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#REDIRECT [[British Indians]]
{{short description|Citizens of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in India}}
{{About|British people of Indian origin|Indian people of British origin|Anglo-Indian|other uses|British Indian (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Indians in the United Kingdom<br/>{{small|(British Indians/Indian Britons)}}
| native_name      =
| native_name_lang =
| population      = [[United Kingdom]] 1,451,862 (2011)<ref name=2011census/><br/>[[England]] 1,395,702 (2011)<br/>[[Scotland]] 32,706 (2011)<br/>[[Wales]] 17,256 (2011)<br/>[[Northern Ireland]] 6,198 (2011)<br/>2.3% of the UK's population (2011)<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=11 October 2013|access-date=28 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021150149/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
| popplace        = {{hlist|[[London]]|[[Birmingham]]|[[Manchester]]|[[Leicester]]|[[Leeds]]|[[Glasgow]]|[[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]]|[[Sheffield]]|[[Liverpool]]|[[Nottingham]]|[[Bristol]]|[[Newcastle upon Tyne]]|[[Slough]]|[[Edinburgh]]|[[Cardiff]]| [[Wolverhampton]]|[[Sandwell]]|[[Coventry]]|[[Belfast]]}}
| langs            = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Dogri language|Dogri]]|[[Odia language|Odia]]|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Kannada]]|[[Malayalam]]|Other [[Languages of India]]}}
| rels            = {{hlist|[[Hinduism]]|[[Sikhism]]|[[Islam]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Jainism]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Zoroastrianism]]|[[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]|[[Irreligion|Irreligious]]}}
}}
 
'''British Indians'''  are citizens of the [[United Kingdom]] (UK) whose ancestral roots are from [[India]]. This includes people born in the UK who are of Indian origin as well as [[Indian people|Indians]] who have migrated to the UK. Today, Indians comprise about 1.4 million people in the UK, making them the single largest [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|visible ethnic minority population in the country]]. They make up the largest subgroup of [[British Asian]]s and are one of the largest Indian communities in the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]], mainly due to the [[India–United Kingdom relations|Indian–British relations]] (including historical links such as [[British Raj|India having been part of the British Empire]] and still being part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]). The British Indian community is the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|sixth largest in the Indian diaspora]], behind the Indian communities in the [[United States]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Nepal]]. The majority of British Indians are of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] descent, with smaller communities of [[Tamil people|Tamilian]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]], [[Malayali]], [[Konkani people|Konkani]], [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and [[Telugu people|Telugu]] communities.<ref name=Chanda>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-08.pdf|title=The Punjabi Diaspora in the UK: An Overview of Characteristics and Contributions to India|first1=Rupa|last1=Chanda|first2=Sriparna|last2=Ghosh|work=CARIM-India Research Report|issue=2013/08|publisher=Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute|year=2013|access-date=22 July 2016|pages=2–3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060809/http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-08.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
 
== 18th&ndash;19th centuries ==
 
People from India have settled in Great Britain since the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] (EIC) recruited [[lascar]]s to replace vacancies in their crews on [[East Indiaman|East Indiamen]] whilst on voyages in India. Initially these were men from the [[Indo-Portuguese]] or Luso-Asian communities of the subcontinent, including men from [[Bombay]], [[Goa]], [[Cochin]], [[Madras]] and the [[Hugli River]] in [[Bengal]].  Later [[Bengali Muslims]] and men from [[Ratnagiri]] were hired.  Many were then unable to obtain passage back due to the price and had no alternative than to settle in [[London]].  There were also some ''[[Amah (occupation)|ayahs]]'', [[domestic servants]] and [[Nanny|nannies]] of wealthy British families, who accompanied their employers back to Britain when their stay in South Asia came to an end.  British soldiers would also sometimes marry Indian women and send their children back to Britain, although the wife often did not accompany them.  Indian wives of British soldiers would sometimes ask for passage home after being divorced or widowed if they did accompany their children. In 1835, the husband (a British soldier serving in His Majesty's 1st Foot Regiment) of Bridget Peter, a native of [[Madras]], passed away.  She petitioned the Directors from Chelsea Hospital 'in a state of destitution' to pay for her return to India. They agreed to pay to return her and her three children.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600-1857|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC|publisher = Orient Blackswan|date = 2006-01-01|isbn = 9788178241548|language = en|first = Michael H.|last = Fisher}}</ref>
 
The first Western educated Indian to travel to Europe and live in Britain was [[I'tisam-ud-Din]], a [[Bengali Muslim]] cleric, [[munshi]] and diplomat to the [[Mughal Empire]] who arrived in 1765 with his servant Muhammad Muqim during the reign of King [[George III]].<ref name=buckland>C.E. Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography, Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1968, p.217</ref> He wrote of his experiences and travels in his [[Farsi|Persian]] book, ''Shigurf-nama-i-Wilayat'' (or 'Wonder Book of Europe').<ref>{{cite news|title=For casual reader and connoisseur alike|last=Alam|first=Shahid|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=12 May 2012|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-233759}}</ref> This is also the earliest record of literature by a British Indian. Also during the reign of George III, the ''hookah-bardar'' (hookah servant/preparer) of [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]] was said to have robbed and cheated Kirkpatrick, making his way to England and stylising himself as the ''Prince of Sylhet''. The man, presumably of [[Sylhetis|Sylheti]] origin, was waited upon by the [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]] [[William Pitt the Younger]], and then dined with the [[Duke of York]] before presenting himself in front of the King.<ref>{{cite book|title=Life of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone|first=Thomas Edward|last=Colebrooke|pages=34–35|year=1884|author-link=Sir Edward Colebrooke, 4th Baronet|chapter=First Start in Diplomacy|isbn=9781108097222|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34}}</ref>
 
The [[Navigation Act]] of 1660 restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships.  Baptism records in [[Greenwich|East Greenwich]] suggest that a small number of young Indians from the [[Malabar Coast]] were being recruited as house servants at the end of the 17th century, and records of the EIC also suggest that Indo-Portuguese cooks from [[Goa]] were retained by captains from voyage to voyage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.50/chapterId/739/The-Goan-community-of-London.html|title=The Goan community of London|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080151/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.50/chapterId/739/The-Goan-community-of-London.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> In 1797, 13 were buried in the parish of [[St Nicholas]] at [[Deptford]].
 
During the 19th century, the East India Company brought thousands of Indian ''[[lascar]]s'', [[Education in India|scholars]] and workers (who were largely [[Bengali people|Bengali]] and/or [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Muslim]]) to Britain largely to work on ships and in ports. Some of whom settled down and took local British wives, partly due to a lack of Indian women in Britain and also abandonment due to restrictions on South Asian crew members being employed on British ships such as the [[Navigation Acts]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600-1857|first=Michael Herbert|last=Fisher|year=2006|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-7824-154-4|pages=111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172, 181}}</ref> It is estimated 8,000 Indians (a proportion being lascar sailors) lived in Britain permanently prior to the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oy67XQk5cukC&q=8%2C000&pg=PA114|title = Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History|isbn = 9780521699747|last1 = Behal|first1 = Rana P.|last2 = Linden|first2 = Marcel van der|year = 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Asians in Britain|last = Visram|year = 2002|pages = 254–269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-xCUAgAAQBAJ&q=8%252C000%2520indians%2520lascar&pg=PA121|publisher = Routledge|date = 2014-01-03|isbn = 9781136018244|language = en|first1 = Joya|last1 = Chatterji|first2 = David|last2 = Washbrook}}</ref> Due to the majority of early Asian immigrants being ''lascar'' seamen, the earliest Indian communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the [[Sylhet Division]] of what is now [[Bangladesh]]. One of the most famous early [[Bengali people|Bengali]] immigrants to Britain was [[Sake Dean Mahomet]], a captain of the British East India Company. In 1810, he founded London's first [[Indian restaurant]], the [[Hindoostane Coffee House|Hindoostanee Coffee House]]. He is also valued for introducing [[shampoo]] and therapeutic massage to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|title=Curry house founder is honoured|date=29 September 2005|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm|access-date=2008-10-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801010324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm|archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> By the mid-19th century, there were more than 40,000 Indian seamen, diplomats, scholars, [[Indian Army (1858–1947)|soldiers]], officials, tourists, businessmen and students in Britain, the majority of them being seamen working on ships,<ref name="Fisher-2007">{{Cite journal|title=Excluding and Including 'Natives of India': Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain|first=Michael H.|last=Fisher|journal=[[Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]]|volume=27|issue=2|year=2007|pages=303–314 [304–5]|doi=10.1215/1089201x-2007-007}}</ref> Lascars lodged in British ports in between voyages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lr/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500200300.htm|title=The lascars' lot|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107035325/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lr/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500200300.htm|archive-date=7 November 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 January 2003}}</ref> Most Indians during this period would visit or reside in Britain temporarily, returning to India after months or several years, bringing back knowledge about Britain in the process.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&q=settled|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600 ...|last=INTRODUCTION page 1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902230738/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Counterflows+to+Colonialism:+Indian+Traveller+and+Settler+in+Britain+1600-1857.+Orient+Blackswan.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib1biOuITWAhUsKMAKHVVmCCgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=settled&f=false|archive-date=2 September 2017|isbn=9788178241548|year=2006}}</ref>
 
