Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli: Difference between revisions

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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name                   = Lakshminarasimha Temple
| name               = Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple of Haranhalli
| native_name            =  
| image              = Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.JPG
| native_name_lang        =  
| alt                = Vishnu temple at Haranhalli
| other_name              =  
| coordinates        = {{coord|13|14|48.2|N|76|13|26.0|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| nickname                =  
| map_type          = India#India Karnataka
| settlement_type        = Hindu temple
| state              = [[Karnataka]]
| image_skyline          = Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.JPG
| country            = [[India]]
| image_alt              =  
| district           = [[Hassan District|Hassan]]
| image_caption           = Lakshminarasimha temple (1235 A.D.) at Haranhalli in [[Hassan district]]
| locale             = [[Harnahalli]]
| pushpin_map             = <!--India Karnataka-->
| deity              = [[Vishnu]]
| pushpin_label_position  = right
| architecture      = [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala]]
| pushpin_map_alt        =  
| year_completed     = c. 1234 CE
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Karnataka, India
| creator            = Heggade brothers
| coordinates            =  
}}
| subdivision_type        = Country
 
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|India}}
The '''Lakshminarasimha temple''' at Haranhalli,  sometimes referred to as '''Lakshmi Narasimha temple of Haranhalli''', is one of two major historic Hindu temples that have survived in [[Haranhalli]], [[Karnataka]], India. It is triple-shrine temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]], while the other – [[Someshvara Temple, Haranhalli]] few hundred meters to the east – is dedicated to [[Shiva]]. Both temples reflect a Vesara-style [[Hoysala architecture]], share similar design ideas and features, and were completed in the 1230s by three wealthy brothers – Peddanna Heggade, Sovanna and Kesanna.<ref name="soma">Foekema (1996), pp. 67–70</ref><ref name=dhaky>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|page = 396–398 }}</ref>
| subdivision_type1      = [[States and territories of India|State]]
 
| subdivision_name1      = [[Karnataka]]
According to the inscriptions found near the temple and in the village, the temple was originally dedicated to and named after Kesava – also Vishnu, but over its history was renamed as the Lakshminarasimha temple. The temple is notable for its artwork and for including architectural features typically found in late Chalukya and early Hoysala periods.<ref name=dhaky/>
| subdivision_type2      = [[List of districts of India|District]]
 
| subdivision_name2      = [[Hassan District]]
The Lakshminarasimha temple is a protected monument under the Karnataka state division of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref>
| established_title      = <!-- Established -->
 
| established_date        =  
==Location and date==
| founder                =  
Haranhalli, – also referred to as Harnahalli, Haruvanahalli or Hiriya Somanathapura in historic inscriptions – is located about {{Convert|35|km|mi|0}} from [[Halebidu]] and about {{Convert|35|km|mi|0}} from [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan city]] in [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]]. It is connected to India's highway network with NH 73 and SH 21. The Lakshminarasimha temple is located towards the west-center of the village, and it is about 300 meters to the west of the Somesvara temple.<ref name="soma"/><ref name=dhaky/>
| named_for              =  
 
