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{{Short description|Self-designation used by ancient Indo-Iranian peoples}}
{{Short description|Self-designation used by ancient Indo-Iranian peoples}}
{{About|the cultural and historical concept|other uses of "Arya" and "Aryan"}}
{{About|the cultural and historical concept|other uses of "Arya" and "Aryan"}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Indo-European topics}}
{{Indo-European topics}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism}}
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The term Arya is used in ancient [[Persian language]] texts, for example in the [[Behistun inscription]] from the 5th century BCE, in which the Persian kings [[Darius the Great]] and [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]] are described as "Aryans of Aryan stock" (''arya arya chiça''). The inscription also refers to the deity [[Ahura Mazda]] as "the god of the Aryans", and to the ancient Persian language as "Aryan". In this sense the word seems to have referred to the elite culture of the ancient Iranians, including both linguistic, cultural and religious aspects. {{sfn|Briant|2002|p=180}}{{sfn|Kuz'mina|2007|pp=371–372}} The word also has a central place in the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian religion]] in which the "Aryan expanse" (''Airyana Vaejah'') is described as the mythical homeland of the Iranian people's and as the center of the world.{{sfn|Rose|2011}}
The term Arya is used in ancient [[Persian language]] texts, for example in the [[Behistun inscription]] from the 5th century BCE, in which the Persian kings [[Darius the Great]] and [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]] are described as "Aryans of Aryan stock" (''arya arya chiça''). The inscription also refers to the deity [[Ahura Mazda]] as "the god of the Aryans", and to the ancient Persian language as "Aryan". In this sense the word seems to have referred to the elite culture of the ancient Iranians, including both linguistic, cultural and religious aspects. {{sfn|Briant|2002|p=180}}{{sfn|Kuz'mina|2007|pp=371–372}} The word also has a central place in the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian religion]] in which the "Aryan expanse" (''Airyana Vaejah'') is described as the mythical homeland of the Iranian people's and as the center of the world.{{sfn|Rose|2011}}


The [[Avestan]] term ''airya'' ('venerable'; [[Old Persian]] ''ariya'') was likewise used as self-designations by ancient Iranian peoples, in contrast to the ''anairya'' ('non-Arya').{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=304}}<ref name="Bailey" /> In the sacred ''[[Avesta]]'' scriptures, the root is also found place names like ''[[Airyanem Vaejah]]'' (the 'stretch' or 'plain of the Aryas'), the mythical homeland of the early Iranians, or ''airyō šayana'', the 'dwelling of the Aryas'.<ref name="Bailey" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=MacKenzie|first=D. N.|date=1998|title=Ērān-Wēz|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-wez|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref><ref name="Witzel2012" /> The self-identifier lives on in several ethnic names in later [[Iranian languages]], such as [[Iranian peoples|''Iranian'']], [[Alans|''Alan'']] or [[Iron Ossetian|''Iron'']], and in place names like [[name of Iran|''Iran'']], the [[Persian language|Persian]] word for the land of the Iranians, and ''[[Alania]]'', the medieval kingdom of the Alans.{{sfn|Fortson, IV|2011|p=209}}{{sfn|Mallory|1991|p=125}}<ref name="R_Schmitt">{{citation|last=Schmitt|first=Rüdiger|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=2|year=1989|chapter=Aryan|chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans|location=New York|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul}}</ref>[[Image:Darius I the Great's inscription.jpg|thumb|One of the earliest epigraphically attested reference to the word ''arya'' occurs in the 6th-century BC [[Behistun inscription]], which describes itself as having been composed "in ''arya'' [language or script]" (§ 70). As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the ''arya'' of the inscription does not signify anything but "[[Etymology of Iran|Iranian]]".<ref name="Gershevitch"><sup>''cf.''</sup> {{Cite book|last=Gershevitch|first=Ilya|chapter=Old Iranian Literature|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I|year=1968|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|pages=1–31}}, p. 2.