→As Haipou Jadonang's disciple
>Peter Ormond No edit summary |
|||
| Line 32: | Line 32: | ||
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2021}} | {{unreferenced section|date=July 2021}} | ||
In 1927, when she was just 13, Gaidinliu joined the ''[[Heraka]]'' movement of her cousin [[Haipou Jadonang]], who had emerged as a prominent local leader. Jadonang's movement was a revival of | In 1927, when she was just 13, Gaidinliu joined the ''[[Heraka]]'' movement of her cousin [[Haipou Jadonang]], who had emerged as a prominent local leader. Jadonang's movement was a revival of a tribal religion. It attracted a number of followers from the Zeliangrong tribes (the [[Zeme Naga|Zeme]], [[Liangmei Naga|Liangmai]] and [[Rongmei Naga|Rongmei]]). Jadonang was convicted and hanged by the British for killing few Manipur merchants. | ||
Persuaded by Jadonang's ideology and principles, Gaidinliu became his disciple and a part of the movement against the British. In three years, by the age of 16, she was also accused of creating communal unrest against Kukis and the British wanted to arrest her. So she was mobilizing people against the British and their rule, finally arrested by the British for her calamity against the Kukis. | |||
Persuaded by Jadonang's ideology and principles, Gaidinliu became his disciple and a part of | |||
== Rebellion and incarceration == | == Rebellion and incarceration == | ||
| Line 42: | Line 41: | ||
She openly rebelled against the British rule, exhorting the Zeliangrong people not to pay taxes. She received donations from the local Nagas, many of whom also joined her as volunteers. The British authorities launched a manhunt for her. She evaded arrest by the police, moving across villages in what are now [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]]. The Governor of [[Colonial Assam|Assam]] dispatched the 3rd and 4th battalions of the [[Assam Rifles]] against her, under the supervision of the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]] Deputy Commissioner JP Mills. Monetary rewards were declared for information leading to her arrest: this included a declaration that any village providing information on her whereabouts will get a 10-year tax break. Her forces engaged the Assam Rifles in armed conflicts in the North Cachar Hills (16 February 1932) and the Hangrum village (18 March 1932).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} | She openly rebelled against the British rule, exhorting the Zeliangrong people not to pay taxes. She received donations from the local Nagas, many of whom also joined her as volunteers. The British authorities launched a manhunt for her. She evaded arrest by the police, moving across villages in what are now [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]]. The Governor of [[Colonial Assam|Assam]] dispatched the 3rd and 4th battalions of the [[Assam Rifles]] against her, under the supervision of the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]] Deputy Commissioner JP Mills. Monetary rewards were declared for information leading to her arrest: this included a declaration that any village providing information on her whereabouts will get a 10-year tax break. Her forces engaged the Assam Rifles in armed conflicts in the North Cachar Hills (16 February 1932) and the Hangrum village (18 March 1932).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} | ||
In October 1932, Gaidinliu moved to the Pulomi village, where her followers started building a wooden fortress. While the fortress was under construction, an Assam Rifles contingent headed by Captain MacDonald launched a surprise attack on the village on 17 October 1932. Gaidinliu, along with her followers, was arrested without any resistance near the Kenoma village. Gaidinliu denied that she had any role in the attack on the Hangrum post of the Assam Rifles or the construction of the fort.<ref name="Arkotong2010"/> In December 1932, her followers from the Leng and the Bopungwemi villages murdered the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] [[chowkidar]] (watchman) of the Lakema Inspection Bungalow in the Naga Hills, suspecting him to be the informer who led to her arrest. Gaidinliu was taken to [[Imphal]], where she was convicted on the charges of murder and abetment of murder after a 10-month trial. She was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] by the Political Agent's Court for abetment of murder.<ref>[ | In October 1932, Gaidinliu moved to the Pulomi village, where her followers started building a wooden fortress. While the fortress was under construction, an Assam Rifles contingent headed by Captain MacDonald launched a surprise attack on the village on 17 October 1932. Gaidinliu, along with her followers, was arrested without any resistance near the Kenoma village. Gaidinliu denied that she had any role in the attack on the Hangrum post of the Assam Rifles or the construction of the fort.<ref name="Arkotong2010"/> In December 1932, her followers from the Leng and the Bopungwemi villages murdered the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] [[chowkidar]] (watchman) of the Lakema Inspection Bungalow in the Naga Hills, suspecting him to be the informer who led to her arrest. Gaidinliu was taken to [[Imphal]], where she was convicted on the charges of murder and abetment of murder after a 10-month trial. She was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] by the Political Agent's Court for abetment of murder.<ref>[[iarchive:historyofthefron035444mbp|History Of the Frontier Areas Bordering On Assam 1883–1941]] by [[Robert Niel Reid|Sir Robert Reid]], page 86.</ref> Most of her associates were either executed or jailed.<ref name="Outlook_2005"/> | ||
She established tribal organization like Kabni Samiti in 1934.<ref>https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tribal_Freedom_Fighters_of_India/OEs1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover</ref> | She established tribal organization like Kabni Samiti in 1934.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tribal_Freedom_Fighters_of_India/OEs1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover|isbn=9788123025216|title=Tribal Freedom Fighters of India|date=30 August 2017|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting}}</ref> | ||
