter-2o-turno-em-novembro|access-date=2021-10-03|website=www.tse.jus.br|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PDF.js viewer|url=https://www.tse.jus.br/imprensa/noticias-tse/arquivos/municipios-2-turno-eleicoes-2020/rybena_pdf?file=https://www.tse.jus.br/imprensa/noticias-tse/arquivos/municipios-2-turno-eleicoes-2020/at_download/file|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-03|website=www.tse.jus.br|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Brazil's Municipal Elections 2020: 2nd round to be held in 57 cities|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/eleicoes-2020/noticia/2020-11/brazils-municipal-elections-2020-2nd-round-be-held-57-cities|access-date=2021-10-03|website=Agência Brasil|language=en}}</ref>
+The Brazilian system works similarly to the [[mayor-council government]] in the United States.
+===Canada===
+{{see also|Local government in Canada|Municipal elections in Canada}}
+The chief executives of [[borough#Canada|boroughs]] (''[[Arrondissement#Quebec|arrondissements]]'') in [[Quebec]] are termed mayors ({{Lang|fr|maires/mairesses}} in French). A borough mayor simultaneously serves as head of the borough council and as a regular councillor on the main city council. The scheduling of municipal elections in Canada varies by jurisdiction, as each province and territory has its own laws regarding municipal governance.
+As is the practice in most Commonwealth countries, in Canada a mayor is addressed as His/Her Worship while holding office.
+====Reeve====
+In a few [[List of municipalities in Ontario|municipalities]] and [[township]]s in [[Ontario]], the '''reeve''' is the elected head of the municipality, and the second-in-command is referred to as the '''deputy reeve'''. Historically, in some small [[township (Canada)|townships]], the title "reeve" was used instead of mayor. In some other municipalities, "mayor" and "reeve" were two separate offices, with the mayor retaining leadership powers while the reeve was equivalent to what other municipalities called an "[[at-large]] councillor". Today most municipalities in the province now designate their elected municipal government heads as mayors, but a small handful retain the position. This continues to be the case in the following municipalities and [[township]]s:
+* [[Dysart et al]], [[Haliburton County]]
+* [[Highlands East]], [[Haliburton County]]
+* [[Beckwith, Ontario|Beckwith Township]], [[Lanark County]]
+* [[Lanark Highlands]], [[Lanark County]]
+* [[Drummond/North Elmsley|Drummond/North Elmsley Township]], [[Lanark County]]
+* [[Tay Valley|Tay Valley Township]], [[Lanark County]]
+* [[Montague, Ontario|Montague Township]], [[Lanark County]]
+The reeve is also the chief elected official in most of [[Alberta]]'s [[List of municipal districts in Alberta|municipal districts]].
+The elected heads of rural municipalities (RM) in the provinces of [[Manitoba]] and [[Saskatchewan]] are also referred to as a reeve.
+===Dominican Republic===
+The mayor of a municipality in the [[Dominican Republic]] is called indistinctly {{Lang|es|alcalde}} or {{Lang|es|síndico}}. The latter name is preferred as to avoid confusing the title with the similar-sounding {{Lang|es|alcaide}} (lit. '[[prison warden]]'). Such person is the governor of the municipality whose township elected him (or her) by [[direct vote]] for a term of four years. The daily duties of the mayor's office are restricted to local governance, and as such, it is responsible for the coordination of [[waste collection]], [[Maintenance, repair, and operations|upkeep]] of [[public spaces]] (parks, undeveloped urban parcels, streets, city ornate,{{Clarify|reason=unsure what "city ornate" means|date=December 2021}} traffic light control, sewage and most public utilities). In practice, most of its duties are centered on minor street repairs (new or large road projects, like overpasses, bridges, pedestrian crossings, etc. are handled by the Ministry of Public Works ({{Lang-es|Ministerio de Obras Públicas|links=no}}), under the direct control of the central government. Subcontracting [[Waste collection|garbage collection]] and management, overseeing the use of public spaces and arbitrating neighborhood land use disputes which are managed by the National Property office ({{Lang-es|Oficina de Bienes Nacionales|links=no}}) is also controlled by the mayor's office. Water, electrical supply and public transportation coordination are handled by several central government offices, and as such, are not under control of the mayor.
