Ohio: Difference between revisions

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Ohio (/oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ (listen)) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of just over 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus, with the Columbus metro area, Greater Cincinnati, and Greater Cleveland being the largest metropolitan areas. Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the west, and Michigan to the northwest. Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".^[1] Its state flag is the only non-rectangular flag of all the U.S. states.

The state takes its name from the Ohio River, whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".^[2]^[3]^[4] Ohio arose from the lands west of Appalachia that were contested from colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting Northwest Territory, which was the first frontier of the new United States, and became the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the Northwest Ordinance.^[5]^[6] Ohio was the first post-colonial free state admitted to the union, and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although Ohio has transitioned to a more information- and service-based economy in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019,^[7] with the third largest manufacturing sector and second largest automobile production.^[8]

The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the governor; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, led by the state Supreme Court. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives.^[9] The state is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.^[10] Seven presidents of the United States have come from Ohio. This has led to it receiving the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".^[11]

Geography

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Template:Infobox U.S. state symbols Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.^[12] To the north, Ohio has 312 miles (502 km) of coastline with Lake Erie,^[13] which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the Ohio River. Ohio's neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Lake Erie to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows:

Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the Great Miami River, on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.

Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which at the time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.^[14] Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.

The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.

Much of Ohio features glaciated till plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests.

The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socio-economic unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".^[15] This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.^[16] While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.)^[17]

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Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi.

The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton. As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.^[18]

Grand Lake St. Marys in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over 20 square miles (52 km²), was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.^[19] Ohio's canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

Climate

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Köppen climate types in Ohio now showing majority as humid subtropical

The climate of Ohio is a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa/Dfb) throughout most of the state, except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's Bluegrass region section, which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and Upland South region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the Tornado Alley. Severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of Lake Erie, which is located in an area designated as the Snowbelt.

Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak, Quercus marilandica, are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Crape Myrtle, and even the occasional Needle Palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the Bluegrass region of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on Interstate 75 from Cincinnati to Toledo; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's common wall lizard, one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.

Due to flooding resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor Mike DeWine declared a state of emergency in 37 Ohio counties in 2019.^[20]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Ohio^[21]
Location	Region	July (°F)	July (°C)	January (°F)	January (°C)
Athens	Appalachian	85/61	29/16	40/21	4/−6
Canton	Northeast	82/62	28/16	33/19	1/−7
Cincinnati	Southwest	86/66	30/19	39/23	3/−5
Cleveland	Northeast	82/64	28/18	34/21	1/−5
Columbus	Central	85/65	29/18	36/22	2/−5
Dayton	Miami Valley	87/67	31/19	36/22	2/−5
Toledo	Northwest	84/62	29/17	32/18	0/−7

Records

The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C), near Gallipolis on July 21, 1934.^[22] The lowest recorded temperature was −39 °F (−39 °C), at Milligan on February 10, 1899,^[23] during the Great Blizzard of 1899.^[24]

Earthquakes

Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.^[25] The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone are located in the state, and numerous faults lie under the surface.^[25]^[26]

The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the Anna (Shelby County) earthquake,^[27] which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of intensity VIII.^[28]

Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:^[29] one of magnitude 4.8 near Lima on September 19, 1884;^[30] one of magnitude 4.2 near Portsmouth on May 17, 1901;^[31] and one of 5.0 in LeRoy Township in Lake County on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.^[32]^[33]

Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) northwest of Youngstown,^[34] and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) north-northwest of Eastlake under Lake Erie;^[35] both registered a 4.0 magnitude.

Major cities

Ohio's three largest cities are Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati, all three of which anchor major metropolitan areas. Columbus is the capital of state, located near the geographic center of the state and is well known for The Ohio State University. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: Alliance Data, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Huntington Bancshares, and Cardinal Health in suburban Dublin.^[37]^[38] Other major employers include hospitals (among others, Wexner Medical Center and Nationwide Children's Hospital), hi-tech research and development including the Battelle Memorial Institute, information/library companies such as OCLC and Chemical Abstracts Service, steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer Worthington Industries, financial institutions such as JPMorgan Chase and Huntington Bancshares, as well as Owens Corning. Fast food chains Wendy's and White Castle are also headquartered in Columbus.