| government_type        =  
==Architecture==
| governing_body          =  
[[File:Somesvara temple, Harnahalli Karnataka India.jpg|thumb|left|The floor plans of the Lakshmi Narasimha temple and the Somesvara temple (above) in Harnahalli are very similar. They both illustrate the three entrance square plan in historic Sanskrit texts on architecture. The Lakshmi Narasimha temple has two additional lateral shrines before the ''ranga-mandapa'' (not shown above).]]
| unit_pref              = Metric
The Lakshminarasimha temple at Harahalli is a ''trikuta'' (three sanctum) shrine set within a mature [[Vesara]] architecture. It has only one Vimana with superstructure, making it appear from the distance as if it has just one sanctum. It sits on a ''pallavi'' style of ''jagati'' (a molded platform constructed per ''vastu'' guidelines).<ref name=dhaky/> This platform, in addition to adding visual beauty, provides the devotees a path for [[circumambulation]] (''[[pradakshina]]patha'') around the temple. The platform has three flights of steps, one leading to the entrance to the hall and the other two that lead only up to the platform, further enhancing the visual appearance.<ref name="steps">Foekema (1996), p25</ref><ref name="nose"/><ref name="pradakshina">Kamath (2001), p135</ref>
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| demographics1_title1    = Official
| demographics1_info1    = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1              = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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| postal_code_type        = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->
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| iso_code                = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
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}}
The upper space and structure is set in three storied ''bhadravalokanas'', a variant of the style seen in Hoysalesvara temple in Halebidu. The temple has a ''gudha-mandapa'' that starts after the ''kapili'', then the two side shrines, followed by the ''ranga-mandapa''.<ref name=dhaky/> Outside on the walls are panels of Hindu deity-related panels at the ''talajangha'', in turreted niches. These are mainly from the Vaishnava pantheon.<ref name=dhaky/>
The '''Lakshminarasimha temple''' at Haranhalli is a complete and good example of 13th century [[Hoysala architecture]]. [[Haranhalli]] is located about 35&nbsp;km from [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan city]] in [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]]. The temple, whose main deity is the Hindu god [[Vishnu]], was built in 1235 A.D. by the [[Hoysala Empire]] King [[Vira Someshwara]]. A few hundred meters from this temple is the architecturally complete though less ornate [[Someshvara Temple, Haranhalli|Someshvara temple]]. The main deity in this temple is the Hindu god [[Shiva]] represented by his universal symbol, the ''[[linga]]''. It also belongs to the same time period.<ref name="linga">Foekema (1996), p70</ref><ref name="soma">Foekema (1996), p67</ref> Both temples is a protected monument under the Karnataka state division of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref>


==Temple plan==
[[File:Profile of shrine and tower at Lakshminarasimha Temple in Haranhalli.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|Profile of shrine and tower at Lakshminarasimha Temple in Haranhalli]]
The Lakshminarasimha temple plan is similar to that found in the temples at [[Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu|Hosaholalu]], [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Nuggehalli|Nuggihalli]] and [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal|Javagallu]]. While its decorative ornamentation is simpler, it has a more original look.<ref name="soma"/> The temple plan is that of a ''trikuta'' (three shrined),<ref name="steps">Foekema (1996), p25</ref> with a strong focus on the middle shrine which has a superstructure (tower or ''[[shikhara]]'') and a ''sukhanasi'' (nose or tower over the [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]]).<ref name="sukha">Foekema (1996), p22</ref><ref name="nose">Foekema (1996), p68</ref>


===Overview===
The three shrines are connected by a common hall (''[[mantapa]]''). The lateral shrines are connected directly to the hall while the middle shrine has a [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] that connects the sanctum (cella or ''vimana'') to the hall.<ref name="nose"/><ref name="vimana">Foekema (1996), p21</ref><ref name="keynote1">Kamath (2001), p134</ref> Since the lateral shrines do not have a tower and are directly connected to the hall (without a vestibule and its corresponding tower like projection), they do not appear like shrines at all from the outside but rather as a part of the hall. The central shrine on the contrary is highly visible because of its tower, and  the ''sukhanasi'' that projects prominently from the tower.<ref name="nose"/>  
[[File:Profile of the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 1.JPG|thumb|upright|Profile of ''mantapa'' outer wall, and ''vimana'' (shrine and tower over it) at Lakshminarasimha temple, Haranhalli]]
The temple plan is similar to that found in the temples at [[Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu|Hosaholalu]], [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Nuggehalli|Nuggihalli]] and [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal|Javagallu]]. While its decorative ornamentation is somewhat lesser in quality, this temple has seen no structural additions or modifications during later periods, giving it a more original look.<ref name="soma"/> The temple plan is that of a ''trikuta'' (three shrined),<ref name="steps">Foekema (1996), p25</ref> with a strong focus on the middle shrine which has a superstructure (tower or ''[[shikhara]]'') and a ''sukhanasi'' (nose or tower over the [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]]).<ref name="sukha">Foekema (1996), p22</ref><ref name="nose">Foekema (1996), p68</ref> The three shrines are connected by a common hall (''[[mantapa]]''). The lateral shrines are connected directly to the hall while the middle shrine has a [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] that connects the sanctum (cella or ''vimana'') to the hall.<ref name="nose"/><ref name="vimana">Foekema (1996), p21</ref><ref name="keynote1">Kamath (2001), p134</ref> Since the lateral shrines do not have a tower and are directly connected to the hall (without a vestibule and its corresponding tower like projection), they do not appear like shrines at all from the outside but rather as a part of the hall. The central shrine on the contrary is highly visible because of its tower, and  the ''sukhanasi'' that projects prominently from the tower.<ref name="nose"/> The temple stands on a platform called ''[[jagati (temple)|jagati]]'', a feature common to many Hoysala temples. The platform, in addition to adding visual beauty, provides the devotees a path for [[circumambulation]] (''[[pradakshina]]patha'') around the temple. The platform has three flights of steps, one leading to the entrance to the hall and the other two that lead only up to the platform, further enhancing the visual appearance.<ref name="steps">Foekema (1996), p25</ref><ref name="nose"/><ref name="pradakshina">Kamath (2001), p135</ref>