== 20th century ==
The 1931 Census of India estimated that there were at least 2,000 Indian students in English and Scottish Universities at the time, from an estimated, and overwhelmingly male population of 9,243 South Asians on the British mainland, of which 7,128 resided in England and [[Wales]], two thousand in [[Scotland]], with a thousand in Northern Ireland, and 1 on the Isle of Man. Their origins were recorded as:
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|-
|+ '''Indian population of [[Great Britain]] by region of birth, 1931'''<ref name="Cen1931">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/CensusOfIndia1931/Census%20of%20India%201931#page/n97/mode/1up|title=Census of India |year=1931|publisher=Government of India|editor-first1=J.H|editor-last1=Hutton|page=78}}</ref>
! !! colspan=3 | England and Wales !! colspan=3 | Northern Ireland !!colspan=3 | Scotland
|-
! '''Region of birth''' !! '''Total''' !! '''Male''' !! '''Female''' !! '''Total''' !! '''Male''' !! '''Female''' !! '''Total''' !! '''Male''' !! '''Female'''
|-
| Bengal || 3,229 || 2,189 || 40 || - || - || - || 615 || 614 || 1
|-
| Bombay || 929 || 851 || 78 || - || - || - || 261 || 257 || 4
|-
| Madras || 382 || 342 || 40 || - || - || - || 84 || 79 || 5
|-
| Punjab || 1,088 || 1,062 || 26 || - || - || - || 374 || 374 || -
|-
| Other provinces || 1,867 || 1,779 || 88 || - || - || - || 357 || 353 || 4
|-
| Unspecified || 634 || 621 || 13 || 1,003 || 485 || 518|| 312 || 309 || 3
|-
| '''India''' || '''7,179''' || '''6,844''' || '''285''' || '''1,003''' || '''485''' || '''518''' || '''2,003''' || '''1986''' || '''17'''
|}
 
In 1932, the Indian National Congress survey of "all Indians outside India" (which included modern Pakistani and Bangladeshi territories) estimated that there were 7,128 Indians living in the United Kingdom, which included students, lascars, and professionals such as doctors. The resident Indian population of Birmingham was recorded at 100 by 1939. By 1945 it was 1,000.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-5pGCgAAQBAJ&q=estimated+that+there&pg=PT138|title = Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: The Story of Indians in Britain 1700-1947|date = 30 July 2015|isbn = 9781317415336|last1 = Visram|first1 = Rozina}}</ref>
 
Following the [[Second World War]] and the breakup of the [[British Empire]], Indian migration to the UK increased through the 1950s and 1960s. This was partly due to the [[British Nationality Act 1948]], which enabled migration from the Commonwealth with very few limits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/immigration.htm|title=The National Archives {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} Citizenship {{!}} Brave new world|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=2018-03-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121165123/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/immigration.htm|archive-date=21 November 2017}}</ref> In 1950 there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in Britain, almost all born overseas.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Demographic Characteristics of Immigrant Populations|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mmaRpUa1oSoC|publisher = Council of Europe Publishing|date = 2002-01-01|isbn = 9789287149749|language = en|first1 = Werner|last1 = Haug|first2 = Paul|last2 = Compton|first3 = Youssef|last3 = Courbage}}</ref> The [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962]] and [[Immigration Act 1971]] largely restricted any further [[primary immigration]], although family members of already-settled migrants were still allowed. In addition, much of the subsequent growth in the British Indian community has come from the births of second- and third-generation Indian Britons.
 
Although post-war immigration was continuous, several distinct phases can be identified:
 
* Workers were recruited to fulfill the labour shortage that resulted from [[World War II]]. These included [[Anglo-Indian]]s who were recruited to work on the railways as they had done in India.
*Workers mainly from the [[West Bengal|Bengal]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]] regions arrived from India in the late 1950s and 1960s. Many worked in the foundries of the [[English Midlands]]. Large numbers of [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] worked in the textile manufacturing sector in the northwest industrial towns of [[Blackburn]], [[Dewsbury]], [[Bolton]], [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]], [[Manchester]] and [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]]. Sikhs coming to London either migrated to the East to set up businesses where the wholesale, retail and manufacturing elements of the textile industry were located. Many Sikhs also moved to West London and took up employment at Heathrow airport and the associated industries and in the plants and factories of major brands such as Nestle around it.
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|-
! Year || British Indian<br>Population<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GDMTeC_WB0oC&pg=PA23 | title = Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure | isbn = 978-1-84277-449-6 | last1 = Abbas | first1 = Tahir | year = 2005}}</ref>
|-
|1931 {{small|(estimate)}}||10,186<ref name=Cen1931 />
|-
|1932 (estimate)
|7,128<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5pGCgAAQBAJ&q=estimated+that+there&pg=PT138|title=Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: The Story of Indians in Britain 1700-1947|date=30 July 2015|isbn=9781317415336|last1=Visram|first1=Rozina}}</ref>
|-
| 1951 {{small|(estimate)}}|| 31,000
|-
| 1961 {{small|(estimate)}}|| 81,000
|-
| 1971 {{small|(estimate)}}|| 375,000
|-
| 1981 {{small|(estimate)}}|| 676,000
|-
| [[United Kingdom Census 1991|1991]] {{small|(census)}}|| 840,000
|-
| [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001]] {{small|(census)}}|| 1,053,411 <small>(1.79%)</small>
|-
| [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011]] {{small|(census)}}|| 1,451,862 <small>(2.30%)</small>
|}
*During the same period, medical staff from India were recruited for the newly formed [[National Health Service]]. These people were targeted as the British had established medical schools in the Indian subcontinent which conformed to the British standards of medical training.
*During the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of [[Indian diaspora in East Africa|East African Indians]], predominantly [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] but also sizeable numbers of [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] who already held British passports, entered the UK after they were expelled from [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Zanzibar]]. Many of these people had been store-keepers and wholesale retailers in Africa and opened shops when they arrived in the UK. In 2001 East African Indians made up 16% of the total British Indian population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2001censusandearlier|title=2001 Census and earlier - Office for National Statistics|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=2018-03-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055059/https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2001censusandearlier|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
 
== 21st century ==
 
By the early 21st century, the British Indian community had grown to number over one million. According to the [[2001 UK Census]], 1,053,411 Britons had full Indian ethnicity (representing 1.8% of the UK's population). An overwhelming majority of 99.3% resided in England (in 2008 the figure is thought to be around 97.0%). In the nine-year period between 2001 and 2010, the number of Indian-born people in the UK has increased in size by 43% from 467,634 to around 669,000 (an increase of over 200,000).<ref name="2010 estimates">{{cite web | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=15147 | title=Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3) | publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] | access-date=26 December 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://archive.today/20081014163800/www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=15147 | archive-date=14 October 2008}}</ref>
 
==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|-
|+ Indian population of Great Britain by region of birth, 2001<ref name="National Statistics 2006">{{cite book|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-religion/2006-edition/focus-on-ethnicity-and-religion---focus-on-ethnicity-and-religion-2006---full-report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020224514/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/foer2006/FoER_Main.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2006|title=Focus On Ethnicity and Religion, 2006 edition|year=2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=1403993289|editor-first1=Joy|editor-last1=Dobbs|editor-first2=Hazel|editor-last2=Green|editor-first3=Linda|editor-last3=Zealey|page=29}}</ref>
! Region of birth
! Percent of total
|-
| '''[[United Kingdom]]'''
| 45.9%
|-
| [[England]]
| 44.8%
|-
| [[Scotland]]
| 0.7%
|-
| [[Wales]]
| 0.3%
|-
| [[Northern Ireland]]
| <0.05%
|-
| UK not specified
| 0.1%
|-
| '''[[Europe|Other Europe]]'''
| 0.2%
|-
| '''[[Africa]]'''
| 16.0%
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 7.9%
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 2.9%
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 1.9%
|-
| Rest of Africa
| 3.3%
|-
| '''[[Asia]]'''
| 36.6%
|-
| [[India]]
| 34.6%
|-
| Rest of Asia
| 2.1%
|-
| '''[[North America]]'''
| 0.3%
|-
| '''[[South America]]'''
| 0.2%
|-
| '''[[Oceania]]'''
| 0.2%
|-
| '''Other'''
| 0.6%
|}


