Bharatpedia

Sikkimese language: Difference between revisions

Article Talk

Sikkimese language (edit)

Revision as of 16:38, 22 August 2021

8,663 bytes added ,  22 August 2021
m
Reverted edits by 2405:205:1186:1598:F044:65F5:FE8C:8F5F (talk): using Wikipedia for advertising/promotion (HG) (3.4.10)
m (→‎References: Replace {{Source}} tag)
imported>Serols
m (Reverted edits by 2405:205:1186:1598:F044:65F5:FE8C:8F5F (talk): using Wikipedia for advertising/promotion (HG) (3.4.10))
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Tibetic language of Nepal and Sikkim, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Sikkimese
|name=Sikkimese
Line 23: Line 26:
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tibetan}}
{{Contains special characters|Tibetan}}
The '''Sikkimese language''', also called Sikkimese Tibetan, Bhutia, ''Dranjongke'' ({{bo|t=འབྲས་ལྗོངས་སྐད་|w='bras-ljongs-skad}} "Rice District language"<ref>"Lost Syllables and Tone Contour in Dzongkha (Bhutan)" ''in'' David Bradley, Eguénie J.A. Henderson and Martine Mazaudon, eds, '''Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R. K. Sprigg''', 115-136; Pacific Linguistics, C-104, 1988</ref>), ''Dranjoke'', ''Denjongka'', ''Denzongpeke'', and ''Denzongke'', belongs to the [[Tibetic languages]]. It is spoken by the [[Bhutia]] people in [[Sikkim]] and [[northeast]] [[Nepal]]. The [[Sikkimese people]] call their [[language]] Dranjongke. They call their homeland Denzong ("Rice Valley").<ref name=SIL>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sip |title=Sikkimese |editor=Lewis, M. Paul |year=2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=16 |location=[[Dallas, Texas]] |publisher=[[SIL International]] |accessdate=2011-04-16}}</ref>
The '''Sikkimese language''', also called '''Sikkimese Tibetan''', '''Bhutia''', or '''Drenjongké''' ({{bo|t=འབྲས་ལྗོངས་སྐད་|w=&apos;bras ljongs skad}}, "[[Oryza sativa|Rice]] Valley language"),<ref>"Lost Syllables and Tone Contour in Dzongkha (Bhutan)" ''in'' David Bradley, Eguénie J.A. Henderson and Martine Mazaudon, eds, '''Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R. K. Sprigg''', 115-136; Pacific Linguistics, C-104, 1988</ref> ''Dranjoke'', ''Denjongka'', ''Denzongpeke'' and ''Denzongke'', belongs to the Southern [[Tibetic languages]]. It is spoken by the [[Bhutia]] in [[Sikkim]], [[India]] and in parts of [[Mechi Zone]], [[Nepal]]. The [[Sikkimese people]] refer to their own language as Drendzongké and their homeland as Drendzong ({{bo|t=འབྲས་ལྗོངས་|w=&apos;bras-ljongs}}, "Rice Valley").<ref name=SIL>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sip |title=Sikkimese |editor=Lewis, M. Paul |year=2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=16 |location=[[Dallas, Texas]] |publisher=[[SIL International]] |access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref>


== References ==
==Script==
{{reflist}}
{{main|Tibetan script}}
Sikkimese is written using [[Tibetan script]], which it inherited from [[Classical Tibetan]]. Sikkimese phonology and lexicon differ markedly from Classical Tibetan, however. [[SIL International]] thus describes the Sikkimese writing system as "Bodhi style". According to SIL, 68% of Sikkimese Bhutia were literate in the Tibetan script in 2001.<ref name=SIL/><ref name=BOT1/><ref name=thesis/>
 
==Sikkim and its neighbours==
Speakers of Sikkimese can understand some [[Dzongkha]], with a lexical similarity of 65% between the two languages. By comparison, [[Standard Tibetan]], however, is only 42% lexically similar. Sikkimese has also been influenced to some degree by the neighbouring [[Yolmo language|Yolmo]]wa and [[Tamang language]]s.<ref name=SIL/><ref name=BOT1>{{cite web|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1995_01_25.pdf |first=S. |last=Norboo |title=The Sikkimese Bhutia |work=Bulletin of Tibetology |pages=114–115 |publisher=Namgyal Institute of Tibetology |location=[[Gangtok]] |year=1995}}</ref>
 
Due to more than a century of close contact with speakers of [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan proper]], many Sikkimese speakers also use these languages in daily life.<ref name=SIL/>
 
