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{{ | {{Short description|Title of Sanyasis, and also a name}} | ||
{{Hinduism | '''Swami''' ({{Lang-sa|स्वामी}} {{lang|sa-Latn|svāmī}} {{IPA-sa|sʋaːmiː|}}; sometimes abbreviated '''sw.''') in [[Hinduism]], is an honorific title given to a male or female [[Asceticism#Hinduism|ascetic]] who has chosen the [[Sannyasa|path of renunciation]] (''saṃnyāsa''),<ref name="Boeving">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Boeving |first=Nicholas Grant |year=2014 |title=Swamis |editor-last=Leeming |editor-first=David A. |editor-link=David Adams Leeming |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Verlag]] |location=[[Boston]] |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_673 |isbn=978-1-4614-6087-9}}</ref> or has been initiated into a religious [[monastic order]] of [[Vaishnavas]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=E. Cobham |last1=Brewer |author-link=E. Cobham Brewer |editor-first=Camilla |editor-last=Rockwood |ISBN=9780550104113 |at="Swami" entry |title=Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable |location=London |publisher=Chambers Harrap |date=2009 |OL=2527037W}}.</ref> | ||
The meaning of the Sanskrit root of the word ''swami'' is "[he who is] one with his [[Philosophy of self#Self in Eastern traditions|self]]" ({{lang|sa-Latn|swa}} stands for "self"),<ref>{{cite book |last=Yogananda |first=Paramhamsa |date=1997 |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |location=Mumbai |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |p=14}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2018}}</ref> and can roughly be translated as "he/she who knows and is master of himself/herself".<ref name="Boeving"/> The term is often attributed to someone who has achieved mastery of a particular [[Yoga|yogic system]] or demonstrated profound devotion (''[[bhakti]]'') to one or more [[Hindu gods]].<ref name="Boeving"/> The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' gives the etymology as:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://oed.com/view/Entry/195404?rskey=Cbewbm&result=1 |title=swami |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |edition=online |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=31 August 2011 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | |||
{{quote|[[Hindi]] {{lang|hi|svāmī}} 'master, lord, prince', used by Hindus as a term of respectful address, < Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|svāmin}} in same senses, also the idol or temple of a god.}} | |||
Perhaps the most well-known representative of [[Hinduism in the West]] to bear this moniker was [[Swami Vivekananda]], chief disciple of the Bengali saint and mystic [[Ramakrishna]].<ref name="Boeving"/> As a direct form of address, or as a stand-in for a swami's name, it is often rendered ''[[Swamiji (disambiguation)|Swamiji]]'' (also ''Swami-ji'' or ''Swami Ji''). | |||
In [[Bengali language|Bengali]], the word (pronounced {{IPA-bn|ˈʃami|}}), while carrying its original meaning, also has the meaning of "[[husband]]" in another context. The word also means "husband" in [[Malay language|Malay]], in which it is spelled {{lang|ms|suami}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Istilah Malaysia |url= http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Search.aspx?k=suami |work=Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia |access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> and in [[Khmer language|Khmer]] and [[Odiya language|Odiya]]. The [[Thai language|Thai]] word for "husband", {{lang|th-Latn|sami}} ({{lang|th|สามี}}) or {{lang|th-Latn|sawami}} ({{lang|th|สวามี}}), and the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] word for "spouse", {{lang|tl|asawa}}, are also [[cognate]]s of the word. | ''Swami'' is also the surname of [[Bairagi (caste)|Bairagis]] in [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]]. In [[Bengali language|Bengali]], the word (pronounced {{IPA-bn|ˈʃami|}}), while carrying its original meaning, also has the meaning of "[[husband]]" in another context. The word also means "husband" in [[Malay language|Malay]], in which it is spelled {{lang|ms|suami}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Istilah Malaysia |url= http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Search.aspx?k=suami |work=Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia |access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> and in [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Odiya language|Odiya]]. The [[Thai language|Thai]] word for "husband", {{lang|th-Latn|sami}} ({{lang|th|สามี}}) or {{lang|th-Latn|sawami}} ({{lang|th|สวามี}}), and the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] word for "spouse", {{lang|tl|asawa}}, are also [[cognate]]s of the word.{{cn|date=August 2021}} | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||