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{{Short description|Leader of 1857 war of Indian Independence (1796–1861)}}
{{Short description|Leader of 1857 war of Indian Independence (1796–1861)}}
{{Copy edit|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}{{Infobox writer
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}{{Infobox writer
| name          = Allama Fazl-e-Haq
| name          = Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
| birth_date    = {{b-da|7 April 1796}}
| birth_date    = 1796 or 1797
| death_date    = {{death date and age |df=y|1861|08|19|1796|4|7}}
| death_date    = {{death date and age |df=y|1861|08|19|1796}}
| death_place  = [[Andaman Islands]], [[British India]] <br /> (Present day: Andaman Islands, [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]], India)
| death_place  = [[Andaman Islands]], [[British India]] <br /> (Present day: Andaman Islands, [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]], India)
| birth_place  = [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]], [[Awadh State|Awadh]] <br /> (Present day: Khairabad, [[Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| birth_place  = [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]], [[Awadh State|Awadh]] <br /> (Present day: Khairabad, [[Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh]], India)
Line 10: Line 12:
| notable_works = ''Sawratul Hindia''
| notable_works = ''Sawratul Hindia''
}}
}}
 
'''Allama Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi''' (1796/1797 – 19 August 1861) was a [[Hanafi]] [[jurist]], rationalist scholar, [[Maturidi]] [[theologian]], philosopher and a poet. He was an activist of the [[Indian independence movement]] and campaigned against British occupation. He issued an early religious edicts in favor of doing military [[jihad]] against the British colonialism during 1857 and inspired various others to participate in the [[1857 rebellion]]. He wrote ''Taḥqīqulfatvá fī ibt̤āl al-t̤ug̲h̲vá'' in refutation of [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]]'s ''Taqwiyat al-Imān'' and authored books such as ''al-S̲aurah al-Hindiyah''.
'''Allama Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi''' (7 April 1796 – 19 August 1861) was a [[Hanafi]] [[jurist]], rationalist [[Maturidi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Khairabadi|first=Fazl-e-Haq|title=Al-Rawdh al-Mucawwad|publisher=Mufeed Al Islam|pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Siddiq Hasan|title=Abjad Al-Ulum|date=2002|publisher=Dar Ibn Hazm|pages=714}}</ref> [[theologian]] philosopher and a poet. He did Jehad against British occupation and issued a first indian fatwa of armed fighting in favor of jihad against the British empire in 1857 and thus became an inspiration for revolutionaries of Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-andaman-s-cellular-jail-holds-lessons-for-the-current-indian-polity-2430535|title=Andaman’s Cellular jail holds lessons for the current Indian polity|first=Jawhar|last=Sircar|date=8 May 2017|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ali_Sardar_Jafri/kl08TgBBxHIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA213&printsec=frontcover</ref>


==Life==
==Life==
Allama Fazl-e-Haq was born into a family of Indian Muslims. He was born on 7 April 1796 in [[Khairabad, Sitapur]]. {{#tag:ref|His birth year is given as 1796 by the [[Indian History Congress]], but as 1797 by different sources including [[Asir Adrawi]].<ref name="Fazle Haq of Khairabad">{{Cite journal|last=HUSAIN|first=IQBAL|date=1987|title=Fazle Haq of Khairabad—A Scholarly Rebel of 1857|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=48|pages=355–365|jstor=44141709|issn=2249-1937}}</ref>}} His father was ''sadr-ul-sadur,'' the chief advisor to the Mughals regarding religious matters. He became a teacher by the age of 13. In 1828, he was appointed to the position of [[mufti]] in the Department of Qaza.<ref name="Fazle Haq of Khairabad" />
Fazl-e-Haq was born into a family of Indian Muslims. He was born in 1796 or 1797 in [[Khairabad, Sitapur]].{{#tag:ref|His birth year is given as 1796 by the [[Indian History Congress]], but as 1797 by different sources including [[Asir Adrawi]].<ref name="asir"/>|group="a"}}<ref name="asir"/><ref name="Fazle Haq of Khairabad">{{Cite journal|last=HUSAIN|first=IQBAL|date=1987|title=Fazle Haq of Khairabad—A Scholarly Rebel of 1857|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=48|pages=355–365|jstor=44141709|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> His father was ''sadr-ul-sadur,'' the chief advisor to the Mughals regarding religious matters. He became a teacher by the age of 13. In 1828, he was appointed to the position of [[mufti]] in the Department of Qaza.<ref name="Fazle Haq of Khairabad" />