+===France===
+{{details|Mayor (France)}}
+Mayors ({{Lang|fr|maires}}) in France are elected every six years in [[Elections in france#Municipal|local elections]].
+===Germany===
+In Germany, local government is regulated by [[states of Germany|state]] statutes. Nowadays only the mayors of the three city-states (Berlin, Hamburg and [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]]) are still elected by the respective city-state parliaments. In all the other states the mayors are now elected directly by the [[EU citizen]]s living in that area. The post of mayor may be said to be a professional one, the mayor being the head of the local government, and requiring, in order to be eligible, training in administration. In big cities (details are regulated by state statutes) the official title is {{Lang|de|Oberbürgermeister}} ([[lord mayor]]). In these cities, a "simple" mayor is just a deputy responsible for a distinct task (e.g., welfare or construction works). Big cities are usually ''[[Kreisfreie Stadt|kreisfrei]]'' ('district-free'). That means that the city council also has the powers and duties of a rural district council. The leader of a rural district council is called {{Lang|de|Landrat}} ('land counsellor'). In that case, the chief mayor has also the duties and powers of a {{Lang|de|Landrat}}.
+But there are also some German states that allow smaller cities to have a ''Oberbürgermeister'' as well. In [[Saarland]], for instance, every city with more than 35,000 inhabitants has one, and in [[Saxony-Anhalt]] every city with a population bigger than 25,000 has one.
+The term {{Lang|de|Oberbürgermeister}} is not used in the three city-states, where the mayors are simultaneously [[minister-president|head of state governments]], but {{Lang|de|Regierender Bürgermeister}} ([[Governing Mayor of Berlin]]), {{Lang|de|Erster Bürgermeister}} ([[First Mayor of the city-state of Hamburg]]) and {{Lang|de|Präsident des Senats und Bürgermeister}} ([[Mayor of Bremen|President of the Senate and Mayor of Bremen]]) are used. However, the term {{Lang|de|Oberbürgermeister}} was used for the head of the state government of [[West Berlin]] until 1951, and was also used in [[East Berlin]] from 1948 to January 1991.
+===Greece===
+Mayors ({{Lang|el|δήμαρχοι}}, {{Lang|el-latn|dēmarchoi}}, sing. {{Lang|el|δήμαρχος}}, ''[[demarchos|dēmarchos]]'') in [[Greece]] were previously elected every four years in [[Elections in Greece#Local elections|local elections]] and are the head of various municipal governments in which the state is divided. Starting from 2014, mayors are elected for a five-year term. Local administration elections for the new, consolidated municipalities and peripheries will henceforth be held together with the [[Elections in the European Union|elections]] for the [[European Parliament]].
+Local administration in Greece recently underwent extensive reform in two phases: the first phase, implemented in 1997 and commonly called the [[Kapodistrias Plan]], consolidated the country's numerous municipalities and communities down to approximately 1000. The second phase, initially called Kapodistrias II but eventually called the [[Kallikratis Plan]], was implemented in 2010, further consolidated municipalities down to 370, and merged the country's 54 prefectures, which were disbanded in favour of the larger 13 regions. The Kallikratian municipalities were designed according to several guidelines; for example each island (except [[Crete]]) was incorporated into a single municipality, while the majority of small towns were consolidated so as to have an average municipal population of 25,000.
+===India===
+In [[India]], the mayor is leader of the council and has a number of roles, both legislative and functional. In most Indian states mayors are elected indirectly among the council members themselves, except in nine states: [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and [[Uttarakhand]], where mayors are elected directly by the public.
+===Indonesia===
+In [[Indonesia]], mayor ({{lang-id|wali kota}}, formerly called {{Lang|id|walikotamadya}} and {{Lang|id|walikota}}) is a regional head of a city or town. A mayor has the same level as a [[regent]] (''bupati''), head of a regency (''kabupaten''). Basically, a mayor has the duty and authority to lead the implementation of the policies established by the region along with the city council (''Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota'', DPRD Kota; formerly called Tier 2-DPRD (''DPRD Tingkat II'')). A mayor is elected in a pair with a vice mayor through direct elections and is a political office. An exception is [[Jakarta|Special Capital Region of Jakarta]], where mayoralty is a civil-service career position with limited authority and is designated by [[Governor of Jakarta|the governor]]. Their region are called [[Jakarta#Administrative divisions|administration cities]] (''kota administrasi'').