</ref>]]All these terms derive from the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|proto-Indo-Iranian]] root [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-Iranian/arya-|''*arya''-]],{{sfn|Fortson, IV|2011|p=209}}<ref name="Laroche">E. Laroche, Hommages à G. Dumézil, Brussels, 1960</ref><ref name="Szemerényi">[[Oswald Szemerényi|Szemerényi, Oswald]] (1977), "Studies in the Kinship Terminology of the Indo-European Languages", Acta Iranica III.16, Leiden: Brill pp 125–146</ref> alternatively spelled ''*aryo-.''{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=304}} It was probably the name used by the [[Indo-Iranians]] to designate themselves.{{sfn|Witzel|2000|p=1}}{{sfn|Fortson, IV|2011|p=209}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=304}} According to archeologist [[J. P. Mallory]], "[a]s an ethnic designation, the word [Aryan] is most properly limited to the Indo-Iranians".{{sfn|Mallory|1991|p=125}} The root is also found in the Indo-Iranian god *''Arya-man'' (Vedic ''[[Aryaman]]''; Avestan ''[[Airyaman]]''), the deity in charge of welfare and the community, connected to the building and maintenance of roads or pathways, but also with healing and the institution of marriage.{{Sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=375}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=West|first=Martin L.|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9|pages=142–143|language=en}}</ref> If the Irish hero ''[[Érimón]]'' and the Gaulish personal name ''Ariomanus'' are also [[cognate]] (i.e. linguistic siblings sharing a common origin), a deity of Proto-Indo-European origin named ''*Aryomen'' may be posited.{{Sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=375}}{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=55}}<ref name=":1" />
The [[Avestan]] term ''airya'' ('venerable'; [[Old Persian]] ''ariya'') was likewise used as self-designations by ancient Iranian peoples, in contrast to the ''anairya'' ('non-Arya').{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=304}}<ref name="Bailey" /> In the sacred ''[[Avesta]]'' scriptures, the root is also found place names like ''[[Airyanem Vaejah]]'' (the 'stretch' or 'plain of the Aryas'), the mythical homeland of the early Iranians, or ''airyō šayana'', the 'dwelling of the Aryas'.<ref name="Witzel2012" /><ref name="Bailey" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=MacKenzie|first=D. N.|date=1998|title=Ērān-Wēz|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-wez|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> The self-identifier lives on in several ethnic names in later [[Iranian languages]], such as [[Iranian peoples|''Iranian'']], [[Alans|''Alan'']] or [[Iron Ossetian|''Iron'']], and in place names like [[name of Iran|''Iran'']], the [[Persian language|Persian]] word for the land of the Iranians, and ''[[Alania]]'', the medieval kingdom of the Alans.{{sfn|Fortson, IV|2011|p=209}}{{sfn|Mallory|1991|p=125}}<ref name="R_Schmitt">{{citation|last=Schmitt|first=Rüdiger|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=2|year=1989|chapter=Aryan|chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans|location=New York|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul}}</ref>[[Image:Darius I the Great's inscription.jpg|thumb|One of the earliest epigraphically attested reference to the word ''arya'' occurs in the 6th-century BC [[Behistun inscription]], which describes itself as having been composed "in ''arya'' [language or script]" (§ 70). As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the ''arya'' of the inscription does not signify anything but "[[Etymology of Iran|Iranian]]".<ref name="Gershevitch"><sup>''cf.''</sup> {{Cite book|last=Gershevitch|first=Ilya|chapter=Old Iranian Literature|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I|year=1968|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|pages=1–31}}, p. 2.</ref>]]All these terms derive from the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|proto-Indo-Iranian]] root [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-Iranian/arya-|''*arya''-]],{{sfn|Fortson, IV|2011|p=209}}<ref name="Laroche">E. Laroche, Hommages à G. Dumézil, Brussels, 1960</ref><ref name="Szemerényi">[[Oswald Szemerényi|Szemerényi, Oswald]] (1977), "Studies in the Kinship Terminology of the Indo-European Languages", Acta Iranica III.16, Leiden: Brill pp 125–146</ref> alternatively spelled ''*aryo-.''{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=304}} It was probably the name used by the [[Indo-Iranians]] to designate themselves.{{sfn|Witzel|2000|p=1}}{{sfn|Fortson, IV|2011|p=209}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=304}} According to archeologist [[J. P. Mallory]], "[a]s an ethnic designation, the word [Aryan] is most properly limited to the Indo-Iranians".