Besides being a scholar of Islamic studies and theology, he was also a [[literary persona]], especially of Urdu, Arabic and Persian literature. More than 4,00 couplets in Arabic are attributed to him. He edited the first ''[[Diwan (poetry)|diwan]]'' of [[Mirza Ghalib]] on his request.{{fact|date=June 2021}}
Besides being a scholar of Islamic studies and theology, he was also a [[literary persona]], especially of Urdu, Arabic and Persian literature. More than 4,00 couplets in Arabic are attributed to him. He edited the first ''[[Diwan (poetry)|diwan]]'' of [[Mirza Ghalib]] on his request.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} He followed the [[Hanafi]] school of thought and was a theologian of the [[Maturidi]] school. He was also a poet.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khairabadi|first=Fazl-e-Haq|title=Al-Rawdh al-Mucawwad|publisher=Mufeed Al Islam|pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Siddiq Hasan|title=Abjad Al-Ulum|date=2002|publisher=Dar Ibn Hazm|pages=714}}</ref>


He had a phenomenal memory and memorized the Qur'an in a little over four months. He has also completed the curriculum in Arabic, Persian and religious studies by the age of thirteen.{{fact|date=June 2021}}
He had a phenomenal memory and memorized the Qur'an in a little over four months. He has also completed the curriculum in Arabic, Persian and religious studies by the age of thirteen.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}


On account of his deep knowledge and erudition he was called "[[Allamah|Allama]]" and later was venerated as a great [[sufi]]. He was also bestowed with the title imam hikmat and kalaam (The imam of logic, philosophy and literature). He was considered by scholars, the final authority on issuing fatwas or religious rulings.<ref name="Sehgal2001">{{cite book|author=Anil Sehgal|title=Ali Sardar Jafri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kl08TgBBxHIC&pg=PA213|year=2001|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-0671-8|pages=213–}}</ref>
On account of his deep knowledge and erudition, he was called "[[Allamah|Allama]]" and later was venerated as a great [[sufi]]. He was also bestowed with the title imam hikmat and kalaam (The imam of logic, philosophy and literature). He was considered by scholars, the final authority on issuing fatwas or religious rulings.<ref name="Sehgal2001">{{cite book|author=Anil Sehgal|title=Ali Sardar Jafri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kl08TgBBxHIC&pg=PA213|year=2001|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-0671-8|pages=213–}}</ref>


He possessed a great presence of mind and was very witty. There are many stories about his repartee with Mirza Ghalib and other contemporary eminent poets, writers and intellectuals. He and his son Abdul al-Haq Khairabadi established Madrasa Khairabad in northern India, where many scholars got educated. He wrote ''Risala-e-Sauratul Hindia'' in Arabic language, and wrote an account of the rebellion called ''As-Saurat al Hindiya''.<ref name="Fazle Haq of Khairabad" />
He possessed a great presence of mind and was very witty. There are many stories about his repartee with Mirza Ghalib and other contemporary eminent poets, writers and intellectuals. He and his son Abdul al-Haq Khairabadi established Madrasa Khairabad in northern India, where many scholars got educated. He wrote ''Risala-e-Sauratul Hindia'' in Arabic language and wrote an account of the rebellion called ''As-Saurat al Hindiya''.<ref name="Fazle Haq of Khairabad" />


