Jainism: Difference between revisions

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Jainism (/ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm/), traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion. Jain dharma traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or Tirthankaras, with the first in current time cycle being Rishabhanatha, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th tirthankara, Mahavira around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every time cycle of the cosmology.

The main religious premises of the Jain dharma are ahiṃsā (non-violence), anekāntavāda (many-sidedness), aparigraha (non-attachment) and asceticism (abstinence from sensual pleasures). Devout Jains take five main vows: ahiṃsā (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (not stealing), brahmacharya (sexual continence), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. Parasparopagraho jīvānām (the function of souls is to help one another) is its motto and the Ṇamōkāra mantra is its most common and basic prayer.

Jain dharma is one of the world's oldest continuously practised religions. It and has two major ancient sub-traditions, Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras, with different views on ascetic practices, gender and which texts can be considered canonical; both have mendicants supported by laypersons (śrāvakas and śrāvikas). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two parts – Mandirvāsī and Sthānakavasī.^{[citation needed]} The religion has between four and five million followers, mostly in India. Outside India, some of the largest communities are in Canada, Europe, and the United States. Jain Dharma is growing in Japan, where more than 5,000 ethnic Japanese families have converted to Jainism in the 2010-2020 decade. Major festivals include Paryushana and Das Lakshana, Ashtanika, Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, Akshaya Tritiya, and Dipawali.

Beliefs and philosophy

The hand symbolizes *Ahiṃsā*, the wheel *dharmachakra*, the resolve to halt *saṃsāra* (transmigration).

Jainism is transtheistic and forecasts that the universe evolves without violating the law of substance dualism,^[1] auto executed through the middle ground between the principles of parallelism and interactionism.^[2]

References

↑ Yandell 1999, p. 243.
↑ Sinha 1944, p. 20.

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[FOOTNOTEYandell1999243-1] Yandell 1999, p. 243.

[FOOTNOTESinha194420-2] Sinha 1944, p. 20.

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+'''Jainism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|eɪ|n|ɪ|z|əm}}), traditionally known as '''''Jain Dharma''''', is an ancient [[Religion in India|Indian religion]]. [[Dharma (Jainism)|Jain dharma]] traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or ''[[Tirthankara|Tirthankaras]]'', with the first in current time cycle being [[Rishabhanatha]], whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' [[Parshvanatha]] whom historians date to 8th century BCE, and the 24th ''tirthankara'', [[Mahāvīra|Mahavira]] around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal ''dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the [[Jain cosmology|cosmology]].
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+The main religious premises of the Jain dharma are ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[anekāntavāda]]'' (many-sidedness), ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-attachment) and ''[[asceticism]]'' (abstinence from sensual pleasures). Devout Jains take five main vows: ''[[ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), ''[[satya]]'' (truth), ''[[Achourya|asteya]]'' (not stealing), ''[[brahmacharya]]'' (sexual continence), and ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. ''[[Parasparopagraho Jīvānām|Parasparopagraho jīvānām]]'' (the function of souls is to help one another) is its motto and the ''[[Ṇamōkāra mantra]]'' is its most common and basic prayer.
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-}}
+Jain dharma is one of the world's oldest continuously practised religions. It and has two major ancient sub-traditions, [[Digambara]]s and [[Śvētāmbara]]s, with different views on ascetic practices, gender and which texts can be considered canonical; both have [[mendicant]]s supported by [[layperson]]s (''śrāvakas'' and ''śrāvikas''). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two parts – Mandirvāsī and Sthānakavasī.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} The religion has between four and five million followers, mostly in [[Jainism in India|India]]. Outside India, some of the largest communities are in [[Jainism in Canada|Canada]], [[Jainism in Europe|Europe]], and the [[Jainism in the United States|United States]]. Jain Dharma is growing in [[Jainism in Japan|Japan]], where more than 5,000 ethnic Japanese families have converted to Jainism in the 2010-2020 decade. Major festivals include ''[[Paryushana]]'' and ''Das Lakshana'', ''[[Jain_festivals#Ashtanhika_Parv|Ashtanika]]'', ''[[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]'', ''[[Akshaya Tritiya]]'', and ''[[Diwali (Jainism)|Dipawali]]''.
-<div style="text-align: right;"><code>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|from Wikipedia]</code></div>
+==Beliefs and philosophy==
+{{Main|Jain philosophy}}
+[[File:Ahimsa Jainism Gradient.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The hand symbolizes [[Ahimsa in Jainism|''Ahiṃsā'']], the wheel ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the resolve to halt ''saṃsāra'' (transmigration).]]
+Jainism is [[transtheistic]] and forecasts that the universe evolves without violating the law of [[substance dualism]],{{sfn|Yandell|1999|p=243}} auto executed through the middle ground between the principles of [[Psychophysical parallelism|parallelism]] and [[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)|interactionism]].{{sfn|Sinha|1944|p=20}}
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+===Sources===
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+{{refend}}
+{{Source|Wiki|E}}
+[[Category:Jainism| ]]
+[[Category:Dualism]]
+[[Category:Indian religions]]
+[[Category:Moksha-believing religions]]
+[[Category:Nontheism]]
+[[Category:Religions that require vegetarianism]]
+[[Category:Transtheism]]