Located in Northeast Ohio along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its New England heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the largest CSA in the state, of which the cities of Akron, Canton, Mansfield, and Youngstown are constituent parts. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies Goodyear Tire and Rubber and Timken, top-ranked colleges Case Western Reserve University, Oberlin College, and Kent State University, the Cleveland Clinic, and cultural attractions including the Cleveland Museum of Art, Big Five group Cleveland Orchestra, Playhouse Square, the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Cincinnati anchors Southwest Ohio and Metro Cincinnati, which also encompasses counties in the neighboring states of Kentucky and Indiana. The metropolitan area is home to Miami University and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Union Terminal, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, and various Fortune 500 companies including Procter & Gamble, Kroger, Macy's, Inc., and Fifth Third Bank. Steubenville is the only metropolitan city in Appalachian Ohio, which is home to Hocking Hills State Park.

Toledo and Lima are the major cities in Northwest Ohio, an area known for its glass-making industry. It is home to Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois, two Fortune 500 corporations. Dayton and Springfield are located in the Miami Valley, which is home to the University of Dayton, the Dayton Ballet, and the extensive Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

Metropolitan areas

Largest metropolitan statistical areas in Ohio
Ohio Rank	U.S. Rank	Metropolitan statistical area^[39]	2019 Estimate^[40]	2010 Census^[40]
1	30	Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Brown, Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton, Warren
2	32	Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Hocking, Licking, Madison, Morrow, Perry, Pickaway, Union
3	34	Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina
4	73	Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Greene, Miami, Montgomery, Preble
5	82	Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Portage, Summit
6	93	Toledo, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Fulton, Lucas, Wood
7	106	Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Mahoning, Trumbull
8	136	Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Stark, Carroll
9	307	Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Clark
10	329	Mansfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Richland
11	334	Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Jefferson
12	352	Lima, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Allen

The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.

Other metropolitan areas that contain cities in Ohio, but are primarily in other states include:

Largest combined statistical areas in Ohio
Ohio Rank	U.S. Rank	Combined statistical areas	2018 Estimate^[41]	2010 Census^[41]
1	16	Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Ashtabula, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area New Philadelphia-Dover, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Sandusky, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Norwalk, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
2	24	Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Zanesville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Chillicothe, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Marion, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Mount Vernon, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Bellefontaine, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Cambridge, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Washington Court House, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
3	28	Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH-KY-IN Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area Wilmington, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Maysville, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area
4	52	Dayton-Springfield-Sidney, OH Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Greenville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Sidney, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Urbana, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
5	74	Youngstown-Warren, OH-PA Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area Salem, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area

Additionally, 30 Ohio cities function as centers of micropolitan areas, urban clusters smaller than that of metropolitan areas. Many of these are included as part of larger combined statistical areas, as shown in the table above.

History

Indigenous settlement

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Artists conception of the Fort Ancient SunWatch Indian Village in Dayton

Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by nomadic people as early as 13,000 BC.^[42] These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000 BC.^[42] Between 1,000 and 800 BC, the sedentary Adena culture emerged. The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including, sunflowers, and "grew squash and possibly corn"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.^[43] The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the Great Serpent Mound, located in Adams County, Ohio.^[43]

Iroquois conquests during the Beaver Wars (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-Ohio River valley

Around 100 BC, the Adena evolved into the Hopewell people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated earthworks can be found in modern-day Marietta, Newark, and Circleville.^[44] They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.^[45] The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600 AD. The Mississippian Culture rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.^[46]

There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the Fort Ancient people, the Whittlesey Focus people^[46] and the Monongahela Culture.^[47] All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.^[46] It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.

Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the Iroquois Confederation, based in central and western New York.^[48] After the Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people^{[dubious – discuss]} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly Algonquian. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,^{[clarification needed]} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the fur trade.^[49]

Some of the indigenous nations which historically inhabited Ohio included the Iroquoian,^[50] the Algonquian^[51] & the Siouan.^[52]^[53]^[54] Ohio country was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the Yellow Creek Massacre, Gnadenhutten and Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre.^[55] After the War of 1812 when Natives suffered serious losses such as at Tippecanoe, most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.^[56]

Colonial and Revolutionary eras

During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, France and Great Britain fought the French and Indian War. As a result of the Treaty of Paris, the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the Old Northwest to Great Britain. In the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio country to the United States.^[57]^[58]

Northwest Territory

The Ohio Country indicating battle sites between American settlers and indigenous tribes, 1775–1794

The United States created the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.^[59] Slavery was not permitted in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of Marietta by the Ohio Company of Associates, which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the Miami Company (also referred to as the "Symmes Purchase") claimed the southwestern section, and the Connecticut Land Company surveyed and settled the Connecticut Western Reserve in present-day Northeast Ohio. Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the Seven Ranges at about the same time.