===''Jehad against British government''===
===''Jehad against British government''===
When the Indians started struggle against British occupation, Fazle Haq conducted several private meetings with Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. This continued till May in 1857. On 26 June, when General Bakht Khan along with his army of 14000 reached Delhi from Bareilly, Allama after Namaz-e-Jumah (Friday prayers) gave speech in front of Ulema on Jehad against Britishers and issued a Fatwa (religious verdict). The Fatwa was signed by Mufti Sadruddin Aazurda, Maulvi Abdul Qadir, Qazi Faizullah Dehelvi, Maulana Faiz Ahmed Badayuni, Dr Maulvi Wazir Khan, and Syed Mubarak Shah Rampuri. Soon after issuance of the Fatwa tension arose in the whole country and the company deployed an army of some 90,000 around Delhi to protect its interests.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/23-Jan-2021/allama-fazle-haq-khairabadi-the-scholarly-rebel-of-1857|title=Allama Fazle Haq Khairabadi – the scholarly rebel of 1857|date=23 January 2021|website=The Nation}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-independence-day-special-maulana-fazle-haq-khairabadi-contribution-of-freedom-fight-19488148.html|title=Independence Day Special: अल्लामा फजले हक को फातवा देने पर मिली थी काला पानी की सजा Lucknow News|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>
When the Indians started a struggle against British occupation, Fazle Haq conducted several private meetings with Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. This continued till May in 1857. On 26 June, when General Bakht Khan along with his army of 14000 reached Delhi from Bareilly, Allama after Namaz-e-Jumah (Friday prayers) gave speech in front of Ulema on Jehad against Britishers and issued a Fatwa (religious verdict). The Fatwa was signed by Mufti Sadruddin Aazurda, Maulvi Abdul Qadir, Qazi Faizullah Dehelvi, Maulana Faiz Ahmed Badayuni, Dr Maulvi Wazir Khan, and Syed Mubarak Shah Rampuri. Soon after issuance of the Fatwa tension arose in the whole country and the company deployed an army of some 90,000 around Delhi to protect its interests.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/23-Jan-2021/allama-fazle-haq-khairabadi-the-scholarly-rebel-of-1857|title=Allama Fazle Haq Khairabadi – the scholarly rebel of 1857|date=23 January 2021|website=The Nation}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-independence-day-special-maulana-fazle-haq-khairabadi-contribution-of-freedom-fight-19488148.html|title=Independence Day Special: अल्लामा फजले हक को फातवा देने पर मिली थी काला पानी की सजा Lucknow News|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>


In 1857, Khairabadi signed a Fatwa of Jihad against British government which led to his arrest, and then he was sent into exile to Kalapani.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seminar on Allama Fazle Haq Khairabadi held in Bhiwandi |url=http://twocircles.net/2012feb01/seminar_allamafazlehaqkhairabadi_held_bhiwandi.html |access-date=14 July 2020 |work=TwoCircles.net |date=1 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Ali |last1= Sher |title=The role of muslims in the pre independence politics in India: a historical study |date=5 November 2014 |publisher=Faculty of Fine Arts, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibarewala University |location=Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan |page=125 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27559/9/09_chapter%204.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences |date=2008 |volume=25 |issue=1–3 |page=150 |title= The Role of Popular Muslim Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9QMAQAAMAAJ&q=Khairabadi |access-date=14 July 2020 |publisher=Jointly published by the Association of Muslim Social Scientists; International Institute of Islamic Thought |location=Indiana University |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Iyer2012">{{cite book|author=Vivek Iyer|title=Ghalib, Gandhi and the Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLO8mq8aSBkC&pg=PA43|year=2012|publisher=Polyglot Publications London|isbn=978-0-9550628-3-4|pages=43–}}</ref>
In 1857, Khairabadi signed a Fatwa of Jihad against British government which led to his arrest, and then he was sent into exile to Kalapani.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seminar on Allama Fazle Haq Khairabadi held in Bhiwandi |url=http://twocircles.net/2012feb01/seminar_allamafazlehaqkhairabadi_held_bhiwandi.html |access-date=14 July 2020 |work=TwoCircles.net |date=1 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Ali |last1= Sher |title=The role of muslims in the pre independence politics in India: a historical study |date=5 November 2014 |publisher=Faculty of Fine Arts, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibarewala University |location=Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan |page=125 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27559/9/09_chapter%204.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences |date=2008 |volume=25 |issue=1–3 |page=150 |title= The Role of Popular Muslim Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9QMAQAAMAAJ&q=Khairabadi |access-date=14 July 2020 |publisher=Jointly published by the Association of Muslim Social Scientists; International Institute of Islamic Thought |location=Indiana University |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Iyer2012">{{cite book|author=Vivek Iyer|title=Ghalib, Gandhi and the Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLO8mq8aSBkC&pg=PA43|year=2012|publisher=Polyglot Publications London|isbn=978-0-9550628-3-4|pages=43–}}</ref> Through this edict, he inspired people to participate in [[1857 rebellion]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-andaman-s-cellular-jail-holds-lessons-for-the-current-indian-polity-2430535|title=Andaman's Cellular jail holds lessons for the current Indian polity|first=Jawhar|last=Sircar|date=8 May 2017|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ali_Sardar_Jafri/kl08TgBBxHIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA213&printsec=frontcover|isbn = 9788126306718|title = Ali Sardar Jafri|year = 2001|publisher = Bharatiya Jnanpith}}</ref>