+Before 1999, there were administrative cities (''kota administratif'', [[:id:Kota administratif|[id]]]) which were headed by administrative mayors.
+===Iran===
+In [[Iran]], the mayor is the executive manager of a city and elected by the Islamic City Council. The mayor is elected for a four-year term.
+===Ireland===
+In the [[Republic of Ireland]], the head of a borough corporation was called "mayor" from the [[Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840]] until boroughs were abolished by the [[Local Government Reform Act 2014]]. The [[Local Government Act 2001]] allowed [[Counties of Ireland|county]] councils to style their chairperson as "mayor" and some do so. [[City status in Ireland|City]] council chairs are "mayor" (or "lord mayor" in the cases [[Lord Mayor of Dublin|of Dublin]] and [[Lord Mayor of Cork|of Cork]]). Since 2000 [[Proposed directly elected mayor for the Dublin Metropolitan Area|there have been proposals]] for a directly elected mayor of the [[Dublin Metropolitan Area]].
+===Italy===
+In Italy the mayor is called {{Lang|it|sindaco}}, or informally {{Lang|it|primo cittadino}} ('first citizen'). Every municipality ({{lang-it|comune}}) has a mayor who represents the local government. The mayor is elected every five years by the inhabitants of the municipality; the mayor cannot serve for more than two consecutive terms, except in municipalities of up to 3,000 inhabitants, those not having any term limit.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [https://www.academia.edu/11358245/Del_terzo_mandato_dei_sindaci {{lang|it|No ai tre mandati dei sindaci. Principio di legalità batte disobbedienti}}].</ref>
+===Japan===
+Japan's [[Local Autonomy Law|Local-Autonomy Law]] of 1947 defines the structure of Japanese local governments, which were strengthened after World War II. It gives strong executive power to the mayor in the local politics like [[mayor-council government#Executive or Strong Mayor Form|strong mayors]] in large cities in the United States of America.
+The titles that are translated as ''mayor'' by the governments are those of the heads of [[cities of Japan|cities]] {{Nihongo||市長|shichō}}, [[towns of Japan|towns]] {{Nihongo||町長|chōchō}}, [[villages of Japan|villages]] {{Nihongo||村長|sonchō}}, and Tokyo's [[special wards of Tokyo|special wards]] {{Nihongo||区長|kuchō}} (The head of the [[Tokyo|Tokyo prefecture]] is the {{Nihongo|Governor|知事|Chiji}}).
+A mayor is elected every four years by direct popular votes held separately from the assembly. A mayor can be [[recall election|recalled]] by a popular initiative but the [[prefectures of Japan|prefectural]] and the national governments cannot remove a mayor from office. Towards the assembly the mayor prepares budgets, proposes local [[Act of Parliament|acts]] and has vetoes on local acts just approved by the assembly which can be overridden by two-thirds assembly support. A mayor can dissolve the assembly if the assembly passes a [[motion of no confidence]] or if the mayor thinks the assembly has no confidence in fact.
+===Kazakhstan===
+In Kazakhstan, the mayor is called [[Akim|''akim'']], who is the head of an {{Lang|kk|akimat}}, a municipal, district, or provincial government ({{Lang|kk|mayorat}}), and serves as the presidential representative. {{Lang|kk|Akim}}''s'' of provinces and cities are appointed to the post by the president on the advice of the prime minister. Meanwhile, the {{Lang|kk|akim}}''s'' of other administrative and territorial units are appointed or selected to the post in an order defined by the president. He may also dismiss {{Lang|kk|akim}}''s'' from their posts. The {{Lang|kk|akims}}' powers end upon the newly elected president of the republic taking office. Thus, the {{Lang|kk|akim}} continues to fulfill their duties before the appointment of the corresponding {{Lang|kk|akim}} by the President of Kazakhstan.
+===Malaysia===
+{{See also|Mayor of Kuala Lumpur|Mayor of Penang Island}}
+The mayor functions as the head of the local government of the cities in Malaysia. To date, there are [[List of cities in Malaysia#Cities of Malaysia|14 officially-recognised cities in the country]].