The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".

The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the Western Confederacy, was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795.

Under the Northwest Ordinance, areas could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population was only 45,000 in December 1801, Congress determined that it was growing rapidly and had already begun the path to statehood. In regards to the Leni Lenape natives, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".^[60]

Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"

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Rufus Putnam by James Sharples, Jr., 1797

Rufus Putnam served in important military capacities in both the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War. He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.^[61]

In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the Continental Army to drive the British from Boston. George Washington was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer. After the war, Putnam and Manasseh Cutler were instrumental in creating the Northwest Ordinance, which opened up the Northwest Territory for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square. Putnam organized and led the Ohio Company of Associates, who settled at Marietta, Ohio, where they built a large fort called Campus Martius.^[62]^[63]^[64]

Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory. Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools. Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of Leicester Academy in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now Marietta College) in Ohio. In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Statehood and early years

Template:Dispute about

On February 19, 1803, U.S. president Thomas Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.^[68] However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state, a custom not introduced until Louisiana's admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the Ohio General Assembly first convened.^[69] At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.^[69]^[70]^[71]

Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, Zanesville, and Columbus. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.

Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. In 1830 under President Andrew Jackson, the US government forced Indian Removal of most tribes to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

In 1835, Ohio fought with Michigan in the Toledo War, a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making Michigan's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula, in addition to the eastern third which was already considered part of the state.

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25th U.S. president William McKinley was from Ohio, one of six to be elected from the state.

Civil War and industrialization

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The route of Morgan's Raid

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the Civil War. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the Battle of Shiloh, a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.^[72] Later that year, when Confederate troops under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor David Tod still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.^[73] From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in Morgan's Raid, starting in Harrison in the west and culminating in the Battle of Salineville near West Point in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and Indiana as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.^[74] Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.^[75] By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Philip Sheridan – were all from Ohio.^[76]^[77]

Throughout much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants opened near Youngstown in 1804 called Hopewell Furnace. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in the state, most in the southern portions of the state.^[78] Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of the steel industry in the state, and by 1853 Cleveland was the third largest iron and steel producer in the country. The first Bessemer converter was purchased by the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, which eventually became part of the U.S. Steel Corporation following the merger of Federal Steel Company and Carnegie Steel, the first billion-dollar American corporation.^[78] The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio ranked as the 2nd-largest steel-producing state behind Pennsylvania.^[78] Republic Steel was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. Armco, now AK Steel, was founded in Middletown also in 1899.

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The first Standard Oil refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman John D. Rockefeller.

20th century

During the 1930s, the Great Depression struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the Third Reich with apprehension. Cleveland residents Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created the Superman comic character in the spirit of the Jewish golem. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the Nazis.^[79]^[80]

Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities which were larger centers for their work. They included Zane Grey, Milton Caniff, George Bellows, Art Tatum, Roy Lichtenstein, and Roy Rogers. Alan Freed, who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include Steven Spielberg, Chris Columbus and the original Warner Brothers, who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before that company later relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including Dean Martin, Doris Day, The O'Jays, Marilyn Manson, Dave Grohl, Devo, Macy Gray and The Isley Brothers.

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Iron being converted to steel for wartime efforts at Youngstown's Republic Steel in 1941

The National Football League was originally founded in Ohio in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association.

In 1970 an Ohio Army National Guard unit fired at students during an anti-war protest at Kent State University, killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an ROTC building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War.^[81]

Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other Midwestern states, as well as New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, and Quebec, including the Great Lakes Charter, Great Lakes Compact, and the Council of Great Lakes Governors.