{{sfn|Mallory|1991|p=125}} The root is also found in the Indo-Iranian god *''Arya-man'' (Vedic ''[[Aryaman]]''; Avestan ''[[Airyaman]]''), the deity in charge of welfare and the community, connected to the building and maintenance of roads or pathways, but also with healing and the institution of marriage.{{Sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=375}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=West|first=Martin L.|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9|pages=142–143|language=en}}</ref> If the Irish hero ''[[Érimón]]'' and the Gaulish personal name ''Ariomanus'' are also [[cognate]] (i.e. linguistic siblings sharing a common origin), a deity of Proto-Indo-European origin named ''*Aryomen'' may be posited.{{Sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=375}}{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=55}}<ref name=":1" />


====Persian nationalism====
====Persian nationalism====
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The term "Aryan" came to be used as the term for the newly discovered [[Indo-European languages]], and, by extension, the [[proto-Indo-Europeans|original speakers of those languages]]. The meaning of 'Aryan' that was adopted into the English language in the late 18th century was the one associated with the technical term used in comparative philology, which in turn had the same meaning as that evident in the very oldest [[Old Indo-Aryan]] usage, i.e. as a (self-) identifier of "[[Indo-Aryan peoples|(speakers of) Indo-Aryan languages]]".<ref name="OED"/>{{refn|group=note|The context being religious, Max Müller understood this to especially mean "the worshipers of the gods of the Brahmans". If this is seen from the point of view of the religious poets of the RigVedic hymns, an 'Aryan' was then a person who held the same religious convictions as the poet himself. This idea can then also be found in Iranian texts.}} This usage was simultaneously influenced by a word that appeared in classical sources (Latin and Greek ''Ἀριάνης'' ''Arianes'', e.g. in Pliny 1.133 and Strabo 15.2.1–8), and recognized to be the same as that which appeared in living Iranian languages, where it was a (self-)identifier of the "[[Iranian peoples|(speakers of) Iranian languages]]". Accordingly, 'Aryan' came to refer to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|languages of the Indo-Iranian language group]], and by extension, native [[Indo-Iranians|speakers of those languages]].<ref>{{citation|last=Siegert|first=Hans|title=Zur Geschichte der Begriffe 'Arier' und 'Arisch'|journal=Wörter und Sachen|series=New Series|volume=4|year=1941–1942|pages=84–99}}</ref>
The term "Aryan" came to be used as the term for the newly discovered [[Indo-European languages]], and, by extension, the [[proto-Indo-Europeans|original speakers of those languages]]. The meaning of 'Aryan' that was adopted into the English language in the late 18th century was the one associated with the technical term used in comparative philology, which in turn had the same meaning as that evident in the very oldest [[Old Indo-Aryan]] usage, i.e. as a (self-) identifier of "[[Indo-Aryan peoples|(speakers of) Indo-Aryan languages]]".<ref name="OED"/>{{refn|group=note|The context being religious, Max Müller understood this to especially mean "the worshipers of the gods of the Brahmans". If this is seen from the point of view of the religious poets of the RigVedic hymns, an 'Aryan' was then a person who held the same religious convictions as the poet himself. This idea can then also be found in Iranian texts.}} This usage was simultaneously influenced by a word that appeared in classical sources (Latin and Greek ''Ἀριάνης'' ''Arianes'', e.g. in Pliny 1.133 and Strabo 15.2.1–8), and recognized to be the same as that which appeared in living Iranian languages, where it was a (self-)identifier of the "[[Iranian peoples|(speakers of) Iranian languages]]". Accordingly, 'Aryan' came to refer to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|languages of the Indo-Iranian language group]], and by extension, native [[Indo-Iranians|speakers of those languages]].<ref>{{citation|last=Siegert|first=Hans|title=Zur Geschichte der Begriffe 'Arier' und 'Arisch'|journal=Wörter und Sachen|series=New Series|volume=4|year=1941–1942|pages=84–99}}</ref>