+In cities which lie within the jurisdiction of any one of the [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|13 Malaysian states]], the mayor is appointed by the state government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Elect local leaders |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/10/24/elect-local-leaders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165044/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/10/24/elect-local-leaders |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018 |website=www.thesundaily.my |language=en}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]], the country's capital, is a notable exception, as it forms part of the [[Federal Territories (Malaysia)|Federal Territories]] which come under the purview of the [[Government of Malaysia|Malaysian federal government]], via the [[Ministry of Federal Territories (Malaysia)|Ministry of Federal Territories]]. Thus, the mayor of Kuala Lumpur is selected by, and subordinate to, the [[Minister of Federal Territories (Malaysia)|Minister of Federal Territories]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2018 |title=Teresa Kok: Federal Territories Ministry should be abolished |work=The Edge Markets |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/teresa-kok-federal-territories-ministry-should-be-abolished |url-status=dead |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165117/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/teresa-kok-federal-territories-ministry-should-be-abolished |archive-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>
+Following the [[Malaysian general election, 2018|2018 general election]], which saw the country undergoing its first ever regime change, there have been calls to revive local government elections, which had been the practice in certain cities such as Kuala Lumpur, [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Ipoh]] and [[Malacca City|Melaka]] until their abolishment in 1965.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Non-partisan local elections the way forward, says Ipoh NGO {{!}} Malay Mail |url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1631905/non-partisan-local-elections-the-way-forward-says-ipoh-ngo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165055/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1631905/non-partisan-local-elections-the-way-forward-says-ipoh-ngo |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018 |website=www.malaymail.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2018 |title=Local elections to begin as soon as economy stabilises |work=The Edge Markets |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/local-elections-begin-soon-economy-stabilises |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165049/http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/local-elections-begin-soon-economy-stabilises |archive-date=17 June 2018}}</ref> The reinstatement of local government elections would lead to the mayoral position being elected, instead of being appointed as per the current system.
+===Malta===
+In Malta, the mayor ([[Maltese language|Maltese]]: {{Lang|mt|sindku}}) is the leader of the majority party in the [[Local councils of Malta|local council]]. The members of the local Ccuncils are directly elected and collectively serve as a basic form of local government.
+===Moldova===
+The mayor of the municipality in Moldova is elected for four years. In [[Chişinău]], the last mayoral elections had to be repeated three times because of the low rate of participation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}
+===Netherlands===
+{{Main|Burgemeester}}
+In the [[Netherlands]], the mayor (in {{lang-nl|burgemeester}}) is the leader of the college of mayor and aldermen ([[College van Burgemeester en Wethouders|''College van Burgemeester en Wethouders'']]), the municipal executive. In the Netherlands, {{Lang|nl|burgermeester}}''s'' are ''de facto'' appointed by the national [[Cabinet of the Netherlands|cabinet]], ''de jure'' by the [[Dutch Monarchy|monarch]]. Appointment is generally preceded by a selection procedure and nomination by the municipal council and king's commissioner (head of the provincial executive), and a nomination is only very rarely not followed by an appointment. Mayors preside over both the municipal executive and the legislative ([[gemeenteraad|''gemeenteraad'']]), although they can vote in the latter and not in the former. The title is sometimes translated as [[burgomaster]], to emphasise the appointed, rather than elected, nature of the office. The appointment procedure was brought for discussion in the early 2000s (decade), as some of the political parties represented in parliament regarded the procedure as undemocratic. Generally, mayors in the Netherlands are selected from the established political parties, although since the late 2010s mayors without political affiliation have become more common.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/04/16/partijloze-burgemeester-in-opmars-korpschef-schouten-voorgedragen-in-alkmaar-a4040113|title = Partijloze burgemeester in opmars: Korpschef Schouten voorgedragen in Alkmaar}}</ref> Alternatives proposed were direct election of the mayor by the people or official appointment by the municipal council ({{Lang|nl|gemeenteraad}}). A constitutional change to allow for this failed to pass the [[Senate of the Netherlands|Senate]] in March 2005, but succeeded in 2018.
+===Nepal===
+{{main|List of mayors of places in Nepal }}
+Mayors in Nepal are elected every five years in the [[Elections in Nepal|local elections]]. They are very powerful in municipal government. The mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government in Nepal.
