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{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| name = Jayapala | | name = Jayapala | ||
| title = Parama Bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja | | title = Parama Bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja | ||
| image = Mahmud of Ghazni first success.jpg | | image = Mahmud of Ghazni first success.jpg | ||
| caption = Disaster of Jayapala Army against [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], due to a snowstorm.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor |publisher=London, Hutchinson |page=150 |url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/150/mode/1up}}</ref> | | caption = Disaster of Jayapala Army against [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], due to a snowstorm.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor |publisher=London, Hutchinson |page=150 |url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/150/mode/1up}}</ref> | ||
| reign = 964 – 1001 CE | | reign = 964 – 1001 CE | ||
| full name = | |||
| father = Hutpala | | father = Hutpala | ||
| dynasty = [[Hindu Shahi]] | | dynasty = [[Hindu Shahi]] | ||
| religion = [[Hinduism]] | | religion = [[Hinduism]] | ||
| successor = Maharaja [[Anandapala]] | | successor = Maharaja [[Anandapala|Anandapala]] | ||
| predecessor = Mahajaraja [[Hutpal]] | | predecessor = Mahajaraja [[Hutpal]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Jayapala or | '''Jayapala or Jaipal''' was a ruler of the [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasty from 964 to 1001 CE. | ||
His kingdom stretched from [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] to [[Kashmir]] and [[Sirhind]] to [[Multan]], with [[Peshawar]] being in the center.<ref name="Ferishta">{{cite web |work=[[Ferishta]], History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15 |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=12 |title=Ameer Nasir-ood-Deen Subooktugeen |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |access-date=2012-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194724/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=12 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the son of Maharaja [[Hutpal]] and the father of Maharaja [[Anandapala]].<ref name="Ferishta"/> Epithets from the Bari Kot inscriptions record his full title as "Parama Bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Sri Jayapaladeva".<ref name="Sailendra Nath Sen">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8122411983|access-date=25 January 2014|publisher=New Age International|page=342}}</ref> | His kingdom stretched from [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] to [[Kashmir]] and [[Sirhind]] to [[Multan]], with [[Peshawar]] being in the center.<ref name="Ferishta">{{cite web |work=[[Ferishta]], History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15 |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=12 |title=Ameer Nasir-ood-Deen Subooktugeen |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |access-date=2012-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194724/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=12 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the son of Maharaja [[Hutpal]] and the father of Maharaja [[Anandapala]].<ref name="Ferishta"/> Epithets from the Bari Kot inscriptions record his full title as "Parama Bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Sri Jayapaladeva".<ref name="Sailendra Nath Sen">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8122411983|access-date=25 January 2014|publisher=New Age International|page=342}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
Jayapala was a Punjabi ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty which spanned the frontier of modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. He was the last Hindu ruler in the region around the Khyber Pass before his kingdom was conquered by the [[Ghaznavids]]. | |||
Maharaja Jayapala fought against the [[Ghaznavids]] in modern-day eastern [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]], until finally being defeated in Peshawar by superior forces of the latter. Jayapala attacked the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of [[Ghazni]] both in the reign of [[Sebuktigin]] and that of his son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], which initiated the [[Muslim]] Ghaznavid and [[Hindu]] Shahi struggles.<ref name="Lewis">{{Citation | title=The Cambridge history of Islam |editor=P. M. Holt |editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton |editor3=Bernard Lewis |editor3-link=Bernard Lewis | year=1977 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29137-2 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C | page=3 | quote=''... Maharaja Jayapala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna many times, but was finally defeated...''}}</ref> Jayapala, however, was defeated, and he was forced to pay an indemnity to Sebuktigin.<ref name="Lewis" /> Maharaja Jayapala stopped paying tribute and took to the battlefield once more.<ref name="Lewis" /> Maharaja Jayapala, however, lost the battle and control of the entire region between the [[Kabul|Kabul Valley]] and [[Khyber Pass]].<ref name="Ferishta" /> | |||