Shortly after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 failed, he was covered by an amnesty and was arrested by the British authorities on 30 January 1859 at [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]] for inciting violence.<ref name="Anderson">Anderson, C (2007) The Indian Uprising of 1857–8: prisons, prisoners, and 'Jihad', Anthem Press, London P17</ref> He was tried and found guilty of encouraging murder and role in the 'jihad'.<ref name="Anderson" />
Shortly after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 failed, he was covered by an amnesty and was arrested by the British authorities on 30 January 1859 at [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]] for inciting violence.<ref name="Anderson">Anderson, C (2007) The Indian Uprising of 1857–8: prisons, prisoners, and 'Jihad', Anthem Press, London P17</ref> He was tried and found guilty of encouraging murder and role in the 'jihad'.<ref name="Anderson" />
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One of the major reason for outbreak of war was the fear among the people that the Christian British government was going to destroy their religion and convert Indians to Christianity.<ref name="auto"/>
One of the major reason for outbreak of war was the fear among the people that the Christian British government was going to destroy their religion and convert Indians to Christianity.<ref name="auto"/>


===Fatwas against Deobandi theories ===
==Literary works==
Khairabadi issued ''fatwas'' against the Wahabi-Deobandi doctrine of God's alleged ability to lie (Imkan-e-Kizb).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khair Abadi|first=Fazl e Haq|title=Tahqeeq Ul Fatwa Fe Abtal It Taghwa|publisher=Shaikh Abdul Haq Muhaddis e Dehlvi Academy|year=1825}}</ref> Darul Uloom Deoband, founder Rashid Ahmad Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie.<ref name="rag">{{citation |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |first1=Brannon D. |last1=Ingram |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=484}}</ref> This doctrine is called ''Imkan-i Kizb''.<ref name="kizb"/><ref name="rag"/> According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying.<ref name="kizb">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&q=Imkan-i+Kizb|title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam|pages=7, 64, 100, 241|first1=Brannon D. |last1=Ingram|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520298002|date=21 November 2018}}</ref> Gangohi supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (''Imkan-i Nazir'') and other prophets equal to Muhammad.<ref name="kizb"/><ref name="rag"/>
Khairabadi wrote ''Taḥqīqulfatvá fī ibt̤āl al-t̤ug̲h̲vá'' refuting [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]]'s ''Taqwiyat al-Imān''.<ref name="wc">{{cite web |title=Faz̤l Ḥaq K̲h̲airābādī 1797-1861 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no00039238/ |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> His other works include:<ref name="wc"/>
* ''al-H̲adiyat al-saʻīdīya''
Allama Fazle Haq Khairabadi refuted these theories and wrote that according to the [[Qur’an]] and [[Hadith]], the prophet Muhammad is the final prophet, and there can be no other prophet or "messenger" after him. To believe that there can be another Muhammad would necessitate that Allah did something apart from what he has stated in the Qur’an, that is, that Allah has lied. Lying is a flaw and it is impossible for Allah to have a flaw.<ref name="Iyer2012"/> This reflects his deep insight to the political, social and religious environment which was emerging with the growing influence of Englishmen and at last capture of Delhi by them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sufinama.org/ebooks/qaed-e-inqilab-allama-fazl-e-haq-khairabadi-yaseen-akhtar-misbahi-ebooks|title=Qaed-e-Inqilab Allama Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi|website=Sufinama}}</ref>
* ''Alroẓ al-majūd : masʼlah-yi vaḥdat al-vajūd kī buland pāyah tak̲h̲līq''
* ''al-Ḥāshiyah lil-Mawlawī Faḍlḥaq al-Khayrābādī ʻalá Sharḥ al-Sallam lil-Qāḍī Mubārak''
* ''al-S̲aurah al-Hindiyah''