21st century

Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"^[82] in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt," in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.^[83] Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses at the close of the 20th century and suffered from the Great Recession, it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.^[84]

Ohio's transition into the 21st century was symbolized by the Third Frontier program, spearheaded by governor Bob Taft around the start of the century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, dubbed the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.^[85] The results of this initiative were considered widely successful,^[86] attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,^[87] while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.^[87] In 2010 the state won the International Economic Development Council's Excellence in Economic Development Award, celebrated as a national model of success.^[88]

Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including Akron as a center for polymer and biomedical research, Cincinnati as the state's largest mercantile hub,^[89] Columbus as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,^[89] Cleveland in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, Dayton as an aerospace and defense hub, and Toledo as a national center for solar technology.^[90]^[91] Ohio was hit hard by the Great Recession and manufacturing employment losses entering the 2010s. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs^[92] and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.^[93] The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.^[94]

Demographics

Template:US Census population

Population

From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew faster than 10% per decade (except for the 1940 census) until the 1970 census, which recorded just over 10.65 million Ohioans.^[95] Growth then slowed for the next four decades.^[96] The United States Census Bureau counted 11,808,848 in the 2020 census, a 2.4% increase since the 2010 United States Census.^[97] Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and whites are found in a greater density than the US average. As of 2000^[update], Ohio's center of population is located in Morrow County,^[98] in the county seat of Mount Gilead.^[99] This is approximately 6,346 feet (1,934 m) south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.^[98] Template:Image frame

As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.^[100]

6.2% of Ohio's population is under five years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.

Birth data

Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race	2013^[101]	2014^[102]	2015^[103]	2016^[104]	2017^[105]	2018^[106]	2019^[107]
White	109,749 (79.0%)	110,003 (78.9%)	109,566 (78.7%)	...	...	...	...
> Non-Hispanic White	104,059 (74.9%)	104,102 (74.6%)	103,586 (74.4%)	100,225 (72.6%)	98,762 (72.1%)	97,423 (72.1%)	95,621 (71.1%)
Black	24,952 (18.0%)	24,931 (17.9%)	25,078 (18.0%)	22,337 (16.2%)	22,431 (16.4%)	22,201 (16.4%)	22,555 (16.8%)
Asian	3,915 (2.8%)	4,232 (3.0%)	4,367 (3.1%)	4,311 (3.1%)	4,380 (3.2%)	4,285 (3.2%)	4,374 (3.3%)
American Indian	320 (0.2%)	301 (0.2%)	253 (0.2%)	128 (0.1%)	177 (0.1%)	169 (0.1%)	204 (0.2%)
Hispanic (of any race)	6,504 (4.7%)	6,884 (4.9%)	6,974 (5.0%)	7,420 (5.4%)	7,468 (5.5%)	7,432 (5.5%)	7,725 (5.7%)
Total Ohio	138,936 (100%)	139,467 (100%)	139,264 (100%)	138,085 (100%)	136,832 (100%)	135,134 (100%)	134,461 (100%)

Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Ancestry

According to the 2010 United States Census, the racial composition of Ohio was the following:^[108]^[109]

White American: 82.7% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 81.1%)
Black or African American: 12.2%
Native American: 0.2%
Asian: 1.7% (0.6% Indian, 0.4% Chinese, 0.1% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese)
Pacific Islander: 0.03%
Two or more races: 2.1%
Some other race: 1.1%
Hispanic or Latinos (of any race) make up 3.1% (1.5% Mexican, 0.8% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Guatemalan, 0.1% Cuban)

**Ohio racial breakdown of population**
Racial composition	1990^[110]	2000^[111]	2010^[112]
White	87.8%	85.0%	82.7%
African American	10.6%	11.5%	12.2%
Asian	0.8%	1.2%	1.7%
Native	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	–	–	–
Other race	0.5%	0.8%	1.1%
Two or more races	–	1.4%	2.1%

In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized US citizens and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.^[113] The largest groups were:^[114] Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.

The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:^[113]^[115]

26.5% German
14.1% Irish
9.0% English
6.4% Italian
3.8% Polish
2.5% French
1.9% Scottish
1.7% Hungarian
1.6% Dutch
1.5% Mexican
1.2% Slovak
1.1% Welsh
1.1% Scotch-Irish

Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include Sub-Saharan African, Puerto Rican, Swiss, Swedish, Arab, Greek, Norwegian, Romanian, Austrian, Lithuanian, Finnish, West Indian, Portuguese and Slovene.