{{Redirect category shell|
===Population===
{{R from move}}
The [[2011 United Kingdom census]] recorded 1,451,862 residents of Indian ethnicity, accounting for 2.3 per cent of the total UK population (not including those of mixed ethnic backgrounds).<ref name=2011census/> The equivalent figure from the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] was 1,053,411 (1.8 per cent of the total UK population).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report/focus-on---ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report.pdf|title=Focus on Ethnicity & Identity|publisher=for National Statistics|date=March 2005|access-date=19 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122140/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report/focus-on---ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
{{R from singular}}
 
People born in India are the UK's largest foreign-born population, totalling an estimated 734,000 in 2013.<ref name="2013 estimates">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls|title=Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|date=28 August 2014|access-date=6 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023303/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls|archive-date=7 April 2015}} Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.</ref>
 
According to the 2011 census,<ref name=2011CensusEngWal>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls|title=2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=26 March 2013|access-date=6 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> the cities with the most Indian-born residents are London (262,247), Leicester (37,224), Birmingham (27,206) and Wolverhampton (14,955).
 
===Ethnicity===
In the 2001 UK Census, Indians in the UK were most likely to have responded to [[United Kingdom Census 2001 Ethnic Codes|code 41]] - Indian or Indian British. Indian was one of only five sub categories in the UK census which represents a nation (along with [[Irish British|Irish]], [[Pakistani British|Pakistani]], [[Bangladeshi British|Bangladeshi]], and [[Chinese British|Chinese]]).
 