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
He was [[Farooqui]]. One of his sons, Abdul Haque, was also a leading and respected scholar and was given the title of Shamsul Ulema. His grandson is [[Muztar Khairabadi]]. [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]] is his great-grandson.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-wants-to-trace-his-roots-back-to-uttar-pradesh/story-Dkcj9w6Etq9FSo3VWsc4dO.html|title=Farhan Akhtar wants to trace his roots, back to Uttar Pradesh|date=10 January 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
He was [[Farooqui]]. His father was Imam Fazl-e-Iman. One of his sons, Abdul Haque, was also a leading and respected scholar and was given the title of Shamsul Ulema. His grandson is [[Muztar Khairabadi]]. [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]] is his great-grandson.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-wants-to-trace-his-roots-back-to-uttar-pradesh/story-Dkcj9w6Etq9FSo3VWsc4dO.html|title=Farhan Akhtar wants to trace his roots, back to Uttar Pradesh|date=10 January 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>


Among his sons Abdul Haq Khairabadi was a rational scholar, a teacher of [[Majid Ali Jaunpuri]].<ref name="MahbubRizwi">{{cite book |title=Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title=History of The Dar al-Ulum (Volume 2)|author=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|translator = Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam, Dar al-Ulum Deoband |page=55}}</ref><ref name="asiradrawi">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=Asir Adrawi|author-link=Asir Adrawi|chapter=Mawlāna Abdul Haq Khairabadi|pages= 157|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Moallifeen |language=ur |edition = 2 April 2016}}</ref>
Among his sons, Abdul Haq Khairabadi was a rational scholar, a teacher of [[Majid Ali Jaunpuri]].<ref name="MahbubRizwi">{{cite book |title=Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title=History of The Dar al-Ulum (Volume 2)|author=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|translator = Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam, Dar al-Ulum Deoband |page=55}}</ref><ref name="asiradrawi">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=Asir Adrawi|author-link=Asir Adrawi|chapter=Mawlāna Abdul Haq Khairabadi|pages= 157|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Moallifeen |language=ur |edition = 2 April 2016}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
He stayed for 22 months in captivity at Andemans, Allama wrote a number of eyewitness accounts in the form of verses in Arabic (Qaseeda), apart from a book Alsoorat-ul- Hindia which is a critical analysis of the war and events of 1857. This is also the first ever book on the events of 1857.<ref name="auto"/>   
He stayed for 22 months in captivity at Andaman, Allama wrote a number of eyewitness accounts in the form of verses in Arabic (Qaseeda), apart from a book Alsoorat-ul- Hindia which is a critical analysis of the war and events of 1857. This is also the first ever book on the events of 1857.<ref name="auto"/>   
Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi died on 19 August 1861 in exile on the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref name="auto1"/>
Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi died on 19 August 1861 in exile on the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|chapter=Mawlāna Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi|pages= 210–211|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Moallifeen |language=Urdu |edition = 2nd |date= April 2016}}</ref>
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|group="a"}}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Indian Freedom Movement]]
*[[Islam in India]]
*[[Islam in India]]
*[[Shah Abdur Rahim]]
*[[Shah Abdur Rahim]]
*[[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]
*[[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]
*[[Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi]]
*[[Muntakhib al-Haqq]]
*[[Muntakhib al-Haqq]]
*[[Ahmadullah Shah]]
*[[Ahmadullah Shah]]
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{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafi]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidi| ]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]

Revision as of 17:40, 31 August 2021


Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
Born1796 or 1797
Khairabad, Awadh
(Present day: Khairabad, Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died19 August 1861(1861-08-19) (aged 64–65)
Andaman Islands, British India
(Present day: Andaman Islands, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India)
OccupationPoet
Notable worksSawratul Hindia

Allama Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (1796/1797 – 19 August 1861) was a Hanafi jurist, rationalist scholar, Maturidi theologian, philosopher and a poet. He was an activist of the Indian independence movement and campaigned against British occupation. He issued an early religious edicts in favor of doing military jihad against the British colonialism during 1857 and inspired various others to participate in the 1857 rebellion. He wrote Taḥqīqulfatvá fī ibt̤āl al-t̤ug̲h̲vá in refutation of Shah Ismail Dehlvi's Taqwiyat al-Imān and authored books such as al-S̲aurah al-Hindiyah.