During the 19th century, it was proposed that "Aryan" was also the self-designation used by the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]], a hypothesis that has since been abandoned due to a lack of evidence outside the Indo-Iranian branch.{{sfn|Fortson, IV|2011|p=209}} "Language" was considered a property of "ethnicity", and thus the speakers of the Indo-Iranian or Indo-European languages came to be called the "[[Aryan race]]", as contradistinguished from what came to be called the "[[Semitic people|Semitic race]]". Linguists still supposed that the age of a language determined its "superiority" (because it was assumed to have genealogical purity). Then, based on the assumption that Sanskrit was the oldest Indo-European language, and the (now known to be untenable)<ref name="Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship by Hans Henrich Hock, Brian D. Joseph">Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship by Hans Henrich Hock, Brian D. Joseph, 2009: "Aryan was extended to designate all Indo Europeans, under the false assumption that the Irish word ''Eire'' is cognate with ārya; and ill-founded theories about the racial identity of these Aryans... ", page 57 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYkilw7Q-oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Language+History,+Language+Change,+and+Language+Relationship:&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=0LC6T6qgNoyG8gP679jWCg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Language%20History%2C%20Language%20Change%2C%20and%20Language%20Relationship%3A&f=false]</ref> position that Irish [[Éire]] was etymologically related to "Aryan", in 1837 [[Adolphe Pictet]] popularized the idea that the term "Aryan" could also be applied to the entire Indo-European language family as well. The groundwork for this thought had been laid by [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron]]. <ref>Zwischen Barbarenklischee und Germanenmythos: eine Analyse österreichischer ... by Elisabeth Monyk (2006), p. 31. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eaC-pL1lbroC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=Schlegel+arier&source=bl&ots=_CXhs9T-09&sig=pjXpfDb7YwijDyf35jKFQ2MK1Tg&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=aSs_UqiqAYmr0QWY0IDwBg&ved=0CFAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Schlegel%20arier&f=false]</ref>
During the 19th century, it was proposed that "Aryan" was also the self-designation used by the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]], a hypothesis that has since been abandoned due to a lack of evidence outside the Indo-Iranian branch.{{sfn|Fortson, IV|2011|p=209}} "Language" was considered a property of "ethnicity", and thus the speakers of the Indo-Iranian or Indo-European languages came to be called the "[[Aryan race]]", as contradistinguished from what came to be called the "[[Semitic people|Semitic race]]". Linguists still supposed that the age of a language determined its "superiority" (because it was assumed to have genealogical purity). Then, based on the assumption that Sanskrit was the oldest Indo-European language, and the (now known to be untenable)<ref name="Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship by Hans Henrich Hock, Brian D. Joseph">Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship by Hans Henrich Hock, Brian D. Joseph, 2009: "Aryan was extended to designate all Indo Europeans, under the false assumption that the Irish word ''Eire'' is cognate with ārya; and ill-founded theories about the racial identity of these Aryans... ", page 57 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYkilw7Q-oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Language+History,+Language+Change,+and+Language+Relationship:&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=0LC6T6qgNoyG8gP679jWCg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Language%20History%2C%20Language%20Change%2C%20and%20Language%20Relationship%3A&f=false]</ref> position that Irish [[Éire]] was etymologically related to "Aryan", in 1837 [[Adolphe Pictet]] popularized the idea that the term "Aryan" could also be applied to the entire Indo-European language family as well. The groundwork for this thought had been laid by [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron]].<ref>Zwischen Barbarenklischee und Germanenmythos: eine Analyse österreichischer ... by Elisabeth Monyk (2006), p. 31. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eaC-pL1lbroC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=Schlegel+arier&source=bl&ots=_CXhs9T-09&sig=pjXpfDb7YwijDyf35jKFQ2MK1Tg&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=aSs_UqiqAYmr0QWY0IDwBg&ved=0CFAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Schlegel%20arier&f=false]</ref>