===Decoration and sculptures===
===Decoration and sculptures===
[[File:Profile of the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 2.JPG|thumb|left|Close up of ''Vimana'' (shrine and superstructure) and protruding minor shrine (aedicula) at Lakshminarasimha temple, Haranhalli]]
[[File:Stellate tower over shrine in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.JPG|thumb|upright|Close up of ''shikhara'' (superstructure) with "new kind" of articulation below comprising two eves, with miniature decorative towers between the eves, and Hindu deities in relief below lower eve]]
The sanctum of the three shrines contain an image of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]; [[Gopal (Krishna)|Venugopala]], [[Keshava]] and [[Lakshmi Narasimha|Lakshminarasimha]].<ref name="decor">Foekema (1996), p69</ref> The towers over the central shrine and its vestibule (''sukhanasi'' or nose) are intact and intricate. The ''[[Kalasha|kalasa]]'' on top of the tower (the decorative water-pot at the apex of the tower) is however missing.<ref name="kalasa">Foekema (1996), p27</ref> Since the lateral shrines have no towers, their superstructure comprises a stylish row of miniature roofs above the upper [[eaves]].<ref name="nose"/> The decorative plan of the walls of the shrines and the hall is of the "new kind" (with two eaves that run around the temple).<ref name="nose"/> In the "new kind" of decorative articulation, the first heavy eaves runs below the superstructure and all around the temple with a projection of about half a meter. The second eaves runs around the temple about a meter below the first. In between the two eaves are the miniature decorative towers ([[Aedicula]]) on [[pilaster]]s. Below the second eaves are the wall panel of images of Hindu [[deity|deities]] and their attendants in [[relief]], not all of which in this temple are sharp in workmanship.<ref name="keynote1"/><ref name="decor"/><ref name="deity">Foekema (1996), pp28-29</ref> Below this, at the base are the six equal width rectangular [[Molding (decorative)|molding]]s ([[frieze]]). Starting from the top, the friezes depict; ''hansa'' (birds) in the first frieze, ''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]]'' (aquatic monsters) in the second, the usual depiction of scenes from the Hindu epics are absent in the third frieze which has been left blank. This is followed by leafy scrolls in the fourth frieze. The fifth and sixth friezes exhibit high quality workmanship in depicting horses and elephants respectively.<ref name="keynote1"/><ref name="base">Foekema (1996), p29, p69</ref>


== Notes ==
The sanctum of the three shrines contain an image of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]; [[Gopal (Krishna)|Venugopala]], [[Keshava]] and [[Lakshmi Narasimha|Lakshminarasimha]].<ref name="decor">Foekema (1996), p69</ref> The towers over the central shrine and its vestibule (''sukhanasi'' or nose) are intact and intricate. The ''[[Kalasha|kalasa]]'' on top of the tower (the decorative water-pot at the apex of the tower) is however missing.<ref name="kalasa">Foekema (1996), p27</ref> Since the lateral shrines have no towers, their superstructure comprises a stylish row of miniature roofs above the upper [[eaves]].<ref name="nose"/>
{{reflist|1}}
 