India is a diverse nation composed of many ethnic groups.  This is reflected in the British Indian community although there are several ethnic groups that number considerably more than others.
[[Punjabi people#Indian Punjabis|Indian Punjabi]]s account for about 45 per cent of Indians living in the UK, based on data for [[England and Wales]].<ref name=Chanda/> [[Bengali people#Indian Bengalis|Indian Bengalis]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] are among the other large subgroups of British Indians. Alongside Punjabis, Bengalis and Gujaratis, there are also significant numbers of [[British Tamils|Tamils]]. There is a large community of [[Goans]] in [[Swindon]], with smaller communities in [[Hayes, Bromley|Hayes]] and [[Cranford, London|Cranford]].<ref>
{{cite news
|last= Sonwalkar |first= Prasun |date= 12 July 2015 |title= Goans go British, thanks to Portugal citizenship law
|url= http://m.hindustantimes.com/world/goans-go-british-thanks-to-portugal-citizenship-law/story-YX7rbze1B8HVrghR3KRCzM.html
|work= [[Hindustan Times]]
|location= India
|access-date= 12 September 2017
}}
}}
</ref> There are significant numbers of British Indians originating from [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]].<ref name=Chanda/>
===Population distribution===
The table below shows the distribution of British Indians people in the United Kingdom. The figures for all countries, regions, cities and boroughs are based on the 2011 census.<ref>[http://www.crer.org.uk/Census/Census2011LA.pdf Coalition for Racial Equality and Rights Census 2011 Data Ethnicity by Local Authority Area ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215917/http://www.crer.org.uk/Census/Census2011LA.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}. Retrieved 30 January 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls 2011 Census: KS201EW Ethnic group: local authorities in England and Wales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224143452/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=24 February 2016 }}. Retrieved 30 January 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/KS201NI%20(a).xlsxEthnic Group: KS201NI (administrative geographies) Census 2011 NISRA]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved 30 January 2015</ref> 42.9% of people from the Indian ethnic group were born in the UK. 41.9% were born in Southern Asia and 11.1% were born in South and Eastern Africa (for example, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania). Indian people born in South and Eastern Africa were more clustered than those born in the UK or Southern Asia, with 11.0% living in Harrow and 10.6% living in Leicester.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian ethnic group: facts and figures|url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/summaries/indian-ethnic-group|access-date=2021-07-18|website=www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Indian population in the United Kingdom countries and regions
|-
! Region
! Population<br>of region
! Indian<br>population
! Percentage of<br>total population
! Significant<br>communities
|-
| [[Greater London|London]]
| {{center|8,173,941}}
| {{center|[[Indian community of London|542,857]]}}
| {{center|6.6%}}
| [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] - 26.4%<br>[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]] - 19.0%<br>[[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] - 18.6%<br>[[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] - 16.4%<br>[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]] - 14.3%<br>[[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] - 13.8%<br>[[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]] - 13.4%
|-
| [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
| {{center|2,736,460}}
| {{center|185,271}}
| {{center|3.9%}}
| [[Wolverhampton]] - 12.9%<br>[[Sandwell]] - 10.2%<br>[[Coventry]] - 8.8%<br>[[Walsall]] - 6.1%<br>[[Birmingham]] - 6.0%
|-
| [[South East England|South East]]
| {{center|8,634,750}}
| {{center|152,132}}
| {{center|1.8%}}
| [[Slough]] - 15.6%
|-
| [[East Midlands]]
| {{center|4,451,200}}
| {{center|86,736}}
| {{center|3.20%}}
| [[Leicester]] - 28.30%<br>[[Oadby and Wigston]] - 10.7%<br>[[Blaby]] - 5.7%<br>[[Borough of Charnwood|Charnwood]] - 5.1%<br>[[Nottingham]] - 4.5%<br>[[Derby]] - 3.5%<br>[[Northampton]] - 3.5%
|-
| [[East of England|East]]
| {{center|5,846,965}}
| {{center|115,600}}
| {{center|1.5%}}
| [[Three Rivers District|Three Rivers]] - 6.0%<br>[[Watford]] - 5.5%<br>[[Bedford]] - 5.2%<br>[[Luton]] - 5.2%
|-
| [[North West England|North West]]
| {{center|7,052,177}}
| {{center|107,353}}
| {{center|1.5%}}
| [[Blackburn]] - 12.1%<br>[[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] - 10.3%<br>[[Bolton]] - 7.8%<br>[[Trafford]] - 2.8%<br>[[Manchester]] - 2.3%
|-
| [[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
| {{center|5,283,733}}
| {{center|69,252}}
| {{center|1.3%}}
| [[Kirklees]] - 4.9%<br>[[Bradford]] - 2.6%<br>[[Leeds]] - 2.1%<br>[[Sheffield]] - 1.1%
|-
| [[South West England|South West]]
| {{center|5,288,935}}
| {{center|34,188}}
| {{center|0.6%}}
| [[Swindon]] - 3.3%<br>[[Gloucester]] - 2.6%<br>[[Bristol]] - 1.5%
|-
| [[North East England|North East]]
| {{center|2,596,886}}
| {{center|15,817}}
| {{center|0.6%}}
| [[Newcastle Upon Tyne]] - 2.9%
|-
| [[Scotland]]
| {{center|5,295,403}}
| {{center|32,706}}
| {{center|0.6%}}
| [[Glasgow]] - 1.5%<br>[[Aberdeen]] - 1.5% <br>[[Edinburgh]] - 1.4%
|-
| [[Wales]]
| {{center|3,063,456}}
| {{center|17,256}}
| {{center|0.6%}}
| [[Cardiff]] - 2.3%
|-
| [[Northern Ireland]]
| {{center|1,810,863}}
| {{center|6,198}}
| {{center|0.1%}}
| [[Belfast]] - 0.8%
|}
===Communities===
[[File:London Temple.jpg|thumb|The [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London]] is one of the largest Hindu temples in the world outside India]]
[[File:PM Modi at Wembley 4.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] meets British Indian children in London in 2015]]
==== London ====
{{Main|Indian community of London}}
Indians number over half a million in London, which is the city's single largest non-white ethnic group. Indians have a significant impact on the culture of the British capital.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Within London, [[Southall]], [[Hounslow]], [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]], [[Croydon]], [[Redbridge, London|Redbridge]], [[Ealing]], [[Chipping Barnet|Barnet]], [[Tooting]], [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] and [[Wembley]], the latter of which is one of the few places outside India where Indians make up the largest ethnic group (almost 4 times larger than the indigenous [[White British]] population). There are more Indians in the British capital than in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy and Portugal combined. The Indian Overseas Congress UK is an organisation of the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] in the UK, affiliated to the [[Indian National Congress]] (Congress (I)), and formed in 1969.
==== Leicester ====
[[Leicester]] is set to soon become the UK's first ethnic [[minority-majority]] city and Indians make up by far the largest ethnic group besides the White British. At 18.7% of the local population in 2009, Leicester has one of the highest percentages of Indians per head of the population of any local authority in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613683858&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812|title=Check Browser Settings|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112857/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613683858&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> According to the 2001 UK Census, 14.74% of Leicester's population were Hindu and 4.21% Sikh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=15&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613614983&enc=1&dsFamilyId=17|title=Check Browser Settings|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101214/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=15&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613614983&enc=1&dsFamilyId=17|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is the primary language of 16% of the city's residents, 3% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 2% [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. Other smaller but common language groups include [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="DiversityOfLeicesterMay2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.leicesterpartnership.org.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=111607&pgid=113861 |title=The Diversity of Leicester May 2008, A Demographic Profile |publisher=[[Leicester City Council]] |access-date=2009-05-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108034740/http://www.leicesterpartnership.org.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=111607&pgid=113861 |archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref>
==== Birmingham ====
Most Indians live in west Birmingham in areas such as [[Handsworth, West Midlands|Handsworth]], [[Harborne]]. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is the most spoken Indian language in Birmingham with some [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speakers.
==== Slough ====
Slough has the largest [[Sikh]] community in the UK as a borough, with about 11 percent of the people in Slough being Sikhs. There is also has a large [[Hindus|Hindu]] population, (7 percent) and a significant Muslim population from India. The most common non-English languages in Slough are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] (with both at 6 percent), followed by [[Urdu language|Urdu]] with a bit of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].
==== Wolverhampton ====
[[Wolverhampton]] is home to the second largest Sikh community after Slough with 9.10 percent of the population are Sikhs. Hindu communities can be found with 3.70 percent are Hindus. The most spoken language is Punjabi and then Gujarati for Indians in Wolverhampton. Majority of the Indians there live in south Wolverhampton but are scattered almost everywhere
====Overseas territories====
There are Indian communities in the UK's [[BOTs|overseas territories]], such as the communities in [[Gibraltar]], the [[Cayman Islands]], [[British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], [[Anguilla]] and [[Montserrat]]. The majority of the community in Gibraltar originated in Hyderabad, and came as merchants after the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1870; many others migrated as workers after the closure of the frontier with Spain in 1969 to replace Spanish ones.<ref>Archer, Edward G.: [https://books.google.com/books?id=2ip0C6odET4C&pg=PP1&dq=archer+identity+empire+gibraltar&ei=F2SrSsKWA6nEzgSMnfGsCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Gibraltar, identity and empire''], page 45. Routledge Advances in European Politics.</ref>
===Religion===
{{see also|Gurdwaras in the United Kingdom}}
According to the 2011 Census, the religious breakdown of Indians in [[England and Wales]] can be seen in the table below.<ref name=religion>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/previous-foi-requests/population/ethnicity-and-religion-by-age/dc2201ew---ethnic-group-and-religion.xls DC2201EW - Ethnic group and religion (Excel sheet 21Kb)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123221517/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/previous-foi-requests/population/ethnicity-and-religion-by-age/dc2201ew---ethnic-group-and-religion.xls |date=23 January 2016 }} ONS. 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2016-01-14.</ref> Although the plurality of British Indians are Hindu, the UK is home to the second largest Sikh community outside India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/318934.stm|title=British Sikhs mark 300 years|work=BBC News|date=14 April 1999|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040106075818/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/318934.stm|archive-date=6 January 2004}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2017}} Notable Hindu temples include [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London]] (the largest Hindu temple outside India), [[Bhaktivedanta Manor]], [[Shree Jalaram Prarthana Mandal]], [[Skanda Vale]], [[Sree Ganapathy Temple, Wimbledon]] and [[Tividale Tirupathy Balaji Temple]]. Notable Gurdwaras in the country include: [[Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha]], [[Guru Nanak Gurdwara Smethwick]] and [[Guru Nanak Nishkam Sevak Jatha]]. There are also significant numbers of Muslim and Christian British Indians as well as [[Ravidassia]] community with their main temple (Bhawan) in Handsworth, Birmingham. One of the largest Christian British Indian community is that of Catholic Goans, mainly from East Africa, but also directly from [[Goa]], and from [[Aden]], Pakistan and the countries of the Persian Gulf. The UK is also home to one of the largest [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidassia]] communities outside India; this was first recognised by 2011 Census.