Before his struggle began Maharaja Jayapala had raised a small army of Punjabis. When Jayapala went to the [[Punjab region]], his army was raised of 10,000 horsemen and an smaller host of foot soldiers. According to [[Firishta]]: {{quote|The two armies having met on the confines of [[Laghman Province|Lumghan]], the Maharaja ascended a hill to view the forces of [[Sabuktigin]], which appeared in extent like the boundless ocean, and in numbers like the ants or the locusts of the wilderness. However, Jayapala considered himself as a wolf about to attack a flock of sheep: calling, therefore, his chiefs together, he encouraged them to glory, and issued to each his commands. His soldiers, though few in number, were divided into squadrons of five hundred men each, which were directed to attack successively, one particular point of the Mooslim line, so that it might continually have to encounter fresh troops.<ref name="Ferishta"/>}} | Before his struggle began Maharaja Jayapala had raised a small army of Punjabis. When Jayapala went to the [[Punjab region]], his army was raised of 10,000 horsemen and an smaller host of foot soldiers. According to [[Firishta]]: {{quote|The two armies having met on the confines of [[Laghman Province|Lumghan]], the Maharaja ascended a hill to view the forces of [[Sabuktigin]], which appeared in extent like the boundless ocean, and in numbers like the ants or the locusts of the wilderness. However, Jayapala considered himself as a wolf about to attack a flock of sheep: calling, therefore, his chiefs together, he encouraged them to glory, and issued to each his commands. His soldiers, though few in number, were divided into squadrons of five hundred men each, which were directed to attack successively, one particular point of the Mooslim line, so that it might continually have to encounter fresh troops.<ref name="Ferishta"/>}} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:21, 7 November 2021
| Jayapala | |
|---|---|
| Parama Bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja | |
 Disaster of Jayapala Army against Mahmud of Ghazni, due to a snowstorm.[1] | |
| Reign | 964 – 1001 CE |
| Predecessor | Mahajaraja Hutpal |
| Successor | Maharaja Anandapala |
| Dynasty | Hindu Shahi |
| Father | Hutpala |
| Religion | Hinduism |
Jayapala or Jaipal was a ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty from 964 to 1001 CE.
His kingdom stretched from Laghman to Kashmir and Sirhind to Multan, with Peshawar being in the center.[2] He was the son of Maharaja Hutpal and the father of Maharaja Anandapala.[2] Epithets from the Bari Kot inscriptions record his full title as "Parama Bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Sri Jayapaladeva".[3]
History[edit | edit source]
Jayapala was a Punjabi ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty which spanned the frontier of modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. He was the last Hindu ruler in the region around the Khyber Pass before his kingdom was conquered by the Ghaznavids.
Maharaja Jayapala fought against the Ghaznavids in modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan, until finally being defeated in Peshawar by superior forces of the latter. Jayapala attacked the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and that of his son Mahmud, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles.[4] Jayapala, however, was defeated, and he was forced to pay an indemnity to Sebuktigin.[4] Maharaja Jayapala stopped paying tribute and took to the battlefield once more.[4] Maharaja Jayapala, however, lost the battle and control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Khyber Pass.[2]
Before his struggle began Maharaja Jayapala had raised a small army of Punjabis. When Jayapala went to the Punjab region, his army was raised of 10,000 horsemen and an smaller host of foot soldiers. According to Firishta:
The two armies having met on the confines of Lumghan, the Maharaja ascended a hill to view the forces of Sabuktigin, which appeared in extent like the boundless ocean, and in numbers like the ants or the locusts of the wilderness. However, Jayapala considered himself as a wolf about to attack a flock of sheep: calling, therefore, his chiefs together, he encouraged them to glory, and issued to each his commands. His soldiers, though few in number, were divided into squadrons of five hundred men each, which were directed to attack successively, one particular point of the Mooslim line, so that it might continually have to encounter fresh troops.[2]
However, the army was hopeless in battle against the eastern forces, particularly against the Punjabis.[2] In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Maharaja Jayapala attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffered his first defeat by the powerful numerous Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, Jayapala was captured, and although he was freed by a 50 elephant indemnity. He abdicated in favor of his son and committed suicide by funeral pyre.[2][4][5][6]
Succession[edit | edit source]
Maharaja Jayapala was succeeded by his son Maharaja Anandapala,[4] who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahiya dynasty took part in various campaigns against the advancing Ghaznavids for decades successfully keeping them from crossing the Indus. [2]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor. London, Hutchinson. p. 150.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Ameer Nasir-ood-Deen Subooktugeen". Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ↑ Sailendra Nath Sen. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 342. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 P. M. Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis, eds. (1977), The Cambridge history of Islam, Cambridge University Press, p. 3, ISBN 0-521-29137-2,
... Maharaja Jayapala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna many times, but was finally defeated...
- ↑ Keay, John (2000). India: A History. Great Britain: Harper Collins. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1.
- ↑ Ferishta (trans. Dow, A.), The History of Hindoostan, vol.1, p.57