Battle of Asal Uttar: Difference between revisions

Battle of Asal Uttar (edit)

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 | date              = 8–10 September 1965
 | place             = Asal Uttar, [[Khem Karan]], [[Punjab, India]]
-| result            = Indian victory<ref name=Wilson83>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Peter|title=Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=81-7099-890-5|pages=83–84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=uttar&pg=PA84}}</ref>
+| result            = Indian victory<ref name=Wilson83>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Peter|title=Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=81-7099-890-5|pages=83–84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=uttar&pg=PA84}}</ref>
 | combatant1        = {{Flag|India}}
 | combatant2        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 | strength1         = 3rd Cavalry<br><small>(45 [[Centurion tank|Centurion]] tanks)</small><br>9th Deccan Horse<br>(45 [[M4 Sherman]]) tanks<br>8th Light Cavalry<br><small>(45 [[AMX-13]] tanks)</small><br>'''Total''':<br>135 Tanks
 | strength2         = 4th Cavalry<br><small>(44 [[Patton tank|Patton]] tanks)</small><ref name="Chapt 5 official history">{{cite web|last=History|first=Official|title=All out war pg 39|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter06.pdf|work=Official History of 1965 war|publisher=Times of India|access-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609072642/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter06.pdf|archive-date=9 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>5th Horse <br><small>(44 Patton tanks)</small><ref name="Chapt 5 official history" /><br>6th Lancers<br><small>(44 Patton tanks)</small><ref name="Chapt 5 official history" /><br>24th Cavalry<br><small>(44 Patton tanks)</small><ref name="Chapt 5 official history" /><br>12th Cavalry<br><small>(44 [[M24 Chaffee]] tanks)</small><ref name="Chapt 5 official history" /><br>19th Lancers<br><small>(44 Patton tanks)</small><ref name="Chapt 5 official history" /><br>'''Total''':<br>264 tanks
-| casualties1       = 10 tanks damaged<ref name=Zaloga>{{cite book |last = Zaloga|first = Steve|title = The M47 and M48 Patton tanks|publisher = Osprey Publishing, 1999|isbn = 978-1-85532-825-9}}</ref>
+| casualties1       = 10 tanks damaged<ref name=Zaloga>{{cite book |last = Zaloga|first = Steve|title = The M47 and M48 Patton tanks|date = July 1999|publisher = Osprey Publishing, 1999|isbn = 978-1-85532-825-9}}</ref>
-| casualties2       = 100+ tanks destroyed<ref>{{cite web| author=Maninder Dabas | title =The battle of Asal uttar where the Indian army crushed Pakistan to avoid the capture of Amirtsar| access-date=2020-07-06 | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/the-battle-of-asal-uttar-where-the-indian-army-crushed-pakistan-to-avoid-the-capture-of-amritsar-259734.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Peter Wilson Prabhakar| title= Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=battle+of+asal+uttar+97+tanks&pg=PA84 |year= 2003 |publisher= Mittal Publications |isbn = 978-81-7099-890-7|page=84}}</ref><ref name=Wilson>{{cite book|last = Wilson|first = Peter |title = Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India|publisher = Mittal Publications, 2003|isbn = 978-81-7099-890-7}}</ref><ref name=Jaques>{{cite book|last = Jaques|first = Tony|title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007|isbn = 978-0-313-33538-9}}</ref>
+| casualties2       = 100+ tanks destroyed, 40 tanks captured by Indian forces<ref>{{cite web| author=Maninder Dabas | title =The battle of Asal uttar where the Indian army crushed Pakistan to avoid the capture of Amirtsar| date =10 August 2016| access-date=2020-07-06 | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/the-battle-of-asal-uttar-where-the-indian-army-crushed-pakistan-to-avoid-the-capture-of-amritsar-259734.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Peter Wilson Prabhakar| title= Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=battle+of+asal+uttar+97+tanks&pg=PA84 |year= 2003 |publisher= Mittal Publications |isbn = 978-81-7099-890-7|page=84}}</ref><ref name=Wilson>{{cite book|last = Wilson|first = Peter |title = Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India|year = 2003 |publisher = Mittal Publications, 2003|isbn = 978-81-7099-890-7}}</ref><ref name=Jaques>{{cite book|last = Jaques|first = Tony|title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|year = 2007|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007|isbn = 978-0-313-33538-9}}</ref>
 }}
 {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
   |publisher = Routledge
   |year=1982