Life

Fazl-e-Haq was born into a family of Indian Muslims. He was born in 1796 or 1797 in Khairabad, Sitapur.[a 1][1][2] His father was sadr-ul-sadur, the chief advisor to the Mughals regarding religious matters. He became a teacher by the age of 13. In 1828, he was appointed to the position of mufti in the Department of Qaza.[2]

Besides being a scholar of Islamic studies and theology, he was also a literary persona, especially of Urdu, Arabic and Persian literature. More than 4,00 couplets in Arabic are attributed to him. He edited the first diwan of Mirza Ghalib on his request.[citation needed] He followed the Hanafi school of thought and was a theologian of the Maturidi school. He was also a poet.[3][4]

He had a phenomenal memory and memorized the Qur'an in a little over four months. He has also completed the curriculum in Arabic, Persian and religious studies by the age of thirteen.[citation needed]

On account of his deep knowledge and erudition, he was called "Allama" and later was venerated as a great sufi. He was also bestowed with the title imam hikmat and kalaam (The imam of logic, philosophy and literature). He was considered by scholars, the final authority on issuing fatwas or religious rulings.[5]

He possessed a great presence of mind and was very witty. There are many stories about his repartee with Mirza Ghalib and other contemporary eminent poets, writers and intellectuals. He and his son Abdul al-Haq Khairabadi established Madrasa Khairabad in northern India, where many scholars got educated. He wrote Risala-e-Sauratul Hindia in Arabic language and wrote an account of the rebellion called As-Saurat al Hindiya.[2]

Jehad against British government

When the Indians started a struggle against British occupation, Fazle Haq conducted several private meetings with Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. This continued till May in 1857. On 26 June, when General Bakht Khan along with his army of 14000 reached Delhi from Bareilly, Allama after Namaz-e-Jumah (Friday prayers) gave speech in front of Ulema on Jehad against Britishers and issued a Fatwa (religious verdict). The Fatwa was signed by Mufti Sadruddin Aazurda, Maulvi Abdul Qadir, Qazi Faizullah Dehelvi, Maulana Faiz Ahmed Badayuni, Dr Maulvi Wazir Khan, and Syed Mubarak Shah Rampuri. Soon after issuance of the Fatwa tension arose in the whole country and the company deployed an army of some 90,000 around Delhi to protect its interests.[6][7]

In 1857, Khairabadi signed a Fatwa of Jihad against British government which led to his arrest, and then he was sent into exile to Kalapani.[8][9][10][11] Through this edict, he inspired people to participate in 1857 rebellion.[12][13]

Shortly after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 failed, he was covered by an amnesty and was arrested by the British authorities on 30 January 1859 at Khairabad for inciting violence.[14] He was tried and found guilty of encouraging murder and role in the 'jihad'.[14]

The British courts in its verdict considered him "extraordinary intelligence and acumen who should be reckoned as the most dangerous threat to the British presence in India, and therefore must be evicted from the Indian main soil. Following were the charges framed against him.[6][7]

  • Acted as the major force behind the mutiny
  • Persuading masses to rise in revolt against the authority of the Company
  • Issuing Fatwas, inciting violence and making instigating speeches
  • Leading the armed rebellion in Delhi
  • Campaigning and motivating masses to join the mutiny by calling it war of independence
  • Plan and instigate murder and plunder of Europeans and their assets
  • Influencing native soldiers for mutiny
  • Having been unsuccessful in Delhi, escaping to Oudh to organize and trigger armed rebellion there

He had chosen to be his own counsel and defended himself. His arguments and the way he defended his case was so convincing that the presiding magistrate was writing a judgement to exonerate him, when he confessed to giving the fatwa, declaring that he could not lie. He was sentenced for life to the prison at Kalapani (Cellular Jail) on Andaman Island, and his property was confiscated by the judicial commissioner of Awadh court. He reached Andaman Island on 8 October 1859 aboard the steam frigate "Fire Queen". He would remain imprisoned there until his death in 1861. One of the major reason for outbreak of war was the fear among the people that the Christian British government was going to destroy their religion and convert Indians to Christianity.[6]

Literary works

Khairabadi wrote Taḥqīqulfatvá fī ibt̤āl al-t̤ug̲h̲vá refuting Shah Ismail Dehlvi's Taqwiyat al-Imān.[15] His other works include:[15]

  • al-H̲adiyat al-saʻīdīya
  • Alroẓ al-majūd : masʼlah-yi vaḥdat al-vajūd kī buland pāyah tak̲h̲līq
  • al-Ḥāshiyah lil-Mawlawī Faḍlḥaq al-Khayrābādī ʻalá Sharḥ al-Sallam lil-Qāḍī Mubārak
  • al-S̲aurah al-Hindiyah