+===New Zealand===
+{{Main|Mayors in New Zealand}}
+Mayors in New Zealand are elected every three years in the [[Elections in New Zealand|local body elections]].
+===Pakistan===
+In [[Pakistan]], a city is headed by the [[Districts of Pakistan|district]] [[Nazim|''nazim'']] (the word means 'administrator' in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as 'mayor') and assisted by the [[Naib Nazim|''naib nazim'']], who is also speaker of the district council. The district {{Lang|ur-latn|nazim}} is elected by the {{Lang|ur-latn|nazims}} of [[Union councils of Pakistan|union councils]], union councillors and by [[tehsil]] {{Lang|ur-latn|nazims}}, who themselves are elected directly by the votes of the local public. Council elections are held every four years.
+===Philippines===
+In the [[Philippines]], mayors ({{lang-tl|Punong Bayan/Punong Lungsod}}) are the head of a [[List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines|municipality or a city]], with the vice mayor as the second-highest position in the city. They are elected every three years during the midterm and national elections, and they can serve up to three terms of office. {{As of|2012|September}}, there are 1,635 mayors in the Philippines.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}
+===Poland===
+Mayors in [[Poland]] are [[direct election|directly elected]] by inhabitants of their respective [[municipality]]. A mayor is the sole chief of the [[executive branch]] of the municipality and cannot serve in the municipal council ([[city council]]) or in the [[parliament]]. Mayors may appoint a deputy mayor if needed. In Poland mayor is called a {{Lang|pl|burmistrz}} or, in towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants or other municipalities that traditionally use the title, {{Lang|pl|prezydent}} ('president', for example, 'President of [[Warsaw]]' instead of 'Mayor of Warsaw'). The equivalent title in a rural community ([[gmina|''gmina'']]) is [[wójt|''wójt'']].
+A mayor is elected for a five-year term concurrently with the five-year term of the municipal council. Mayors cannot be dismissed by the municipal council, but they can be removed from the office by the citizens of their municipality in a [[referendum]]. Mayors can also be dismissed by the [[prime minister]] in case of persistent transgression of the law. Citizens having a criminal record cannot run for mayor, but only if sentenced for intentional criminal offence prosecuted [[ex officio]].
+Mayors manage the municipal estate, issues minor regulations, and incurs [[liability (financial accounting)|liabilities]] within limits set by the municipal council. Mayors present a budget to the municipal council, that may be then amended by the council. After the municipal council passes the budget in a form of resolution, the mayor is responsible for its realization. Mayors are the head of the [[town hall]] and the [[register office]] (the mayor may appoint deputies for these specific tasks). Mayors legally act as employers for all of the officials of the town hall. Mayors in Poland have wide administrative authority: the only official that the mayor cannot appoint or dismiss is a [[city treasurer]], who is appointed by a city council. Although mayors in Poland do not have veto power over city council resolutions, their position is relatively strong and should be classified as a [[mayor-council government]].
+===Portugal===
+In [[Portugal]] and many other Portuguese-speaking countries the mayor of a municipality is called the {{Lang|pt|Presidente da Câmara Municipal}} ('[[President of the Municipal Chamber]]').
+===Romania===
+In [[Romania]] the mayor of a commune, town or city is called {{Lang|ro|primar}}. He or she is elected for a period of four years. In carrying out his responsibilities he is assisted by an elected local council ({{Lang|ro|consiliu local}}). [[Bucharest]] has a general mayor ({{Lang|ro|primar general}}) and six sector mayors ({{Lang|ro|primar de sector}}), one for each [[Sectors of Bucharest|sector]]. The responsibilities of the mayor and of the local council are defined by Law 215/2001 of the Romanian Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |last=APD-Timișoara |title=Legea nr. 215/2001 |url=http://legislatie.resurse-pentru-democratie.org/legea/215-2001.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104170314/http://legislatie.resurse-pentru-democratie.org/legea/215-2001.php |archive-date=4 November 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |website=resurse-pentru-democratie.org}}</ref>
+===Russia===
+In Russia, the {{Lang|ru|Мэр}}, from French {{Lang|fr|maire}} (transliteration: {{Lang|ru-latn|mer}} – not to be confused with the NATO [[OF-3]] rank {{Lang|ru|Майор}} – English: ''[[major]]''), is one of the possible titles of the head of the administration of a city or municipality.  This title is equivalent to that of the head of a Russian rural district. Exceptionally, the {{Lang|ru-latn|mer}} of [[Moscow]], [[Saint-Petersburg]] and [[Sevastopol]] are equivalent to governors in Russia, since these three federal cities are Russian [[federal subject]]s.