Sikhs are also supporting separate Sikh monitoring in the 2011 census, Virendra Sharma MP met with representatives from the Sikh community to lobby parliament in November 2009 stating "It is vital that the Office for National Statistics recognise the importance of the Sikh community and provide this monitoring at the next Census".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virendrasharma.com/virendra-sharma-mp-supports-sikh-monitoring-in-2011-census |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717213947/http://www.virendrasharma.com/virendra-sharma-mp-supports-sikh-monitoring-in-2011-census |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Religion
! Percentage of Indian population in [[England and Wales]]<ref name=religion />
|-
| [[File:Om symbol.svg|20px]] [[Hinduism]]
| 49.02%
|-
| [[File:Khanda.svg|20px]] [[Sikhism]]
| 22.16%
|-
| [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|20px]] [[Islam]]
| 13.95%
|-
| [[File:Gold Christian Cross no Red.svg|20px]] [[Christianity]]
| 9.62%
|-
| No religion
| 3.13%
|-
| Not Stated
| 0.47%
|-
| [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|20px]] [[Buddhism]]
| 0.26%
|-
| [[File:Star of David.svg|20px]] [[Judaism]]
| 0.05%
|-
| Other religions
| 1.34%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''100%'''
|}
==Culture==
The British Council, Indian High Commission and UK government named 2017 the ‘UK India Year of Culture’, which was launched by the Queen.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jenny.minard|date=2017-02-27|title=The Queen launches the 2017 UK-India Year of Culture|url=https://www.royal.uk/queen-launches-2017-uk-india-year-culture|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The Royal Family|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Minister announces 2017 UK-India Year of Culture|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-announces-2017-uk-india-year-of-culture|access-date=2021-07-26|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> The year it was held was significant as it marked 70 years of Indian Independence from the British Raj. Its aim was to celebrate the relationship between the two nations through cultural events, exhibitions and activities organised in both countries throughout the year. The Nehru Centre is the cultural wing of the High Commission of India in the UK which was established in 1992.
===Cuisine===
{{See also|Anglo-Indian cuisine}}
[[File:Chicken tikka masala.jpg|thumb|upright|The chicken tikka masala dish is the favourite meal for British people]]
[[Indian cuisine]] is extremely popular in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Britain got the hots for curry|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8370054.stm|work=BBC News|first=Rumeana|last=Jahangir|date=26 November 2009}}</ref> The hybrid dish "[[Chicken tikka masala]]" always comes out on top as the UK's favourite meal<ref name="book">[[John Lloyd (writer)|Lloyd, J]] and [[John Mitchinson (researcher)|Mitchinson, J]]. ''[[The Book of General Ignorance]]''. Faber & Faber, 2006.</ref><ref name=Guardian>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/21/religion.bangladesh |title=From Bangladesh to Brick Lane |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 July 2002 |date=21 June 2002 |location=London |first=Audrey |last=Gillan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826041457/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/21/religion.bangladesh |archive-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> The dish likely originated from the [[Punjab]], India. The first exclusively Indian restaurant was the Hindoostanee Coffee House which opened in 1810.<ref name=curry1>{{cite web|title=The British Curry|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-British-Curry/|first=Debabrata|last=Mukherjee}}</ref> The dish was very popular in the UK in the 1940s and 1950s.<ref name=curry1 />
There are around 9,000 Indian restaurants located across the UK, which equates to approximately one per 7,000 people.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} The popularity of the Indian curry in the UK was mainly made by South Indians, Bangladeshi, and Punjabi restaurateurs, where 85 percent of Indian restaurants in the UK are in fact owned by Bangladeshi [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]]i [[Bengalis]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/21/religion.bangladesh From Bangladesh to Brick Lane] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925212741/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/21/religion.bangladesh |date=25 September 2015 }} Guardian (Friday 21 June).</ref>
Over 2 million Britons eat at Indian restaurants in the UK every week, with a further 3 million cooking at least one Indian based meal at home during the week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punjab.co.uk/content/view/6/8/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304015015/http://punjab.co.uk/content/view/6/8/|url-status=dead|title=Title|archive-date=4 March 2009|website=punjab.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.j-tull.com/musicians/iananderson/indian.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214180937/http://www.j-tull.com/musicians/iananderson/indian.html|url-status=dead|title=Indian cuisine and eating in the UK|archive-date=14 February 2009}}</ref> [[Veeraswamy]], located on [[Regent Street]] in [[London]], is the oldest surviving Indian restaurant in the UK, having opened in 1926.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 20 new places you can get Michelin-starred meals - including one with NO menu|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/18-new-places-you-can-8971484|newspaper=Daily Mirror|last=Jones|first=Dion|date=3 October 2019}}</ref> Veeraswamy is believed to be the origin of combining a curry and a pint of beer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Veeraswamy: A Michelin star for duck vindaloo|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-38081965|website=BBC News|date=24 November 2016}}</ref>
Seven Indian restaurants have a Michelin Star - six of which are located in London including Veeraswamey, with the only Michelin rated restaurant outside of London based in Birmingham - [https://www.Opheem.com Opheem].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MICHELIN Restaurants – the MICHELIN Guide|url=https://guide.michelin.com/en/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin/indian|access-date=2021-07-26|website=MICHELIN Guide|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Film===
[[File:Param Singh MBE British Indian Awards 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Param Singh (executive)|Param Singh]] at the British Indian Awards in 2019]]
Notable British Indian films include ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]'', whose story revolves around British Indian life, and ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', a British drama film set in [[Mumbai]] starring British Indian actor [[Dev Patel]] in the lead role. The latter has won four [[66th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globes]], seven [[62nd British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]] and [[81st Academy Awards nominees and winners|eight Academy Awards]]. ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'', a British film set in India, was nominated for two [[70th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globes]] and one [[66th British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA]], grossing US$31 million at the end of the UK run.<ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Gritten|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/best-exotic-marigold-hotel-from-a-pleasant-surprise-to-a-phenomenon?page=2#blogPostHeaderPanel/|title='Best Exotic Marigold Hotel': From Pleasant Surprise to Box Office Phenomenon|work=Indiewire|date=2 May 2012|access-date=28 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404193834/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/best-exotic-marigold-hotel-from-a-pleasant-surprise-to-a-phenomenon?page=2#blogPostHeaderPanel/|archive-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> Besides British-produced Indian-based films, there are many [[Bollywood]] productions which have been filmed in the UK, including ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'', ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]'', ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]]'' and ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''. The following is a partial list of films based on British Indian life, British films shot in India or with an Indian theme or has British Indian actors:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Autobiography of a Princess]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982) - With British Indian actor [[Ben Kingsley]] as Gandhi
* ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]'' (1984) - Film set during the early 20th century India
* ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' (1984) - TV series set during the 1940s [[British Raj]] era
* ''[[Sammy and Rosie Get Laid]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Bhaji on the Beach]]'' (1993) -  A film by [[Gurinder Chadha]] depicts life of a group of West London Asian women.
* ''[[The Buddha of Suburbia (TV serial)|The Buddha of Suburbia]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]'' (1996)
* ''[[My Son the Fanatic (film)|My Son the Fanatic]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Such a Long Journey (film)|Such a Long Journey]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]'' (2002) - A film by [[Gurinder Chadha]] depicts life of a London Sikh family.
* ''[[The Guru (2002 film)|The Guru]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]'' (2004) - A [[Gurinder Chadha]] take on [[Jane Austen]]'s Pride and prejudice with an International setting of locations and cast.
* '' [[Namastey London]]      '' (2007)
* ''[[Before the Rains]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008) - Film set in Mumbai with Londoner [[Dev Patel]] in the title role.
* ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' (2012) - Film set in Rajasthan with Londoner [[Dev Patel]] in an important role.
* ''[[The Man Who Knew Infinity (film)|The Man Who Knew Infinity]]'' (2015) - depicting the life of the Indian mathematical prodigy [[Ramanujan]], with Londoner [[Dev Patel]] in the lead role.
}}
===Music===
[[File:Jay Sean.jpg|thumb|Singer, [[Jay Sean]]]]
{{See also|Asian Underground|Bhangra (music)|Indian pop|Raga rock}}