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Population density map

Languages

About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.^[113] Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke English, 239,229 Spanish, 55,970 German, 38,990 Chinese, 33,125 Arabic, and 32,019 French. In addition 59,881 spoke a Slavic language and 42,673 spoke another West Germanic language according to the 2010 Census.^[116] Ohio also had the nation's largest population of Slovene speakers, second largest of Slovak speakers, second largest of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers, and the third largest of Serbian speakers.^[117]

Religion

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Amish children on their way to school

According to a Pew Forum poll, as of 2014, 73% of Ohioans identified as Christian.^[118] Specifically, 29% of Ohio's population identified as Evangelical Protestant, 17% as Mainline Protestant, 7% as Historically Black Protestant, and 18% as Catholic.^[118] 22% of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body.^[118] Small minorities of Jews (1%), Jehovah's Witnesses (1%), Muslims (1%), Hindus (<1%), Buddhists (1%), Mormons (1%), and other faiths (1-1.5%) exist.^[118]

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations by adherents were the Catholic Church with 1,992,567; the United Methodist Church with 496,232; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 223,253, the Southern Baptist Convention with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the United Church of Christ with 118,000, and the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 110,000.^[119] With about 80,000 adherents in 2020, Ohio has the second largest Amish population of all U.S. states, only behind neighboring Pennsylvania.^[120]

According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 56%, feel religion is "very important", 25% that it is "somewhat important", and 19% that religion is "not too important/not important at all".^[118] 38% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 32% occasionally, and 30% seldom or never.^[118]

Religion in Ohio (2014)^[118]
Religion			Percent
Protestant			53%
Unaffiliated			22%
Catholic			18%
Mormon			1%
Jewish			1%
Jehovah's Witness			1%
Muslim			1%
Buddhist			1%
Other faith			2%

Economy

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Cincinnati's Procter & Gamble is one of Ohio's largest companies in terms of revenue.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the total number for employment in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.^[121] In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.^[122] The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.^[123] As of 2016^[update], Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626 billion.^[124] This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the District of Columbia.^[125]

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.^[126] Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.^[127] The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.^[128] Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.^[129] Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report's 2010 rankings,^[130] and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.^[131]

Ohio's unemployment rate stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,^[132] down from 10.7% in May 2010.^[133]^[134] The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-recession numbers of 2007.^[135] The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.^[135] Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.^[125]^[136] As of 2019^[update], Ohio's median household income is $58,642,^[137] and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line.^[138]

The manufacturing and financial activities sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.^[125] Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.^[139]^[140] Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.^[141] 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.^[125]

By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the health care and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).^[125] Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).^[125] Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.^[125] Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including Procter & Gamble, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, AK Steel, Timken, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Wendy's.^[142]

Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,^[143] the Ohio Lottery.^[144] As of 2020^[update], the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.^[145]

Transportation

Ground travel

Many major east–west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic Lincoln Highway which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Mansfield, Wooster, Lima, and Van Wert. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Route 30.

Ohio also is home to 228 miles (367 km) of the Historic National Road, now U.S. Route 40.

Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the Ohio Turnpike (I-80/I-90) in the north, I-76 through Akron to Pennsylvania, I-70 through Columbus and Dayton, and the Appalachian Highway (State Route 32) running from West Virginia to Cincinnati. Major north–south routes include I-75 in the west through Toledo, Dayton, and Cincinnati, I-71 through the middle of the state from Cleveland through Columbus and Cincinnati into Kentucky, and I-77 in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, Canton, New Philadelphia and Marietta south into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in Ohio.

Ohio also has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow rail trails, with conversion ongoing. The Ohio to Erie Trail (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. U.S. Bicycle Route 50 traverses Ohio from Steubenville to the Indiana state line outside Richmond.^[146]

Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent of which is the Buckeye Trail which extends 1,444 mi (2,324 km) in a loop around the state of Ohio. Part of it is on roads and part is on wooded trail. Additionally, the North Country Trail (the longest of the eleven National Scenic Trails authorized by Congress) and the American Discovery Trail (a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast route across the mid-tier of the United States) pass through Ohio. Much of these two trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.

Ohio has extensive railroads, though today most are only utilized by freight companies. Major cities in the north and south of Ohio lie on Amtrak intercity rail lines. The Capitol Limited and the Lake Shore Limited serve Toledo, Cleveland and other northern Ohio cities. The Cardinal serves Cincinnati. Columbus is the largest city in the United States without any form of passenger rail. Its Union Station last had an inter-city train in 1979 with the National Limited. Mass transit exists in many forms in Ohio cities, primarily through bus systems, though Cleveland has both light and heavy rail through the GCRTA, and Cincinnati reestablished a streetcar line in 2016.