+Except for the aforementioned three large cities, the governance system of a Russian municipality (city, county, district or town) is subordinate to the representative council of the federation in which it is located. The {{Lang|ru-latn|mer}} is either directly elected in municipal elections (citywide referendum) or is elected by the members of the municipality's representative council. Election by council members is now more widespread because it better integrates with the Russian federal three-level vertical governance structure:
+# National government:
+## President (executive)
+## [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly]]
+# Federation governments:
+## Heads of federation (commonly governors)
+## Regional representative councils
+# Local governments:
+## Heads of administration (who have the official title of {{Lang|ru-latn|mer}}, whether or not local law defines it as such)
+## Local representative councils
+The typical term of office of a {{Lang|ru-latn|mer}} in Russia is four years. The {{Lang|ru-latn|mer}}''<nowiki/>'s'' office administers all municipal services, public property, police and fire protection, and most public agencies, and enforces all local and state laws within a city or town.
+According to Medialogy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.mlg.ru/ratings/mayors/2949/6/2014/4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222162625/http://www.mlg.ru/ratings/mayors/2949/6/2014/4/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref> the {{Lang|ru-latn|mer}} of [[Novosibirsk]], Anatoly Lokot', is mentioned in the media more than any other Russian mayor.  The {{Lang|ru-latn|mer}} of [[Kazan]], Il'sur Metshin, is the most popular in Russia, scoring 76 out of 100, according to the Russian People's Rating of {{Lang|ru-latn|Mer}}''s''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Регионы России: Рейтинг Мэров (Май, 2014) |url=http://russia-rating.ru/info/1530.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220100742/http://russia-rating.ru/info/1530.html |archive-date=20 February 2015 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=russia-rating.ru}}</ref>
+The status of the post in Sevastopol is not legally recognized outside of the [[Russian Federation]].
+===Serbia===
+In [[Serbia]], the mayor is the head of the city or a town. He or she acts on behalf of the city, and performs an executive function. The position of the mayor of [[Belgrade]] is important as the capital city is the most important hub of economics, culture and science in [[Serbia]]. Furthermore, the post of the mayor of Belgrade is the third most important position in the government after the [[Prime Minister of Serbia|prime minister]] and [[President of Serbia|president]].
+===Spain and Hispanic America===
+''[[Alcalde]]'' is the most common Spanish term for the mayor of a town or city. It is derived from the {{lang-ar|[[Qadi|al-qaḍi]]|script=Latn}} ({{lang|ar|قاضي|rtl=yes}}), i.e., 'the ([[Sharia]]) judge', who often had administrative, as well as judicial, functions. Although the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] {{Lang|es|alcalde}} and the [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] {{Lang|ar-latn|qaḍi}} had slightly different attributes (the {{Lang|ar-latn|qaḍi}} oversaw an entire province, the {{Lang|es|alcalde}} only a municipality; the former was appointed by the ruler of the state but the latter was elected by the [[Cabildo (council)|municipal council]]), the adoption of this term reflects how much Muslim society in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] influenced the Christian one in the early phases of the ''[[Reconquista]]''. As Spanish Christians took over an increasing part of the Peninsula, they adapted the Muslim systems and terminology for their own use.
+Today, it refers to the executive head of a municipal or local government, who usually does not have judicial functions. The word ''[[Intendant|intendente]]'' is used in [[Argentina]] and [[Paraguay]] for the office that is analogous to a mayor.
+In [[municipio|''municipios'']] and larger cities in [[Mexico]], the chief executive is known as both {{Lang|es|alcalde}} or as {{Lang|es|presidente municipal}} ('municipal president'), with the latter being more widely used.
