Bharatpedia

Kurukh language: Difference between revisions

Article Talk

Kurukh language (edit)

Revision as of 12:34, 10 November 2021

1,008 bytes added ,  10 November 2021
→‎Consonants: Fixed chart links
imported>Ravensfire
(Reverting edit(s) by कमल यादव (talk) to rev. 1034239004 by 45.112.243.168: rv spam (from contribs) (RW 16.1))
 
->Fdom5997
(→‎Consonants: Fixed chart links)
 
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Kurukh
| name            = Kurukh
| altname          = Kurux, Oraon
| altname          = Kurux, Oraon , Uraon
| nativename      = कुड़ुख़, কুড়ুখ, କୁଡ଼ୁଖ
| nativename      = कुड़ुख़, কুড়ুখ, କୁଡ଼ୁଖ
| image            = [[File:Kurukh in Tolong Siki.png|250px]]
| image            = [[File:Kurukh in Tolong Siki.png|250px]]
Line 8: Line 8:
| states          = [[India]]
| states          = [[India]]
| region          = [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Tripura]]<ref name="Kurux"/>
| region          = [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Tripura]]<ref name="Kurux"/>
| ethnicity        = {{unbulleted list|[[Kurukh people]]|[[Kisan people]]}}
| ethnicity        = {{unbulleted list|[[Kurukh people|Kurukh]]|[[Kisan people|Kisan]]}}
| speakers        = 2.28 million
| speakers        = 2.28 million
| date            = 2002-2011
| date            = 2002-2011
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Kurux">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kru|title=Kurux|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kxl|title=Kurux, Nepali|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref>
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Kurux">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kru|title=Kurux|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kxl|title=Kurux, Nepali|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Dravidian
| familycolor      = Dravidian
| fam2            = Northern Dravidian
| fam2            = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern Dravidian]]
| fam3            = Kurukh–Malto
| fam3            = [[Kurukh-Malto languages|Kurukh-Malto]]
| dia1            = Oraon
| dia1            = Oraon
| dia2            = [[Kisan people|Kisan]]
| dia2            = [[Kisan people|Kisan]]
Line 29: Line 29:
* [[West Bengal]] (additional)
* [[West Bengal]] (additional)
}}
}}
'''Kurukh''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊr|ʊ|x}}<ref>{{OED|Kurukh}}</ref> ([[Devanagari]]: कुड़ुख़), also '''Kurux''', '''Oraon''' or '''Uranw''',<ref>http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nepa1253</ref> is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] spoken by nearly two million [[Oraon]] and [[Kisan tribe|Kisan]] tribal people of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]] and [[Tripura]] in [[India]], as well as by 65,000 in northern [[Bangladesh]], 28,600 a dialect called Uranw in [[Nepal]] and about 5,000 in [[Bhutan]]. Some Kurukh speakers are in [[South India]]. It is most closely related to [[Brahui language|Brahui]] and [[Malto language|Malto (Paharia)]]. The language is marked as being in a "vulnerable" state in UNESCO's list of endangered languages.<ref name=guardian-unesco-list>{{cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Lisa|title=Endangered Languages: The Full List|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered|work=The Guardian}}</ref> The Kisan dialect has 206,100 speakers as of 2011.
'''Kurukh''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊr|ʊ|x}}<ref>{{OED|Kurukh}}</ref> ([[Devanagari]]: कुड़ुख़), also '''Kurux''', '''Oraon''' or '''Uranw''',<ref>http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nepa1253</ref> is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] spoken by nearly two million [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] (Oraon) and [[Kisan tribe|Kisan]] tribal people of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]] and [[Tripura]] in [[India]], as well as by 65,000 in northern [[Bangladesh]], 28,600 a dialect called Uranw in [[Nepal]] and about 5,000 in [[Bhutan]]. Some Kurukh speakers are in [[South India]]. It is most closely related to [[Brahui language|Brahui]] and [[Malto language|Malto (Paharia)]]. The language is marked as being in a "vulnerable" state in UNESCO's list of endangered languages.<ref name=guardian-unesco-list>{{cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Lisa|title=Endangered Languages: The Full List|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered|work=The Guardian}}</ref> The Kisan dialect has 206,100 speakers as of 2011.


==Classification==
==Classification==
Line 68: Line 68:
|-
|-
!High
!High
|/i/
|i
|
|
|/u/
|u
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
|/e/
|e
|
|
|/o/
|o
|-
|-
!Low
!Low
|
|
|/a/
|a
|
|
|}
|}
Line 87: Line 87:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Kurukh consonants
|+Kurukh consonants
!
! colspan="3" |
!Labial
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!Alveolar
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!Retroflex
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
!Palatal
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!Velar
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!Glottal
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| ({{IPA link|ɳ}})
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! rowspan="2" | {{small|voiceless}}
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
|-
!Voiceless stop
! {{small|aspirated}}
|/p/
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
|/t/
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
|/ʈ/
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|/tʃ/
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
|/k/
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|/ʔ/
|-
|-
!Voiceless asp. stop
! rowspan="2" | {{small|voiced}}
|/pʰ/
! {{small|plain}}
|/tʰ/
| {{IPA link|b}}
|/ʈʰ/
| {{IPA link|d}}
|/tʃʰ/
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
|/kʰ/
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| {{IPA link|g}}
|
|
|-
|-
!Voiced stop
! {{small|aspirated}}
|/b/
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
|/d/
| {{IPA link|dʱ}}
|/ɖ/
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|/dʒ/
| {{IPA link|dʒʱ}}
|/g/
| {{IPA link|gʱ}}
|
|
|-
|-
!Voiced asp. stop
! colspan="3" | [[Fricative]]
|/bʱ/
|/dʱ/
|/ɖʱ/
|/dʒʱ/
|/gʱ/
|
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
| ({{IPA link|ʃ}})
| {{IPA link|x}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
|-
!Fricative
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! {{small|plain}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|/s/
|
|
|(ʃ)
|/x/
|/h/
|-
|-
!Nasal
! {{small|aspirated}}
|/m/
|/n/
|(ɳ)
|/ɲ/
|/ŋ/
|
|
|-
!Liquid
|
|
|/l/ /ɾ/
| {{IPA link|ɽʱ}}
|/ɽ/ /ɽʱ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Glide
! colspan="3" | [[Glide consonant|Glide]]
|/w/
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|/j/
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|
|
Anonymous user
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/228394"