Air travel

Ohio has four international airports, four commercial, and two military. The four international include Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, John Glenn Columbus International Airport, Dayton International Airport, and Rickenbacker International Airport (one of two military airfields). The other military airfield is Wright Patterson Air Force Base which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are located in Toledo and Akron. Cincinnati's primary airport, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, is in Hebron, Kentucky, and therefore is not included in Ohio airport lists.

Transportation lists

Law and government

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The Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, home to the Ohio General Assembly

The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.^[147]^[148]^[149]

Executive branch

The executive branch is headed by the governor of Ohio.^[147] The current governor is Mike DeWine since 2019, a member of the Republican Party.^[150] A lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.^[151]^[152] The current lieutenant governor is Jon A. Husted. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the secretary of state (Frank LaRose), auditor (Keith Faber), treasurer (Robert Sprague), and attorney general (Dave Yost).^[147] There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.^[153]^[154]

Legislative branch

The Ohio General Assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.^[155] The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 constituents.^[156] The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.^[157] The Republican Party is the controlling party in both houses as of the 2020 election cycle.

Judicial branch

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The Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center holds the Supreme Court of Ohio.

There are three levels of the Ohio state judiciary. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".^[158] The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.^[159] Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.^[158] A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.^[158]

The state's highest-ranking court is the Ohio Supreme Court.^[160] A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.^[161]

Politics

"Mother of presidents"

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President Barack Obama at a campaign stop in Cincinnati in his 2012 campaign.

Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with Virginia. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents",^[162] in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born William Henry Harrison lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes, in North Bend, Ohio. The seven presidents born in Ohio were Ulysses S. Grant (elected from Illinois), Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from Indiana), William McKinley, William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding.^[163] All seven were Republicans.

Swing state

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Presidential election results by county for 2020

Democratic

Republican

Ohio is considered a swing state, being won by either the Democratic or Republican candidates reasonably each election. As a swing state, Ohio is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.^[164] Pivotal in the election of 1888, Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980.^[165]^[166]

Additionally, Ohio is considered a bellwether. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".^[167] The Economist notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",^[168] Since 1896, Ohio has had only three misses in the general election (Thomas E. Dewey in 1944, Richard Nixon in 1960, and Donald Trump in 2020) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from 1964 to 2016, and in 33 of the 38 held since the Civil War. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.

As of 2019, there are more than 7.8 million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3 million Democrats and 1.9 million Republicans. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.^[169] Since the 2010 midterm elections, Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.^[170] The governor, Mike DeWine, is Republican, as well as all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor Jon A. Husted, Attorney General Dave Yost, State Auditor Keith Faber, Secretary of State Frank LaRose and State Treasurer Robert Sprague. In the Ohio State Senate the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the Ohio House of Representatives the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.

Losing two seats in the U.S. House of Representatives following the 2010 Census, Ohio has had 16 seats for the three presidential elections of the decade in 2012, 2016 and 2020.^[171] As of the 2020 cycle, twelve federal representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. Marcy Kaptur (D-09) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.^[172] The senior U.S. senator, Sherrod Brown, is a Democrat, while the junior, Rob Portman, is a Republican.^[173]^[174]

Voter suppression

Since 1994, the state has had a policy of purging infrequent voters from its rolls. In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed, challenging this policy on the grounds that it violated the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993^[175] and the Help America Vote Act of 2002.^[176] In June, the federal district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered a preliminary injunction applicable only to the November 2016 election. The preliminary injunction was upheld in September by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Had it not been upheld, thousands of voters would have been purged from the rolls just a few weeks before the election.^[175]

Still, it has been estimated that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.^[177]

Education

Ohio's system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the state constitution, and in Title XXXIII of the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio University, the first university in the Northwest Territory, was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in other states. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of more than 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

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A tree map depicting the distribution of bachelor's degrees awarded in Ohio in 2014

Colleges and universities

Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; Denison University, Oberlin College, and Kenyon College. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes Case Western Reserve University, Ohio State University and Miami University.^[178]

13 state universities
24 state university branch and regional campuses
46 private colleges and universities
6 free-standing state-assisted medical schools
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University
- Northeast Ohio Medical University
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- University of Toledo College of Medicine (formerly Medical University of Ohio)
15 community colleges
8 technical colleges
24 independent non-profit colleges

Libraries

Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.^[179] The 2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr. ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.^[180] For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.^[179]

500,000 books or more
- Columbus Metropolitan Library (First)
- Cuyahoga County Public Library (Second)
- Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County (Tenth)

The Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN) is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.