In particular, German scholar [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel]] published in 1819 the first theory linking the Indo-Iranian and the German languages under the Aryan group.<ref name="AHD">{{citation|last=Watkins|first=Calvert|chapter=Aryan|title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|edition=4th|year=2000|location=New York|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=0-395-82517-2|quote=...when [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel|Friedrich Schlegel]], a German scholar who was an important early [[Indo-European studies|Indo-Europeanist]], came up with a theory that linked the Indo-Iranian words with the German word ''Ehre'', 'honor', and older Germanic names containing the element ''ario-'', such as the [[Suebi|Swiss]] {{sic}} warrior [[Ariovistus]] who was written about by [[Julius Caesar]]. Schlegel theorized that far from being just a designation of the Indo-Iranians, the word ''*arya-'' had in fact been what the Indo-Europeans called themselves, meaning [according to Schlegel] something like 'the honorable people.' (This theory has since been called into question.)|url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7}}</ref><ref>Schlegel, Friedrich. 1819. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mstLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA453&focus=viewport&output=text Review of J. G. Rhode, Über den Anfang unserer Geschichte und die letzte Revolution der Erde], Breslau, 1819. Jahrbücher der Literatur VIII: 413ff</ref> In 1830 [[Karl Otfried Müller]] used "Arier" in his publications.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/mueller_kunst_1830?p=297|title= Müller, Karl Otfried: Handbuch der Archäologie der Kunst. Breslau, 1830.}}</ref>
In particular, German scholar [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel]] published in 1819 the first theory linking the Indo-Iranian and the German languages under the Aryan group.<ref name="AHD">{{citation|last=Watkins|first=Calvert|chapter=Aryan|title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|edition=4th|year=2000|location=New York|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=0-395-82517-2|quote=...when [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel|Friedrich Schlegel]], a German scholar who was an important early [[Indo-European studies|Indo-Europeanist]], came up with a theory that linked the Indo-Iranian words with the German word ''Ehre'', 'honor', and older Germanic names containing the element ''ario-'', such as the [[Suebi|Swiss]] {{sic}} warrior [[Ariovistus]] who was written about by [[Julius Caesar]]. Schlegel theorized that far from being just a designation of the Indo-Iranians, the word ''*arya-'' had in fact been what the Indo-Europeans called themselves, meaning [according to Schlegel] something like 'the honorable people.' (This theory has since been called into question.)|url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7}}</ref><ref>Schlegel, Friedrich. 1819. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mstLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA453&focus=viewport&output=text Review of J. G. Rhode, Über den Anfang unserer Geschichte und die letzte Revolution der Erde], Breslau, 1819. Jahrbücher der Literatur VIII: 413ff</ref> In 1830 [[Karl Otfried Müller]] used "Arier" in his publications.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/mueller_kunst_1830?p=297|title= Müller, Karl Otfried: Handbuch der Archäologie der Kunst. Breslau, 1830.}}</ref>
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By then, the term "[[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]]" and "[[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]]" had made most uses of the term "Aryan" superfluous in the eyes of a number of scholars, and "Aryan" now survives in most scholarly usage only in the term "[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]" to indicate (speakers of) North Indian languages. It has been asserted by one scholar that Indo-Aryan and Aryan may not be equated and that such an equation is not supported by the historical evidence<!-- "the equation of IA speakers with 'Aryan' (i.e. the original intruders and their direct descendants) is not supported by the historical evidence" Southworth 1974:204 reiterated in Kuiper 1991:8 -->,<ref name="Kuiper_1991">{{citation|last=Kuiper|first=B.F.J.|title=Aryans in the Rigveda|series=Leiden Studies in Indo-European|year=1991|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-5183-307-5}}</ref> though this extreme viewpoint is not widespread.