The decorative plan of the walls of the shrines and the hall reflects the Hoysala style (with two eaves that run around the temple).<ref name="nose"/> The first heavy eaves runs below the superstructure and all around the temple with a projection of about half a meter. The second eaves runs around the temple about a meter below the first. In between the two eaves are the miniature decorative towers ([[Aedicula]]) on [[pilaster]]s. Below the second eaves are the wall panels of Hindu artwork and [[relief]]s.<ref name="keynote1"/><ref name="decor"/><ref name="deity">Foekema (1996), pp28-29</ref> Below this band, at the base are the six equal width rectangular [[Molding (decorative)|molding]]s ([[frieze]]). Starting from the top, the friezes depict; ''hansa'' (birds) in the first frieze, ''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]]'' (mythical fused animals) in the second, the usual depiction of scenes from the Hindu epics are absent in the third frieze which has been left blank. This is followed by leafy scrolls in the fourth frieze. The fifth and sixth friezes exhibit high quality workmanship in depicting horses and elephants respectively.<ref name="keynote1"/><ref name="base">Foekema (1996), p29, p69</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Lathe turned pillars, decorative door jamb and lintel at entrance to sanctum in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 1.JPG|Lathe turned pillars, decorative door jamb and lintel at entrance to a sanctum in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli
File:Profile of the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 1.JPG|The ''mantapa'' outer wall, and ''vimana''
File:Closed mantapa facing sanctum in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.jpg|Closed mantapa facing a sanctum in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli
File:Profile of the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 2.JPG|Close up of ''Vimana'' and the aedicula
File:Outer wall articulation and horizontal frieze treatment in Profile of the the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.JPG|Outer wall articulation and horizontal frieze treatment in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli. Relief of Hindu deities in frieze on the third molding is absent.
File:Stellate tower over shrine in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.JPG|Close up of ''shikhara'' (superstructure)
File:Decorative door jamb and lintel at entrance to sanctum in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.jpg|Decorative door jamb and lintel at entrance to sanctum in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli
File:Lathe turned pillars, decorative door jamb and lintel at entrance to sanctum in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 1.JPG|Lathe turned pillars, decorative door jamb and lintel
File:Decorative half pillar in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 1.jpg|Deorative half pillar in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli
File:Closed mantapa facing sanctum in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.jpg|Closed mantapa facing a sanctum
File:Domical ceiling in the closed mantapa of the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.JPG|Domical ceiling in the closed mantapa of the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli
File:Outer wall articulation and horizontal frieze treatment in Profile of the the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.JPG|Outer wall articulation and horizontal frieze treatment
File:Horizontal frieze treatment in Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.jpg|Horizontal frieze treatment to moldings in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli
File:Decorative door jamb and lintel at entrance to sanctum in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.jpg|Decorative door jamb and lintel at entrance to sanctum
File:Wall relief at the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli in Hassan district.jpg|Shrine outer wall relief and molding at Haranhalli
File:Decorative half pillar in the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 1.jpg|Deorative pilaster
File:Ornate pillar in mantapa of Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 3.JPG|Ornate pillars inside mantapa of Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli
File:Domical ceiling in the closed mantapa of the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.JPG|Domical ceiling in the closed mantapa  
 
File:Horizontal frieze treatment in Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.jpg|Horizontal frieze treatment to moldings  
File:Wall relief at the Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli in Hassan district.jpg|Shrine outer wall relief and molding
File:Ornate pillar in mantapa of Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli 3.JPG|Ornate pillars inside mantapa
</gallery>
</gallery>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
{{commons category}}
{{commons category}}
*Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}
*Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}

Latest revision as of 00:23, 29 August 2021

Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple of Haranhalli
Religion
AffiliationHinduism
DistrictHassan
DeityVishnu
Location
LocationHarnahalli
StateKarnataka
CountryIndia
Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli is located in India
Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli
Shown within India
Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli is located in Karnataka
Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli
Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli (Karnataka)
Coordinates13°14′48.2″N 76°13′26.0″E / 13.246722°N 76.223889°E / 13.246722; 76.223889
Architecture
TypeHoysala
CreatorHeggade brothers
Completedc. 1234 CE

The Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli, sometimes referred to as Lakshmi Narasimha temple of Haranhalli, is one of two major historic Hindu temples that have survived in Haranhalli, Karnataka, India. It is triple-shrine temple dedicated to Vishnu, while the other – Someshvara Temple, Haranhalli few hundred meters to the east – is dedicated to Shiva. Both temples reflect a Vesara-style Hoysala architecture, share similar design ideas and features, and were completed in the 1230s by three wealthy brothers – Peddanna Heggade, Sovanna and Kesanna.[1][2]

According to the inscriptions found near the temple and in the village, the temple was originally dedicated to and named after Kesava – also Vishnu, but over its history was renamed as the Lakshminarasimha temple. The temple is notable for its artwork and for including architectural features typically found in late Chalukya and early Hoysala periods.[2]

The Lakshminarasimha temple is a protected monument under the Karnataka state division of the Archaeological Survey of India.[3]

Location and date[edit | edit source]

Haranhalli, – also referred to as Harnahalli, Haruvanahalli or Hiriya Somanathapura in historic inscriptions – is located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) from Halebidu and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) from Hassan city in Karnataka state, India. It is connected to India's highway network with NH 73 and SH 21. The Lakshminarasimha temple is located towards the west-center of the village, and it is about 300 meters to the west of the Somesvara temple.[1][2]

Architecture[edit | edit source]

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
The floor plans of the Lakshmi Narasimha temple and the Somesvara temple (above) in Harnahalli are very similar. They both illustrate the three entrance square plan in historic Sanskrit texts on architecture. The Lakshmi Narasimha temple has two additional lateral shrines before the ranga-mandapa (not shown above).