Ohio also offers the OhioLINK program, allowing Ohio's libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials for the other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers for access to books and other media that might not be otherwise available.

Culture

Arts

Music

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame are both located in Cleveland. Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed is credited with coining the term and promoting rock and roll in the early 1950s. Cincinnati is home to the American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum.

Popular musicians from Ohio include Mamie Smith, Dean Martin, Dave Grohl, Tyler Joseph and Josh Dun of Twenty One Pilots, Frankie Yankovic, Doris Day, The McGuire Sisters, The Isley Brothers, Bobby Womack, Howard Hewett, Shirley Murdock, Boz Scaggs, John Legend, Marilyn Manson, Nine Inch Nails, Dan Auerbach and Patrick Carney of The Black Keys, Griffin Layne, Joe Dolce, Kid Cudi, Benjamin Orr of The Cars, Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders, William "Bootsy" Collins, Stephanie Eulinberg of Kid Rock's Twisted Brown Trucker Band, and Devo. Five Ohio musicians ^[who?] are Rock and Roll Hall of Fame members.

Performance arts

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Springer Auditorium at the Cincinnati Music Hall.

Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland is the second-largest performing arts center in the United States, home to ten theaters.^[181] The Cleveland Orchestra is one of the historic Big Five orchestras in the U.S., and is considered one of the best worldwide.^[182]

Many other Ohio cities are home to their own orchestras, including Akron, Blue Ash, Canton, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, Toledo, and Youngstown. Cincinnati is home to its own ballet, symphony orchestra, pops orchestra, and opera, all housed at the Cincinnati Music Hall. Dayton is also home to a ballet, orchestra, and opera, collectively known as the Dayton Performing Arts Alliance.

The Columbus Association for the Performing Arts manages seven historic Columbus area theaters.^[183]

Winter Guard International has hosted national championships in performing arts at the University of Dayton from 1983 to 1989, 1991–1996, 1998–2000, 2002–2003, and from 2005 to the present.

Visual arts

Ohio is home to 30 art institutions, including the Columbus Museum of Art, Cincinnati Art Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, and other entities. The full list includes:

The Cincinnati Art Museum holds over 100,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history, being among the most comprehensive collections in the Midwest. Among its notable collections are works by Master of San Baudelio, Jorge Ingles, Sandro Botticelli (Judith with Head of Holofernes), Matteo di Giovanni, Domenico Tintoretto (Portrait of Venetian dux Marino Grimani), Mattia Preti, Bernardo Strozzi, Frans Hals, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (St. Thomas of Villanueva), Peter Paul Rubens (Samson and Delilah) and Aert van der Neer. The collection also includes works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet (Rocks At Belle Isle), and Pablo Picasso. The museum also has a large collection of paintings by American painter Frank Duveneck (Elizabeth B. Duveneck).

The Cleveland Museum of Art is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of Asian and Egyptian art, and has a permanent collection of more than 61,000 works from around the world.^[184] It is the fourth-wealthiest art museum in the United States.^[185]

The Columbus Museum of Art holds nineteenth and early twentieth-century American and European art, including early Cubist paintings by Pablo Picasso and Juan Gris, works by François Boucher, Paul Cézanne, Mary Cassatt, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Edgar Degas, Henri Matisse, Claude Monet, Edward Hopper, and Norman Rockwell, and installations by Mel Chin, Josiah McElheny, Susan Philipsz, and Allan Sekula. Also in Columbus, the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum collection includes 450,000 original cartoons, 36,000 books, 51,000 serial titles, and 3,000 feet (910 m) of manuscript materials, plus 2.5 million comic strip clippings and tear sheets, making it the largest research library for cartoon art.