From 1933 to 1947 she served time at the [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Aizawl]] and [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]] jails. Many rebels proclaimed her and Jadonang to be their inspiration in refusing to pay taxes to the British. However, her movement declined after the last of her followers, Dikeo and Ramjo, were arrested in 1933. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met her at the Shillong Jail in 1937 and he promised to pursue her release. His statement, published in the [[Hindustan Times]], described Gaidinliu as a daughter of the hills and he gave her the title 'Rani' or Queen of her people. Nehru wrote to the British [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor|Lady Astor]] to do something for the release of Rani Gaidinliu but the [[Secretary of State for India]] rejected her request stating that trouble may rise again if Rani was released.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} | From 1933 to 1947 she served time at the [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Aizawl]] and [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]] jails. Many rebels proclaimed her and Jadonang to be their inspiration in refusing to pay taxes to the British. However, her movement declined after the last of her followers, Dikeo and Ramjo, were arrested in 1933. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met her at the Shillong Jail in 1937 and he promised to pursue her release. His statement, published in the [[Hindustan Times]], described Gaidinliu as a daughter of the hills and he gave her the title 'Rani' or Queen of her people. Nehru wrote to the British [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor|Lady Astor]] to do something for the release of Rani Gaidinliu but the [[Secretary of State for India]] rejected her request stating that trouble may rise again if Rani was released.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} | ||
| Line 57: | Line 56: | ||
During her stay at [[Kohima]], she was conferred "Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award" in 1972, the [[Padma Bhushan]] (1982)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> and the [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda Seva Award]] (1983).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} | During her stay at [[Kohima]], she was conferred "Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award" in 1972, the [[Padma Bhushan]] (1982)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> and the [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda Seva Award]] (1983).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} | ||
== Awards == | |||
* Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award-1972 | |||
* [[Padma Bhushan]]-1982 | |||
* [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda Seva Award]]-1983 | |||
* ''[[Birsa Munda]] Award-''posthumously | |||
== Death == | == Death == | ||
| Line 69: | Line 75: | ||
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the inauguration of the birth centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, in New Delhi on August 24, 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the celebrations of the centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, New Delhi, 2015]] | [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the inauguration of the birth centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, in New Delhi on August 24, 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the celebrations of the centenary of Rani Gaidinliu, New Delhi, 2015]] | ||
Because of the Heraka movement's hostility towards [[Christianity]], Gaidinliu's heroics were not acknowledged highly among the Nagas, most of whom had converted to Christianity by the 1960s. The [[Naga nationalism|Naga nationalist]] groups don't recognize her either, because she was considered close to the Government of India. When the Hindu nationalist [[Sangh Parivar]] aligned with the Heraka movement in the 1970s, the perception that she was a promoter of [[Hinduism]] grew stronger among the Christian Nagas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rani-gaidinliu-a-naga-queen-and-the-spin-machine/article1-1358573.aspx |title=Rani Gaidinliu: A Naga queen and BJP's spin machine |author=Rahul Karmakar |date=14 June 2015 |newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref> | Because of the Heraka movement's hostility towards [[Christianity]], Gaidinliu's heroics were not acknowledged highly among the Nagas, most of whom had converted to Christianity by the 1960s. The [[Naga nationalism|Naga nationalist]] groups don't recognize her either, because she was considered close to the Government of India. When the Hindu nationalist [[Sangh Parivar]] aligned with the Heraka movement in the 1970s, the perception that she was a promoter of [[Hinduism]] grew stronger among the Christian Nagas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rani-gaidinliu-a-naga-queen-and-the-spin-machine/article1-1358573.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614115025/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rani-gaidinliu-a-naga-queen-and-the-spin-machine/article1-1358573.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2015 |title=Rani Gaidinliu: A Naga queen and BJP's spin machine |author=Rahul Karmakar |date=14 June 2015 |newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref> | ||
In 2015, when the Central government and [[T. R. Zeliang]]'s state government decided to construct a Gaidinliu memorial hall, several civil society organizations in the [[Nagaland]] state opposed the move.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Nagaland-Outfit-Joins-Chorus-Against-Rani-Memorial/2015/08/23/article2988745.ece1 |title=Nagaland Outfit Joins Chorus Against Rani Memorial |date=23 August 2015 |author=Prasanta Mazumdar |newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref> | In 2015, when the Central government and [[T. R. Zeliang]]'s state government decided to construct a Gaidinliu memorial hall, several civil society organizations in the [[Nagaland]] state opposed the move.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Nagaland-Outfit-Joins-Chorus-Against-Rani-Memorial/2015/08/23/article2988745.ece1 |title=Nagaland Outfit Joins Chorus Against Rani Memorial |date=23 August 2015 |author=Prasanta Mazumdar |newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref> | ||
| Line 93: | Line 99: | ||
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian educators]] | ||
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian women]] | ||
[[Category:Women in Manipur politics]] | [[Category:Women in Manipur politics]] | ||
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]] | [[Category:Women Indian independence activists]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Social workers]] | ||
[[Category:Indigenous people]] | [[Category:Indigenous people]] | ||
[[Category:Women educators from Manipur]] | [[Category:Women educators from Manipur]] | ||