-  |isbn = 978-0-7099-0434-2}}</ref> Peter Wilson states<ref name=Wilson83>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Peter|title=Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=81-7099-890-5|pages=83–84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=uttar&pg=PA84}}</ref> that the defeat of Pakistan Army in the battle of Asal Uttar was one of the greatest defeats suffered by Pakistan forces in the course of the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965.<ref name="Wilson83"/>
+  |isbn = 978-0-7099-0434-2}}</ref> Peter Wilson states<ref name=Wilson83>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Peter|title=Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=81-7099-890-5|pages=83–84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=uttar&pg=PA84}}</ref> that the defeat of Pakistan Army in the battle of Asal Uttar was one of the greatest defeats suffered by Pakistan forces in the course of the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965.<ref name="Wilson83"/>
 == Battle ==
-The battle is described as one of the largest tank battles in history since the [[Battle of Kursk]] in [[World War II]]. Pakistan's invading force, consisting of the 1st Armoured Division and 11th Infantry Division, crossed the [[International Border]] and captured the Indian town of Khem Karan. Considering the situation, GOC Indian 4th Mountain Division (Maj. Gen. Gurbaksh Singh) immediately ordered the division to fall back and assume a horseshoe shaped defensive position with Asal Uttar as its focal point. The battle strategy was the brainchild of Brigadier Thomas K. Theogaraj.<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/unsung-hero/article6797696.ece</ref><ref>http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/1965/XI/0100.jpg.html</ref><ref>http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/1965/XI/6517.jpg.html</ref>
+The battle is described as one of the largest tank battles in history since the [[Battle of Kursk]] in [[World War II]]. Pakistan's invading force, consisting of the 1st Armoured Division and 11th Infantry Division, crossed the [[International Border]] and captured the Indian town of Khem Karan. Considering the situation, GOC Indian 4th Mountain Division (Maj. Gen. Gurbaksh Singh) immediately ordered the division to fall back and assume a horseshoe shaped defensive position with Asal Uttar as its focal point. The battle strategy was the brainchild of Brigadier Thomas K. Theogaraj.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/unsung-hero/article6797696.ece|title = Unsung hero|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 18 January 2015|last1 = Dandapani|first1 = Vijay}}</ref><ref>http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/1965/XI/0100.jpg.html</ref><ref>http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Galleries/Wars/1965/XI/6517.jpg.html</ref>
 In the night, the Indian troops flooded the sugar cane field, and the next morning, the Pakistani tanks of the 1st Armoured Division, consisting mainly of [[M47 Patton|M47]] and [[M48 Patton|M48]] Patton tanks, were lured inside the horse-shoe trap. The swampy ground slowed the advance of the Pakistani tanks and many of them could not move because of the muddy slush. Over 100 Pakistani tanks mostly Pattons, and a few [[M4 Sherman|Shermans]] and [[M24 Chaffee|Chaffees]], were destroyed and another 40+ captured<ref name=Wilson/><ref name=Jaques/>
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 ==Published accounts==
 ===Documentaries===
-''Battle of Asal Uttar - Largest Tank Battle Since World War II'' (2018) is a [[TV documentary]] which premièred on Veer by [[Discovery Channel]] series, Mission & Wars.<ref name="VeerTV_AsalUttar">{{cite web|title=Battle of Asal Uttar - Largest Tank Battle Since World War II Mission & Wars|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF0IRQymp_E|publisher=Veer by Discovery|access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="VeerTV">{{cite news|title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece|access-date=22 April 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 January 2018}}</ref>
+''Battle of Asal Uttar - Largest Tank Battle Since World War II'' (2018) is a [[TV documentary]] which premièred on Veer by [[Discovery Channel]] series, Mission & Wars.<ref name="VeerTV_AsalUttar">{{cite web|title=Battle of Asal Uttar - Largest Tank Battle Since World War II Mission & Wars|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF0IRQymp_E |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VF0IRQymp_E |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Veer by Discovery|access-date=6 May 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="VeerTV">{{cite news|title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece|access-date=22 April 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 January 2018}}</ref>
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 {{Military of Pakistan}}
+{{Tank battles|style=wide}}
 {{Coord|31.13748|N|74.5530719|E|display=title}}