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{{ | {{about|the type of strike action|the Canadian painter and poet|Paul Hartal}} | ||
'''Hartal''' ({{IPA-hns|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian | '''Hartal''' ({{IPA-hns|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian independence movement]] (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a [[mass protest]], often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of [[civil disobedience]] similar to a labour strike. In addition to being a [[general strike]], it involves the voluntary closure of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.<ref>[http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html Online edition of Sunday Observer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510163424/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html |date=2005-05-10 }} - 10 Aug 2003</ref> A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an [[opposition party]] protesting against a governmental policy or action. | ||
The term comes from [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ({{Lang-gu|હડતાળ|translit=haḍtāḷ|label=none}}, or {{Lang-gu|હડતાલ|translit=haḍtāl|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his [[Indian independence movement|pro-independence]] general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term. | The term comes from [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ({{Lang-gu|હડતાળ|translit=haḍtāḷ|label=none}}, or {{Lang-gu|હડતાલ|translit=haḍtāl|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his [[Indian independence movement|pro-independence]] general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term. | ||
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=== In South Asia === | === In South Asia === | ||
Hartals are still common in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and in parts of [[Sri Lanka]], where the term is often used to refer specifically to the [[ | Hartals are still common in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and in parts of [[Sri Lanka]], where the term is often used to refer specifically to the [[1953 Ceylonese Hartal]]. | ||
=== In Southeast Asia === | === In Southeast Asia === | ||
The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[Penang]] | The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[1967 Penang Hartal riot]].<ref name="Gross99" /> | ||
The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to | The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to the [[Hartal Doktor Kontrak]], a strike by doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia|COVID-19 pandemic]] in response to the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=26 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chua|first=Minxi|date=23 July 2021|title=“We Are All Hartal”: Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/|url-status=live|access-date=28 July 2021|website=New Naratif|language=en-GB}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |title=A concise history of modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=168 |isbn=978-0-521-86362-9}} | * {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |title=A concise history of modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=168 |isbn=978-0-521-86362-9}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Mahfuzul H. |year=2003 |title=Democratization in South Asia : lessons from American institutions |publisher=Ashgate |pages=84, 92 |isbn=0-7546-3423-X}} | * {{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Mahfuzul H. |year=2003 |title=Democratization in South Asia : lessons from American institutions |publisher=Ashgate |pages=84, 92 |isbn=0-7546-3423-X}} | ||
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Baxter |editor1-first=Craig |editor2-last=Malik |editor2-first=Yogendra K. |editor3-last=Kennedy |editor3-first=Charles H. |editor4-last=Oberst |editor4-first=Robert C. |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=Government and politics in South Asia |publisher=Westview Press |edition=5th |page=296 |isbn=0-8133-3901-4}} | * {{cite book |editor1-last=Baxter |editor1-first=Craig|editor1-link = Craig Baxter |editor2-last=Malik |editor2-first=Yogendra K. |editor3-last=Kennedy |editor3-first=Charles H. |editor4-last=Oberst |editor4-first=Robert C. |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=Government and politics in South Asia |publisher=Westview Press |edition=5th |page=296 |isbn=0-8133-3901-4}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Riaz |first1=Ali |author1-link=Ali Riaz |last2=Sajjadur Rahman |first2=Mohammad |year=2016 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |pages=17–18 |isbn=978-0-415-73461-5}} | * {{cite book |last1=Riaz |first1=Ali |author1-link=Ali Riaz |last2=Sajjadur Rahman |first2=Mohammad |year=2016 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |pages=17–18 |isbn=978-0-415-73461-5}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=Akhtar |title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh |journal=Asian Survey |date=May–June 2000 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=508–529 |doi=10.2307/3021159 |jstor=3021159}} | * {{cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=Akhtar |title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh |journal=Asian Survey |date=May–June 2000 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=508–529 |doi=10.2307/3021159 |jstor=3021159}} | ||