==Phonology==
 
===Consonants===
Below is a chart of Sikkimese consonants, largely following Yliniemi (2005) and van Driem (1992).<ref name="thesis">{{cite thesis|degree=Masters, General Linguistics|title=Preliminary Phonological Analysis of Denjongka of Sikkim|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809194318/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19355/prelimin.pdf?sequence=2|last=Yliniemi|first=Juha|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Helsinki]]|access-date=17 April 2011}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! ([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-]])<br/>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! <small>voiceless</small>
| || {{IPAlink|n̥}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ན}} n}} || || || {{IPAlink|ŋ̥}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ང}} ng}} ||
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|མ}} m}} || {{IPAlink|n}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ན}} n}} || || {{IPAlink|n}}~{{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཉ}} ny}} ||{{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ང}} ng}} ||
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! <small>voiceless<br/>unaspirated</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|པ}} p}} || {{IPAlink|t}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཏ}} t}} || {{IPAlink|ʈ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཏྲ}} tr}} || || {{IPAlink|k}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཀ}} k}} || {{IPAlink|ʔ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|འ}} ʔ}}
|-
! <small>voiceless<br/>aspirated</small>
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཕ}} ph}} || {{IPAlink|tʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཐ}} th}} || {{IPAlink|ʈʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཐྲ}} thr}} || || {{IPAlink|kʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཁ}} kh}} ||
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|བ}} b}} || {{IPAlink|d}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ད}} d}} || {{IPAlink|ɖ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|དྲ}} dr}} || || {{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ག}} g}} ||
|-
! <small>devoiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|p̀ʱ~b̀ɦ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|བ}} p'}} || {{IPAlink|t̀ʱ~d̀ɦ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ད}} t'}} || {{IPAlink|ʈ̀ʱ~ɖ̀ɦ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|དྲ}} tr'}} || || {{IPAlink|k̀ʱ~g̀ɦ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ག}} k'}} ||
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>voiceless<br/>unaspirated</small>
| || {{IPAlink|ts}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཙ}} ts}} || || {{IPAlink|tɕ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཅ}} c}} || ||
|-
! <small>voiceless<br/>aspirated</small>
| || {{IPAlink|tsʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཚ}} tsh}} || || {{IPAlink|tɕʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཆ}} ch}} || ||
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| || {{IPAlink|dz}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཛ}} dz}} || || {{IPAlink|dʑ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཇ}} j}} || ||
|-
! <small>devoiced</small>
| || || || {{IPAlink|tɕ̀ʱ~dʑ̀ɦ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཇ}} c'}} || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>voiceless</small>
| || {{IPAlink|s}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ས}} s}} || || {{IPAlink|ɕ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཤ}} sh}} || || {{IPAlink|h}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཧ}} h}}
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| || {{IPAlink|z}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཟ}} z}} || || {{IPAlink|ʑ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཞ}} zh}} || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
! <small>voiceless</small>
| || {{IPAlink|l̥}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ལ}} l}} || {{IPAlink|r̥}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ར}} r}} || || ||
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| || {{IPAlink|l}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ལ}} l}} || {{IPAlink|r}}~{{IPAlink|ɹ}}~{{IPAlink|ɾ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ར}} r}} || || ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|w}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཝ}} w}} || || || {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཡ}} y}} || {{IPAlink|w}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཝ}} w}} ||
|}
 
Devoiced consonants are pronounced with a slight [[breathy voice]], [[aspirated consonant|aspiration]], and low [[pitch accent|pitch]]. They are remnants of voiced consonants in [[Classical Tibetan]] that became devoiced. Likewise, the historical Tibetan phoneme /ny/ is realised as an allophone of /n/ and /ng/, which themselves have mostly lost contrast among speakers.<ref name=thesis/>
 
===Vowels===
Below is a chart of Sikkimese vowels, also largely following Yliniemi (2005).<ref name=thesis/>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
!colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Middle]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!
! <small>unrounded</small> || <small>rounded</small>
! <small>unrounded</small> || <small>rounded</small>
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAslink|i}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ི}} i}} || {{IPAslink|y}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ུ}} u}} || || {{IPAslink|u}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ུ}} u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPAslink|e}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ེ}} e}} || {{IPAslink|ø}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ོ}} o}} || || {{IPAslink|o}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ོ}} o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPAblink|ɛ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ེ}} e}} || || {{IPAslink|ɐ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|}}a}} ||
|}
 
* {{IPAblink|ɛ}} is an allophone of {{IPAblink|e}}, confined to appearing after {{IPAblink|dʑ}} /j/ in closed syllables
{{Notelist}}


In the [[Tibetan script]], an [[abugida]], the inherent vowel /a/ is unmarked.


[[Category:Languages of India|S]]
==See also==
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
* [[Bhutia|Bhutia people]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]]
* [[Lepcha people]]
* [[Lepcha language]]
* [[Indigenous peoples of Sikkim]]
* [[History of Sikkim]]


==References==
{{reflist}}


{{asia-stub}}
==Further reading==
{{wiktionary category|Sikkimese language}}
*{{cite book|title=The grammar of Dzongkha |author-link=George van Driem |last=van Driem |first=George |publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission, [[Government of Bhutan]] |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KsCYgEACAAJ}} Dead link
* {{cite book | author=Yliniemi, Juha | title=A descriptive grammar of Denjongke (Sikkimese Bhutia) | publisher=University of Helsinki | year=2019 | isbn=978-951-51-5138-4 | url=http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-51-5139-1 | type=Ph.D. thesis }}
*{{cite journal | author1=Lee, Seunghun J. |author2=Hwang, H.K. |author3=Monou, T. |author4=Kawahara, S. | year = 2018 | title = The phonetic realization of tonal contrast in Dränjongke | journal = Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages | pages=217–221 | doi=10.21437/TAL.2018-44| s2cid = 52209330 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5b357af83d234455d1c28d8a5fb397d50dc867e1 }}
*{{cite journal | author1= Lee, Seunghun J. |author2=S. Kawahara | author3=C. Guillemot |author4=T. Monou | year = 2019 | title = Acoustics of the four-way laryngeal contrast in Drenjongke (Bhutia): Observations and implications | journal = 音声研究 | volume = Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan |issue= 23(1) | pages=65–75 | doi=10.24467/onseikenkyu.23.0_65}}


{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Languages of Bhutan}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}


{{simple-Wikipedia}}
[[Category:South Bodish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Languages written in Tibetan script]]
Anonymous user
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/144941"