The Lakshminarasimha temple at Harahalli is a trikuta (three sanctum) shrine set within a mature Vesara architecture. It has only one Vimana with superstructure, making it appear from the distance as if it has just one sanctum. It sits on a pallavi style of jagati (a molded platform constructed per vastu guidelines).[2] This platform, in addition to adding visual beauty, provides the devotees a path for circumambulation (pradakshinapatha) around the temple. The platform has three flights of steps, one leading to the entrance to the hall and the other two that lead only up to the platform, further enhancing the visual appearance.[4][5][6]

The upper space and structure is set in three storied bhadravalokanas, a variant of the style seen in Hoysalesvara temple in Halebidu. The temple has a gudha-mandapa that starts after the kapili, then the two side shrines, followed by the ranga-mandapa.[2] Outside on the walls are panels of Hindu deity-related panels at the talajangha, in turreted niches. These are mainly from the Vaishnava pantheon.[2]

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Profile of shrine and tower at Lakshminarasimha Temple in Haranhalli

The Lakshminarasimha temple plan is similar to that found in the temples at Hosaholalu, Nuggihalli and Javagallu. While its decorative ornamentation is simpler, it has a more original look.[1] The temple plan is that of a trikuta (three shrined),[4] with a strong focus on the middle shrine which has a superstructure (tower or shikhara) and a sukhanasi (nose or tower over the vestibule).[7][5]

The three shrines are connected by a common hall (mantapa). The lateral shrines are connected directly to the hall while the middle shrine has a vestibule that connects the sanctum (cella or vimana) to the hall.[5][8][9] Since the lateral shrines do not have a tower and are directly connected to the hall (without a vestibule and its corresponding tower like projection), they do not appear like shrines at all from the outside but rather as a part of the hall. The central shrine on the contrary is highly visible because of its tower, and the sukhanasi that projects prominently from the tower.[5]

Decoration and sculptures[edit | edit source]

The sanctum of the three shrines contain an image of the Hindu god Vishnu; Venugopala, Keshava and Lakshminarasimha.[10] The towers over the central shrine and its vestibule (sukhanasi or nose) are intact and intricate. The kalasa on top of the tower (the decorative water-pot at the apex of the tower) is however missing.[11] Since the lateral shrines have no towers, their superstructure comprises a stylish row of miniature roofs above the upper eaves.[5]

The decorative plan of the walls of the shrines and the hall reflects the Hoysala style (with two eaves that run around the temple).[5] The first heavy eaves runs below the superstructure and all around the temple with a projection of about half a meter. The second eaves runs around the temple about a meter below the first. In between the two eaves are the miniature decorative towers (Aedicula) on pilasters. Below the second eaves are the wall panels of Hindu artwork and reliefs.[9][10][12] Below this band, at the base are the six equal width rectangular moldings (frieze). Starting from the top, the friezes depict; hansa (birds) in the first frieze, makara (mythical fused animals) in the second, the usual depiction of scenes from the Hindu epics are absent in the third frieze which has been left blank. This is followed by leafy scrolls in the fourth frieze. The fifth and sixth friezes exhibit high quality workmanship in depicting horses and elephants respectively.[9][13]

Gallery[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Foekema (1996), pp. 67–70
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 396–398. ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2.
  3. ↑ "Protected Monuments in Karnataka". Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Foekema (1996), p25
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Foekema (1996), p68
  6. ↑ Kamath (2001), p135
  7. ↑ Foekema (1996), p22
  8. ↑ Foekema (1996), p21
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kamath (2001), p134
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Foekema (1996), p69
  11. ↑ Foekema (1996), p27
  12. ↑ Foekema (1996), pp28-29
  13. ↑ Foekema (1996), p29, p69

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

  • Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 ISBN 81-7017-345-0
  • Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
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