Indian influence on [[British popular music]] dates back to the development of [[raga rock]] by British [[rock band]]s such as [[The Beatles]] and [[The Rolling Stones]]; several Beatles songs (such as "[[Within You Without You]]") also featured London-based Indian musicians.<ref name=diary>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TBkf1ttNBYC&q=Mike+Leander++sgt+pepper&pg=PA259 |title=The Beatles Diary: The Beatles years|author=Barry Miles, Keith Badman |year=2001|page=259 |publisher=Omnibus Press, 2001 |isbn=9780711983083|access-date=9 February 2011 }}</ref> Today, British Indian musicians exist in almost every field and genre. Notable British Indian Bhangra acts include [[Panjabi MC]], [[Rishi Rich]], [[Juggy D]], [[Jay Sean]], [[DCS (band)|DCS]], and [[Sukshinder Shinda]]. World-famous award-winning singer-songwriter [[Freddie Mercury]] (a former member of the rock band [[Queen (band)|Queen]]) was born on the island of [[Zanzibar]] to [[Parsi]] parents, originally from the [[Gujarat]] area of India. Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara) and his family fled when he was 17 years old due to the [[Zanzibar Revolution]]; he remains not only one of the most famous British Indian musicians of all time, but one of the most famous British musicians. Other world-famous British Indian musicians include [[Biddu]], who produced a number of worldwide [[disco]] hits such as "[[Kung Fu Fighting]]", one of the [[List of best-selling singles|best-selling singles]] of all time having sold eleven million records worldwide,<ref name="metro_biddu">{{cite web|title=Biddu|author=James Ellis|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu|access-date=2011-04-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902182831/http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu|archive-date=2 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="times_2004">{{cite news|date=20 August 2004|title=It's a big step from disco to Sanskrit chants, but Biddu has made it|author=Malika Browne|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article471655.ece|access-date=2011-05-30|location=London}}</ref> and [[Apache Indian]], who also had worldwide hits such as "[[Boom Shack-A-Lak]]". Jay Sean, whose parents immigrated to the United Kingdom from the Punjab region, is the first solo British Asian artist to reach the #1 spot on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] with his single "[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]" selling more than four million copies in the United States,<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|title=Searchable Database |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |access-date=21 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626050454/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |archive-date=26 June 2007}}</ref><ref name=Caulfield>{{cite web|title=Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle For 2009's Top-Selling Album|author=Keith Caulfield|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=6 January 2010|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/960801/taylor-swift-edges-susan-boyle-for-2009s-top-selling-album|access-date=2009-01-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427000452/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/960801/taylor-swift-edges-susan-boyle-for-2009s-top-selling-album|archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> making him "the most successful male UK urban artist in US chart history."<ref>{{cite news |last=Youngs |first=Ian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8269400.stm |title=British R&B star conquers America |work=BBC News |date=2009-09-23 |access-date=2009-10-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926060623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8269400.stm |archive-date=26 September 2009}}</ref> Other contemporary British Indian singers include S-Endz and [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]]-nominated [[Nerina Pallot]].
=== Literature ===
British Indians have also contributed to British literature. Well known examples include author [[Salman Rushdie]] who won the [[Booker Prize]] in 1981. More contemporary contributions come from authors including [[Nikesh Shukla]] who is the editor of the 2016 collection of essays ''[[The Good Immigrant]]'', which explores the experience of immigrant and ethnic minority life in the United Kingdom from their perspective, including contributions from other British Indians [[Nish Kumar]] and [[Himesh Patel]]. The [[Harry potter series|Harry Potter series]], by British author [[J. K. Rowling|JK Rowling]], also features two notable characters who are presumed to be of Indian Marathi descent - Padma and Parvati Patil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-20|title=How Harry Potter’s only Indian characters, Parvati and Padma Patil were cast from amid scores of contenders|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/how-harry-potter-s-only-indian-characters-parvati-and-padma-patil-were-cast-from-amid-scores-of-contenders/story-PbdrziJkqEF673GTQTppKP.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
=== Art ===
British Artist [[F. N. Souza]] was one of the first Indian artists to work in Britain after the war. Together with [[Avinash Chandra]] they were the first British Indian artists to be included in the national collection at the Tate. In 1962, the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Festival of India<nowiki>''</nowiki> - a six-month celebration of Indian culture and art - was held across a number of prestigious galleries and museums in London and was called "most comprehensive collection of Indian painting and sculpture ever assembled anywhere" by the New York Times. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Borders|first=William|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=1982-03-27|title=LONDON SEES 'FESTIVAL OF INDIA' ART|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/27/arts/london-sees-festival-of-india-art.html|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Indian Painters Collective (IPC) was formed in London in 1963. They created the first artistic body of its kind outside of India and achieve the first group showing of Indian artists in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The roots of the Indian artists' collectives in Britain {{!}} Art UK|url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/the-roots-of-the-indian-artists-collectives-in-britain|access-date=2021-07-26|website=artuk.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Roots of the Indian Artists’ Collectives {{!}} 11 July - 9 August 2019 - Overview|url=https://www.grosvenorgallery.com/exhibitions/235-the-roots-of-the-indian-artists-collectives/overview/|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Grosvenor Gallery|language=en}}</ref> In 1978 IPC was renamed Indian Artists UK (IAUK) with the desire to establish an Indian Academy of Visual Arts in Britain. Sir [[Anish Kapoor]] is a British sculptor who came to prominence in the 1980s and later went onto win the [[Turner Prize]] in 2002.
=== Fashion ===
Neelam Gill is the first British Indian model to feature as a high fashion model.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Butter|first=Susannah|date=2015-10-01|title=Neelam Gill, the first British Indian to break into the modelling|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/neelam-gill-the-first-british-indian-to-break-into-the-modelling-alist-a2959081.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> Supriye Lele is a British Indian fashion designer who blends her heritage into her work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nast|first=Condé|date=2018-09-14|title=The British Designer Blending Her Indian Heritage With Lo-Fi Luxury|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/supriya-lele-interview|access-date=2021-07-27|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB}}</ref> Priya Ahluwalia is a British designer of Indian descent and the founder of menswear brand Ahluwalia and was given the  Queen Elizabeth II Award for British Design. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Indo-British designer receives Queen Elizabeth II Award for design - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/designers/indo-british-designer-receives-queen-elizabeth-ii-award-for-design/articleshow/81205210.cms|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In March 2020, Ahluwalia was featured in the Forbes 30 under 30 European Arts and Culture list.<ref>{{Cite web|title=London Fashion Week - AHLUWALIA|url=https://londonfashionweek.co.uk/designers/ahluwalia|access-date=2021-07-27|website=London Fashion Week}}</ref> Mandeep and Hardeep Chohan, twin sisters of Indian origin jointly own fashion label, Nom de Mode, which draws inspiration from their roots.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nast|first=Condé|date=2014-07-11|title=Designer name to know: Nom de Mode|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/designer-name-know-nom-de-mode|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Vogue India|language=en-IN}}</ref>
===Television===
Long-running British soap operas such as ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Emmerdale]]'' and ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' have all had significant numbers of Indian characters, while shorter British series such as ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' and ''[[Skins (UK TV series)|Skins]]'' also feature British Indian characters. By far the most notable British Indian television shows are ''[[Goodness Gracious Me (BBC)|Goodness Gracious Me]]'' and ''[[The Kumars at No. 42]]'', a talk show that stars many famous British Indian actors including [[Sanjeev Bhaskar]], [[Meera Syal]], Indira Joshi and [[Vincent Ebrahim]] which originally aired on the BBC. British Indian actors not only have a strong presence in the UK, but also in the [[United States]], where [[Parminder Nagra]], [[Naveen Andrews]] and [[Kunal Nayyar]] (who are all Britons of Indian origin) have found fame in ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' and ''[[Desperate Housewives]]'' respectively, though Nagra is the only one to portray an actual British citizen of Indian descent. [[Ranj Singh|Dr Ranj]] is a British Indian TV host best known as a celebrity dancer on ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'', and co-creating and presenting the CBeebies show ''Get Well Soon''.
There are dozens of TV channels aimed at the British Indian community available on Satellite and Cable, which include:
{| class="wikitable"  style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
|-
! Indian owned
! [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky]] channel
! [[Virgin Media]] channel
! Other
|-
| [[Sony Entertainment Television Asia|Sony TV Asia]]
| 782
| 806
| N/A
|-
| [[STAR One]]
| 783
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[STAR Plus]]
| 784
| 803
| N/A
|-
| [[Zee TV]]
| 788
| 809
| Channel 555 ([[TalkTalk TV]])
|-
| [[Zee Music]]
| 789
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Zee Cinema]]
| 617
| 810
| N/A
|-
| [[Alpha ETC Punjabi]]
| 798
| 812
| N/A
|-
| [[SET Max]]
| 800
| 806
| N/A
|-
| [[Aastha TV]]
| 807
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[STAR News]]
| 808
| 802
| N/A
|-
| [[STAR Gold]]
| 809
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Gujarati]]
| 811
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[SAB TV]]
| 816
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Sahara One]]
| 817
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Aaj Tak]]
| 818
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Peace TV]]
| 820
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Jaagran]]
| 838
| N/A
| N/A
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Joint owned
! [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky]] channel
! [[Virgin Media]] channel
! Other
|-
| [[B4U Movies]]
| 780
| 815
| N/A
|-
| [[B4U Music]]
| 781
| 816
| Channel 504 ([[Freesat]])
|-
| [[9X (TV channel)|9X]]
| 828
| N/A
| Channel 662 (Freesat)
|-
| [[9X (TV channel)|9X]]M
| 829
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[NDTV Imagine]]
| 831
| N/A
| N/A
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! British owned
! [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky]] channel
! [[Virgin Media]] channel
! Other
|-
| [[Midlands Asian Television|MATV]]
| 793
| 823
| N/A
|}
{{Clear}}
===Radio===
The [[BBC Asian Network]] is a radio station available across the United Kingdom which is aimed predominantly at Britons of [[South Asian]] origin under 35 years of age. Besides this popular station there are only a few other national radio stations for or run by the British Indian community&nbsp;— including [[Sunrise Radio|Sunrise]] and [[Yarr Radio]]s. Regional British Indian stations include [[Asian Sound]] of Manchester, [[Hindu Sanskar Radio|Hindu Sanskar]] and [[Sabras Radio]]s of Leicester, [[Kismat Radio]] of London, [[Radio XL]] of Birmingham and [[Sunrise Radio (Yorkshire)|Sunrise Radio Yorkshire]] based in Bradford (which itself has a much larger Pakistani than Indian community).
==Social issues==
===Politics===
[[File:Priti Patel 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP [[Priti Patel]], current UK [[Home Secretary]] and first British Indian cabinet minister<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/meet-priti-patel-one-of-uks-most-powerful-women/articleshow/81390249.cms|title=Meet Priti Patel, one of UK's most powerful women|first=Naomi|last=Canton|work=The Times of India|date=8 March 2021|accessdate=1 August 2021}}</ref>]]