By then, the term "[[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]]" and "[[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]]" had made most uses of the term "Aryan" superfluous in the eyes of a number of scholars, and "Aryan" now survives in most scholarly usage only in the term "[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]" to indicate (speakers of) North Indian languages. It has been asserted by one scholar that Indo-Aryan and Aryan may not be equated and that such an equation is not supported by the historical evidence<!-- "the equation of IA speakers with 'Aryan' (i.e. the original intruders and their direct descendants) is not supported by the historical evidence" Southworth 1974:204 reiterated in Kuiper 1991:8 -->,<ref name="Kuiper_1991">{{citation|last=Kuiper|first=B.F.J.|title=Aryans in the Rigveda|series=Leiden Studies in Indo-European|year=1991|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-5183-307-5}}</ref> though this extreme viewpoint is not widespread.


The term "Aryan language family", while rarely used, may thus designate all [[Indo-Iranian languages]], that is to say the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] (including [[Dardic languages|Dardic]]), [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] and [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] languages.{{sfn|Edelman|1999|p=221}} However, the atrocities committed in the name of the [[Aryanism|Aryanist]] racial ideology have led academics to avoid the use of "Aryan", which has been replaced in most cases by "[[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]]", with only the South Asian branch still being called "Indo-Aryan" in scholarship.<ref name="Witzel2012" /> The term "Iranian", which stems from ''Aryan'', also continues to be used to refer to specific [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethnolinguistic groups]]:
The term "Aryan language family", while rarely used, may thus designate all [[Indo-Iranian languages]], that is to say the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] (including [[Dardic languages|Dardic]]), [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] and [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] languages.{{sfn|Edelman|1999|p=221}} However, the atrocities committed in the name of the [[Aryanism|Aryanist]] racial ideology have led academics to avoid the use of "Aryan", which has been replaced in most cases by "[[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]]", with only the South Asian branch still being called "Indo-Aryan" in scholarship.<ref name="Witzel2012" /> The term "Iranian", which stems from ''Aryan'', also continues to be used to refer to specific [[ethnolinguistic group]]s:
* [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]: refers to the populations speaking an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] or identifying as [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203641880|title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy|date=2004-08-02|isbn=9780203641880|editor-last=Bryant|editor-first=Edwin|doi=10.4324/9780203641880|editor2-last=Patton|editor2-first=Laurie}}</ref> These ethnolinguistic groups, which form the predominant group in Northern India,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPWGpVvBvx8C&q=largest+indo+aryan+ethnolinguistic&pg=PA132|title=The Great Indian Corridor in the East|date=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-179-3|language=en}}</ref> are often used to attribute caste and ethnicity, and they are still implemented in the [[Reservation in India]] and the [[Quota system in Pakistan]]. An estimated ~1.3 billion people identify as Indo-Aryan today.
* [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]: refers to the populations speaking an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] or identifying as [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203641880|title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy|date=2004-08-02|isbn=9780203641880|editor-last=Bryant|editor-first=Edwin|doi=10.4324/9780203641880|editor2-last=Patton|editor2-first=Laurie}}</ref> These ethnolinguistic groups, which form the predominant group in Northern India,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPWGpVvBvx8C&q=largest+indo+aryan+ethnolinguistic&pg=PA132|title=The Great Indian Corridor in the East|date=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-179-3|language=en}}</ref> are often used to attribute caste and ethnicity, and they are still implemented in the [[Reservation in India]] and the [[Quota system in Pakistan]]. An estimated ~1.3 billion people identify as Indo-Aryan today.
* [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] (or Iranic): used to designate the speakers of [[Iranian languages]] or the peoples who identify as "Iranians", especially in [[Greater Iran]]. Modern Iranian ethnolinguistic groups include [[Persians]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Kurds]], [[Tajiks]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Lurs]], [[Pamiris]], [[Zazas]], and [[Ossetians]]. An estimated 200 million identify as Iranian peoples.
* [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] (or Iranic): used to designate the speakers of [[Iranian languages]] or the peoples who identify as "Iranians", especially in [[Greater Iran]]. Modern Iranian ethnolinguistic groups include [[Persians]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Kurds]], [[Tajiks]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Lurs]], [[Pamiris]], [[Zazas]], and [[Ossetians]]. An estimated 200 million identify as Iranian peoples.
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