Personal life

He was Farooqui. His father was Imam Fazl-e-Iman. One of his sons, Abdul Haque, was also a leading and respected scholar and was given the title of Shamsul Ulema. His grandson is Muztar Khairabadi. Jan Nisar Akhtar is his great-grandson.[16]

Among his sons, Abdul Haq Khairabadi was a rational scholar, a teacher of Majid Ali Jaunpuri.[17][18]

Death

He stayed for 22 months in captivity at Andaman, Allama wrote a number of eyewitness accounts in the form of verses in Arabic (Qaseeda), apart from a book Alsoorat-ul- Hindia which is a critical analysis of the war and events of 1857. This is also the first ever book on the events of 1857.[6] Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi died on 19 August 1861 in exile on the Andaman Islands.[1]

Notes

  1. ↑ His birth year is given as 1796 by the Indian History Congress, but as 1797 by different sources including Asir Adrawi.[1]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Asir Adrawi (April 2016). "Mawlāna Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi". Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). Deoband: Darul Moallifeen. pp. 210–211.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 HUSAIN, IQBAL (1987). "Fazle Haq of Khairabad—A Scholarly Rebel of 1857". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 48: 355–365. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44141709.
  3. ↑ Khairabadi, Fazl-e-Haq. Al-Rawdh al-Mucawwad. Mufeed Al Islam. p. 3.
  4. ↑ Khan, Siddiq Hasan (2002). Abjad Al-Ulum. Dar Ibn Hazm. p. 714.
  5. ↑ Anil Sehgal (2001). Ali Sardar Jafri. Bharatiya Jnanpith. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-81-263-0671-8.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Allama Fazle Haq Khairabadi – the scholarly rebel of 1857". The Nation. 23 January 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Independence Day Special: अल्लामा फजले हक को फातवा देने पर मिली थी काला पानी की सजा Lucknow News". Dainik Jagran.
  8. ↑ "Seminar on Allama Fazle Haq Khairabadi held in Bhiwandi". TwoCircles.net. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  9. ↑ Sher, Ali (5 November 2014). The role of muslims in the pre independence politics in India: a historical study (PDF). Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan: Faculty of Fine Arts, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibarewala University. p. 125. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  10. ↑ "The Role of Popular Muslim Movements". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 25 (1–3). Indiana University: Jointly published by the Association of Muslim Social Scientists; International Institute of Islamic Thought: 150. 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  11. ↑ Vivek Iyer (2012). Ghalib, Gandhi and the Gita. Polyglot Publications London. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-0-9550628-3-4.
  12. ↑ Sircar, Jawhar (8 May 2017). "Andaman's Cellular jail holds lessons for the current Indian polity". DNA India.
  13. ↑ Ali Sardar Jafri. Bharatiya Jnanpith. 2001. ISBN 9788126306718.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Anderson, C (2007) The Indian Uprising of 1857–8: prisons, prisoners, and 'Jihad', Anthem Press, London P17
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Faz̤l Ḥaq K̲h̲airābādī 1797-1861". WorldCat. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  16. ↑ "Farhan Akhtar wants to trace his roots, back to Uttar Pradesh". Hindustan Times. 10 January 2017.
  17. ↑ Syed Mehboob Rizwi. Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband [History of The Dar al-Ulum (Volume 2)]. Translated by Murtaz Husain F Quraishi. Idara-e-Ehtemam, Dar al-Ulum Deoband. p. 55.
  18. ↑ Asir Adrawi. "Mawlāna Abdul Haq Khairabadi". Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta (in اردو) (2 April 2016 ed.). Deoband: Darul Moallifeen. p. 157.

Further reading

  • Bates, Crispin; Carter, Marina (2009). "Religion and Retribution in the Indian Rebellion of 1857". Leidschrif. Empire and Resistance. Religious Beliefs Versus the Ruling Power. 24 (1): 51–68.
  • Malik, Jamal (2006). "Letters, prison sketches and autobiographical literature: The case of Fadl-e Haqq Khairabadi in the Andaman Penal Colony". Indian Economic and Social History Review. 43 (77). doi:10.1177/001946460504300104. S2CID 145540286.
  • Qayad-e-Inquilab (Leader of resistance Fazle Haq Khairabadi):- Qaed-e-Inqilab Allama Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
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