[[Dadabhai Naoroji]] was the first British Indian politician to win a seat in parliament; he was elected as a Liberal MP for Finsbury in 1892. British Indians have historically tended to vote for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], due to strong links with local party branches and a degree of community voting, but it has been argued that the assimilation of younger British Indians and the consequent weakening of community bonds and parental political ties, this relationship has started to break down. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]'s modernisation and efforts to attract British Indian voters have also contributed to changing political affiliations.<ref name=TheHindu/>
The [[British Election Study|Ethnic Minority British Election Study]] estimated that 61 per cent of British Indians voted Labour in the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], 24 per cent Conservative and 13 per cent [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/EMBESbriefingFINALx.pdf|title=Ethnic Minority British Election Study – Key Findings|publisher=Runnymede Trust|first1=Anthony|last1=Heath|first2=Omar|last2=Khan|date=February 2012|access-date=16 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601050142/http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/EMBESbriefingFINALx.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> A 2019 analysis by the [[Runnymede Trust]] estimated that, in the 2010 general election, 57 per cent of British Indians voted for the Labour Party and 30 per cent voted for the Conservative Party. Academic research in the build-up to the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]] indicated that 69 per cent of British Indians supported Labour and 24 per cent the Conservatives.<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/will-british-indians-remain-with-labour/article18226242.ece|title=Will British Indians remain with Labour?|first=Vidya|last=Ram|work=The Hindu|date=26 April 2017|access-date=16 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514150201/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/will-british-indians-remain-with-labour/article18226242.ece|archive-date=14 May 2018}}</ref> In 2015, the safest [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] seat in the UK was given to a British Indian, [[Rishi Sunak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/safest-tory-seat-in-britain-no-campaign-and-no-suspense-1.2199735|title=Safest Tory seat in Britain: no campaign and no suspense|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220141047/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/safest-tory-seat-in-britain-no-campaign-and-no-suspense-1.2199735|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> In the 2015 general election, approximately 57.5 per cent of British Indians voted for Labour and 31 per cent voted for the Conservatives. In the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], approximately 58 per cent of British Indians voted for Labour, while 40 per cent of British Indians voted for the Conservatives.<ref>Martin N, Khan O. "Ethnic Minorities at the 2017 British General Election" ([https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/2017%20Election%20Briefing.pdf PDF]), ''Runnymede Trust'', February 2019.</ref> According to the same report, British Indians were more likely than most other ethnic minorities to vote for [[Brexit]], although 65 per cent to 67 per cent of British Indians voted to remain in the European Union.
[[Shami Chakrabarti]], who was born to Indian immigrant parents, is one of a few British Indian life peers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Science|first=London School of Economics and Political|title=Baroness Shami Chakrabarti (LLB, 1994)|url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/centenary/people/shami-chakrabarti.aspx|access-date=2021-07-26|website=London School of Economics and Political Science|language=en-GB}}</ref> Others include [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Lord Desai]] who is of Gujarati descent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact information for Lord Desai - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament|url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/2699/contact|access-date=2021-07-26|website=members.parliament.uk|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:1910-Sophia-Suffragette-Duleep-Singh-fixed.jpg|thumb|Sophia Duleep Singh - British Indian suffragette sells newspapers]]
==== Political Activism ====
[[Sophia Duleep Singh]] was a suffragette of Indian origin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The campaign for women's suffrage: key figures|url=https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/womens-suffrage-key-figures|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The British Library}}</ref> A number of organisations exist that have been established by British Indians to promote and advocate for issues important to Indian Britons. These include the [[India League]] (formally established in 1928), which was a Britain-based organisation whose aim was to campaign for the full independence and self-governance of India. It has more recently (in 2020) been resurrected as the 1928 Institute; its new objectives include 'being a think-tank which examines the views of Indians in the UK'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1928 Institute|url=https://www.1928institute.org/|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The 1928 Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> It received publicity for its aim to be conduct the first ever survey of British Indian Census to collate data around Britain's estimated 1.5 million British Indians.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jul 23|first=PTI /|last2=2020|last3=Ist|first3=17:54|title=UK-based diaspora group to conduct 1st-ever British Indian Census - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/uk-based-diaspora-group-to-conduct-1st-ever-british-indian-census/articleshow/77128599.cms|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The [[Indian Workers' Association]] (IWA) is a political organisation in Great Britain consisting of Indian immigrants to Britain and their descendants. IWA branches are organised in some major cities such as Birmingham and London. It fought  for better working and living standards, it also lobbied for Indian independence and campaigned on issues such as racism and on civil liberties.
===Caste system===
A number of British Hindus still adhere to the [[caste system in India|caste system]] and still seek marriage with individuals who are of similar caste categories. There have been several incidents involving abuse of low caste British Hindus, known as [[Dalit]]s, by higher caste individuals in schools and workplaces.<ref name="caste?">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7156139.stm | work=BBC News | title=British Hindus divided by caste | date=2007-12-21 | access-date=2010-04-27 | first=Naresh | last=Puri | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223151940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7156139.stm | archive-date=23 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7150000/newsid_7155200/7155240.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=6&ms_javascript=true&nol_storyid=7155240&bbcws=2 | work=BBC News | title=Low caste Hindus 'abused' | date=2007-12-21 | access-date=2010-04-27 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923140448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7150000/newsid_7155200/7155240.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=6&ms_javascript=true&nol_storyid=7155240&bbcws=2 | archive-date=23 September 2011}}</ref> However, other Hindus say that caste discrimination is a thing of the past in Britain, and that the Asian community has moved on.<ref name="caste?" />
===Female foeticide===
According to a study published by Oxford University 1500 girls are missing from birth records in England and Wales over a 15-year period from 1990 to 2005. The vast majority of the abortions are carried out in India reports suggest that abortions rejected on the NHS would force some British Indians to travel to India for the procedure. There have also been cases where British Indian doctors who would pass on details to their patients about clinics abroad which offer sex selective screening and abortion for women who have passed the 24-week abortion limit in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7123753.stm | work=BBC News | title=UK Indian women 'aborting girls' | date=2007-12-03 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217223234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7123753.stm | archive-date=17 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/22/india.uk|title=Desperate British Asians fly to India to abort baby girls|first=Dan|last=McDougall|date=21 January 2006|newspaper=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083217/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/22/india.uk|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>
===Discrimination===
{{See also|Stereotypes of South Asians|Racism in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Rock Against Racism 1978.jpg|thumb|Rock Against Racism marches were commonplace in the United Kingdom in response to racist attacks on racial minorities]]
Discrimination against people of Indian origin in the United Kingdom has a long history.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indians in Britain Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880-1930|author=Shompa Lahiri|year=2013|pages=109, 219}}</ref>
Starting in the late 1960s<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashe |first1=Stephen |last2=Virdee |first2=Satnam |last3=Brown |first3=Laurence |title=Striking back against racist violence in the East End of London, 1968–1970 |journal=[[Race & Class]] |date=2016 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=34–54 |doi=10.1177/0306396816642997 |pmid=28479657 |pmc=5327924 |issn=0306-3968}}</ref> and peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, Indians and other racial minority groups living in the United Kingdom were the victims of racist violence and they were often subjected to physical violence by supporters of far-right, anti-immigration and racist political parties such as the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] (NF) and the [[British National Party]] (BNP).<ref>{{cite web|title=They came from south Asia to help rebuild Britain. The racism they saw then is back|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/20/south-asia-racism-testimonies-hostility|newspaper=The Guardian|last=Puri|first=Kavita|date=20 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How London's Southall became 'Little Punjab'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/apr/04/how-london-southall-became-little-punjab-|newspaper=The Guardian|last=Chaudhary|first=Vivek|date=4 April 2018}}</ref> The political organisation [[Indian Workers' Association]] was one of many organisations which helped to oppose racist attacks.<ref>{{cite book|title=The National Front in English Politics|author=Stan Taylor|year=1982|p=139}}</ref> In 1976 the [[Rock Against Racism]] political and cultural movement was formed as a reaction to racist attacks that were happening on the streets of the United Kingdom.