+===Sweden===
+The Swedish title {{Lang|sv|borgmästare}} ([[burgomaster]]) was abolished in the court reform of 1971 when also the [[stad (Sweden)|towns of Sweden]] were officially abolished.
+===Switzerland===
+The function and title for mayor vary from one canton to another. Generally, the mayor presides an executive council of several members governing a [[municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]].
+The title is:
+* In Italian: {{Lang|it|sindaco}} ([[Ticino]]), {{Lang|it|podestà}} ([[Grigioni]])
+* In French: {{Lang|fr|maire}} ([[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], [[Canton of Bern|Bern]]), {{Lang|fr|syndic}} ([[Vaud]], [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]]), {{Lang|fr|président du conseil municipal}} ([[Valais]]), {{Lang|fr|président du conseil communal}} ([[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]])
+* In German: e.g. {{Lang|de|Stadtpräsident}}, {{Lang|de|Stadtammann}}, {{Lang|de|Gemeindepräsident}}, {{Lang|de|Gemeindeammann}}
+===Taiwan===
+In the [[Republic of China]] in Taiwan the mayor is the head of city's government and its city's council, which is in charge of legislative affairs. The mayor and city council are elected separately by the city's residents.
+===Turkey===
+Mayors ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: {{Lang|tr|belediye başkanı}}) in Turkey are elected by popular vote for five years alongside the municipal council. As a rule, there are municipalities in all province centers and district centers as well as towns ({{lang-tr|belde}}) which are actually villages with a population in excess of 2000. However beginning by 1983, a new level of municipality is introduced in Turkish administrative system. In big cities, metropolitan municipalities ({{lang-tr|Büyükşehir belediyesi}}) are established. (See [[metropolitan municipalities in Turkey]]) In a metropolitan municipality there may be several district municipalities (hence mayors). Mayors are elected in [[Elections in Turkey|local elections.]]
+===Ukraine===
+In [[Ukraine]] the title "head of the city" ({{Lang|uk-latn|misky holova}}; unofficially the foreign adaptation {{Lang|uk-latn|mer}} also is present) was introduced in 1999. Since then, the post is elected by all residents of the city. Before that date, the post was elected by members of the city council only and was known as head of the city council, which ''ex officio'' also serves as the head of the executive committee. For the cities that carry special status such as [[Kyiv]] and [[Sevastopol]], the head of the city was a matter of long debate and the post is regulated by special laws.
+Since 2015 a post of {{Lang|uk-latn|starosta}} ('elder') is being implemented at lower level of the administrative-territorial pyramid. Candidates to the post are also elected by members of the territorial community ({{Lang|uk-latn|hromada}}). The post is historical and existed in the territory of Ukraine during the times of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
+===United States===
+<!-- This section is linked from [[List of mayors of New York City]] -->
+{{Main|Mayoralty in the United States}}
+The mayor is the municipal head of government, the maximum civil authority at the municipal level, in most United States municipalities (such as cities, townships, etc.). In the [[Mayoralty in the United States|United States]], there are several distinct types of mayors, depending on whether the system of local government is [[council-manager government]] or [[mayor-council government]].
+Under the council-manager government system, the mayor is a [[first among equals]] on the [[city council]], which acts as a legislative body while executive functions are performed by the appointed manager. The mayor may chair the city council, but lacks any special legislative powers. The mayor and city council serve part-time, with day-to-day administration in the hands of a professional city manager. The system is most common among medium-sized cities from around 25,000 to several hundred thousand, usually rural and suburban municipalities.
+Under the mayor-council system, the mayoralty and city council are separate offices. This system may be of two types, either a strong mayor system or a weak mayor system. Under the ''strong mayor'' system, the mayor acts as an elected executive with the city council exercising legislative powers. They may select a [[chief administrative officer]] to oversee the different departments. This is the system used in most of the United States' large cities, primarily because mayors serve full-time and have a wide range of services that they oversee. In a ''weak mayor'' or ''ceremonial mayor'' system, the mayor has appointing power for department heads but is subject to checks by the city council, sharing both executive and legislative duties with the council. This is common for smaller cities, especially in [[New England]]. [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], and [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], are two notable large cities with a ceremonial mayor.
+Many American mayors are styled "His Honor" or "Her Honor" while in office.
 == References ==

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Revision as of 12:34, 21 February 2022