[[File:Indians protest London.jpg|thumb|Tamils protesting against the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] outside [[India House (Indian High Commission in London)|India House]]]]Verbal discrimination has become somewhat more common after the [[9/11]] and [[7/7]] attacks,{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} even though extremists who committed these atrocities have little to nothing to do with the British Indian community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/77-bombings-london-anniversary-live-profiles-of-the-four-bombers-who-killed-52-people-in-london-10369984.html|title=Profiles of the 4 bombers who killed 52 people in London on 7/7|date=6 July 2015|website=The Independent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329061327/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/77-bombings-london-anniversary-live-profiles-of-the-four-bombers-who-killed-52-people-in-london-10369984.html|archive-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> A notable example of anti-Indian sentiment in the UK is the 2007 [[Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy]] which received significant media coverage. Contestants [[Jade Goody]] (who was [[mixed race]]), [[Danielle Lloyd]] and [[Jo O'Meara]] were all seen to have been mocking Bollywood actress [[Shilpa Shetty]] because of her accent. They also persisted in making fun of general parts of Indian culture. [[Channel 4]] screened the arguments between the contestants, which received over 50,000 complaints. The controversy generated over 300 newspaper articles in Britain, 1,200 in [[English language]] newspapers around the globe, 3,900 foreign language news articles, and 22,000 blog postings on the internet.<ref>{{cite news|title=Racial Subplot on British 'Big Brother' Grabs Nation and Ratings|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/europe/21brother.html?ref=europe|author=Alan Cowell|work=The New York Times|date=2007-01-21|access-date=2007-01-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416021847/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/europe/21brother.html?ref=europe|archive-date=16 April 2009}}</ref>
Another example of discrimination is the [[Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972]] (a decision made by the President of Uganda to [[ethnically cleanse]] the country) which led to tens of thousands of East African Indians coming to the UK to start a new life, the majority of them already had British passports, due to Uganda at that time being part of the [[British Empire]].
Other examples of discrimination towards British Indians in the mainstream population include the case of 27-year-old Chetankumar Meshram, a call centre trainer from [[Northampton]] who was compensated [[£]]5,000 after his boss told him he was to be replaced by a better English speaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/british-indian-call-centre-worker-wins-racial-discrimination-case_1006945.html|title=British-Indian call centre worker wins racial discrimination case|work=Thaindian News|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164106/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/british-indian-call-centre-worker-wins-racial-discrimination-case_1006945.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Also Meena Sagoo, 42 is demanding over £100,000 after she and a fellow employee of the [[ING Bank]] of [[Sri Lanka]]n heritage were called The Kumars at No. 42 (after the popular TV comedy show of the same name). The same bank has been noted to have paid out £20,000 to a worker of Chinese origin who also claimed racial harassment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://card.wordpress.com/2006/12/01/british-indian-woman-slams-racism-case-against-ing-bank/|title=British Indian woman slams racism case against ING bank|work=C.A.R.D|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718091927/http://card.wordpress.com/2006/12/01/british-indian-woman-slams-racism-case-against-ing-bank/|archive-date=18 July 2011|date=December 2006}}</ref>
Another form of discrimination towards British Indians is stereotyping, one example is British Asians stereotyped as being the majority of [[newsagent]] and [[convenience store]] shopkeepers, the stereotype "Paki shop".<ref>{{cite web|title=Asians denounce media myth of the corner shop: One in five driven to seek self-employment|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/asians-denounce-media-myth-of-the-corner-shop-one-in-five-driven-to-seek-selfemployment-1422080.html|newspaper=The Independent|author=Kenan Malik|date=11 June 1994}}</ref> This stereotype was made fun of in the television and radio sketches of [[Goodness Gracious Me (TV & radio)|Goodness Gracious Me]] by four British Indian comedy actors. In the comedy sketch [[Little Britain]], a British Indian character called Meera continuously receives racist comments from weight loss advisor [[Marjorie Dawes]] who always makes it known that she does not understand a word of what Meera says, although it is completely obvious to the surrounding people and the viewer.
=== Economic status ===
[[File:Indian wedding Nottingham.jpg|thumb|A traditional [[Indian wedding]] in [[Nottingham]], 2006]]
A study by the [[Joseph Rowntree Foundation]] in 2007 found that British Indians have among the lowest poverty rates among different ethnic groups in Britain, second only to white British. Of the different ethnic groups, Bangladeshis (65%), Pakistanis (55%) and black Africans (45%) had the highest poverty rates; black Caribbeans (30%), Indians (25%), white Other (25%) and white British (20%) had the lowest rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/poverty-rates-among-ethnic-groups-great-britain|title=Poverty rates among ethnic groups in Great Britain|publisher=[[Joseph Rowntree Foundation]]|date=April 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121101819/http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/poverty-rates-among-ethnic-groups-great-britain|archive-date=21 November 2010}}</ref>
According to official UK Government figures from 2018, British Indians had the highest employment rate of all ethnic minorities at 76%; the overall employment rate in the UK is 75%, with the employment rate for White British people also standing at 76%.<ref>UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, pay and benefits: Employment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213145600/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment/latest |date=13 February 2020 }}. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> The unemployment rate of British Indians was 4% in 2018, the lowest of all ethnic minorities. The overall unemployment rate in the UK in 2018 was 4%, with the unemployment rate for White British people also standing at 4%.<ref>UK Government,[https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/unemployment-and-economic-inactivity/unemployment/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, pay and benefits: Unemployment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213150019/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/unemployment-and-economic-inactivity/unemployment/latest |date=13 February 2020 }}. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref>
[[Sikhs]] are on average the wealthiest Indians, and the second wealthiest religious group after [[Jews|Jewish people]], in the UK, with a median total household wealth of £229,000.<ref>{{cite web
|title      = An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK
|work        = Report of the National Equality Panel
|publisher  = The London School of Economics&nbsp;— The Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion
|date        = 2010-01-29
|url        = http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60.pdf
|access-date  = 2010-02-01
|url-status    = live
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100215031659/http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60.pdf
|archive-date = 15 February 2010}}</ref>
The National Equality Panel report in 2012 found that British Indian households are second wealthiest among major British ethnic groups. Their total median wealth is about £204,000 coming close second to white British:<ref name="sticerd.lse.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60.pdf |title=An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK |publisher=Office for National Statistics |page=208 |date=January 2012 |access-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905190842/http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnic group || Median total wealth
|-
|White British || £221,000
|-
|Indian || £204,000
|-
|Pakistani || £97,000
|-
|Black Caribbean || £76,000
|-
|Other Asian || £50,000
|-
|Black African || £21,000
|-
|Bangladeshi || £15,000
|}
Among the working-age population, with pensions thus excluded, British Indians have the highest median total wealth at £178,980:<ref>Rowlingson K. [https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/research/SocialSciences/Key-Facts-Background-Paper-BPCIV.pdf "Wealth inequality: key facts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808083550/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/research/SocialSciences/Key-Facts-Background-Paper-BPCIV.pdf |date=8 August 2017 }}, ''Policy Commission on the Distribution of Wealth'', December 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnic group || Median total wealth (excluding pensions)
|-
|Indian || £178,980
|-
|White British || £174,007
|-
|Black Caribbean || £62,702
|-
|Other minority ethnic groups || £41,500
|}
According to official figures, British Indians have the highest average pay levels in the UK among all ethnic groups:<ref name="auto1">UK Government. [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/pay-and-income/average-hourly-pay/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Average Hourly Pay"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030429/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/pay-and-income/average-hourly-pay/latest|date=21 April 2018}}. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnic group || Average hourly pay (Oct-Dec 2016)
|-
|Indian || £15.81
|-
|Mixed || £14.61
|-
|White || £13.75
|-
|Black || £11.88
|-
|Pakistani/Bangladeshi || £11.42
|}
UK Government figures also demonstrate that British Indians have the highest proportion of workers in professional and managerial occupations, out of all ethnic groups in the UK:<ref name="auto">UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment-by-occupation/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Employment by Occupation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420203019/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment-by-occupation/latest|date=20 April 2018}}. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnic group || Percentage of workers in professional and managerial occupations
|-
|Indian || 43%
|-
|Other || 34%
|-
|White || 31%
|-
|Mixed || 30%
|-
|Pakistani/Bangladeshi || 27%
|-
|Black || 25%
|}
=== Academic Performance ===
According to official UK Government statistics, British Indian pupils have a high average level of academic performance. 77% of British Indian pupils attained A* to C grades in English and Maths in the 2015–16 academic year, second only to Chinese pupils, of whom 83% attained A* to C grades in English and Maths.<ref>UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/11-to-16-years-old/a-to-c-in-english-and-maths-gcse-attainment-for-children-aged-14-to-16-key-stage-4/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Education, skills and training: A* to C in English and Maths GCSE attainment for children aged 14 to 16 (Key Stage 4)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030933/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/11-to-16-years-old/a-to-c-in-english-and-maths-gcse-attainment-for-children-aged-14-to-16-key-stage-4/latest |date=21 April 2018 }}. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref>
At A-Level, in the 2016–17 academic year, 15.3% of British Indian pupils achieved at least 3 'A' grades at A-Level, with only the [[British Chinese]] ethnic group (24.8%) achieving the same benchmark at a higher rate.<ref>UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels/students-aged-16-to-18-achieving-3-a-grades-or-better-at-a-level/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Education, skills and training: Students aged 16 to 18 achieving 3 A grades or better at A Level"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015195121/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels/students-aged-16-to-18-achieving-3-a-grades-or-better-at-a-level/latest|date=15 October 2018 }}. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</ref>
==Notable individuals==
{{Main|List of British Indians}}
==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}
* [[Indian community of London]]
* [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922]]
* [[British India]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|year=2006|title=Counterflows To Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers In Britain 1600-1857|location=New Delhi|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-154-8}}
{{NRI-PIO}}
{{AsiansinUK}}
{{UK census ethnic groups}}
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent| ]]
Hoci Mini
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