Youngstown's Butler Institute of American Art was the first museum to be dedicated exclusively to American art.^[186]

Sports

Professional sports teams

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Progressive Field, home to the Cleveland Indians baseball team

Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different major leagues in the United States. Current teams include the Cincinnati Reds and Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball,^[187]^[188] the Columbus Crew SC and FC Cincinnati of Major League Soccer,^[189] the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association,^[190] the Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns of the National Football League,^[191] and the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League.^[192]

Ohio has brought home seven World Series titles (Reds 1919, 1940, 1975, 1976, 1990; Indians 1920, 1948), two MLS Cups (Crew 2008, 2020), one NBA Championship (Cavaliers 2016), and nine NFL Championships (Pros 1920; Bulldogs 1922, 1923, 1924; Rams 1945; Browns 1950, 1954, 1955, 1964). Despite this success in the NFL in the first half of the 20th century, no Ohio team has won the Super Bowl since its inception in 1967 or made an appearance since 1989. No Ohio team has made an appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals.

Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869, were organized in Ohio.^[193] An informal early-20th-century American football association, the Ohio League, was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is located in Canton.

On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts minor league baseball, arena football, indoor football, mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.

Individual sports

The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course has hosted several auto racing championships, including CART World Series, IndyCar Series, NASCAR Nationwide Series, Can-Am, Formula 5000, IMSA GT Championship, American Le Mans Series and Rolex Sports Car Series. The Grand Prix of Cleveland also hosted CART races from 1982 to 2007. The Eldora Speedway is a major dirt oval that hosts NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, World of Outlaws Sprint Cars and USAC Silver Crown Series races.

Ohio hosts two PGA Tour events, the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and Memorial Tournament. The Cincinnati Masters is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and WTA Premier 5 tennis tournament.

College sports

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Ohio Stadium in Columbus, home to the Ohio State Buckeyes football team, is the fifth largest stadium in the world.

Ohio has eight NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision college football teams, divided among three different conferences. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.

There is only one program in the Power Five conferences, the Ohio State Buckeyes, who play in the Big Ten Conference. The football team is second in all-time winning percentage, with a 931–327–53 overall record and a 25–26 bowl record as of 2020. The program has produced seven Heisman Trophy winners, forty conference titles, and eight undisputed national championships. The men's basketball program has appeared in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament 27 times.

In the Group of Five conferences, the Cincinnati Bearcats play as a member of the American Athletic Conference. Their men's basketball team has over 1,800 wins, 33 March Madness appearances, and is currently on a nine-year streak of appearances as of 2019. Six teams are represented in the Mid-American Conference: the Akron Zips, Bowling Green Falcons, Kent State Golden Flashes, Miami RedHawks, Ohio Bobcats and the Toledo Rockets. The MAC headquarters are in Cleveland. The Cincinnati–Miami rivalry game has been played in southwest Ohio every year since 1888 and is the oldest current non-conference NCAA football rivalry.

Other Division I schools, either part of the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision or not fielding in football include the Cleveland State Vikings, Xavier Musketeers, Wright State Raiders, and Youngstown State Penguins. Xavier's men's basketball has performed particularly well, with 27 March Madness appearances. Youngstown State's football has the third most NCAA Division I Football Championship wins, with 3.

There are 12 NCAA Division II universities and 22 NCAA Division III universities in Ohio.

Notes

↑ "Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes?" (PDF). November 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
↑ "Quick Facts About the State of Ohio". Ohio History Central. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010. From Iroquois word meaning 'great river'
↑ Mithun, Marianne (1999). "Borrowing". The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–3. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. Ohio ('large creek')
↑ "Native Ohio". American Indian Studies. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007. Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'
↑ Mary Stockwell (2006). Ohio Adventure. Gibbs Smith. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4236-2382-3. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
↑ William M. Davidson (1902). A History of the United States. Scott, Foresman and Company. p. 265. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
↑ "U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019". Statista. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
↑ TOP 10 STATES FOR MANUFACTURING 2019 Retrieved December 31, 2019
↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (2000). "The Math Behind the 2000 Census Apportionment of Representatives". The Green Papers. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
↑ Pollard, Kelvin (2008). "Swing, Bellwether, and Red and Blue States". Population Reference Bureau. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
↑ "Ohio Presidents – Ohio Secretary of State". Ohiosos.gov. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
↑ "Transportation delivers for Ohio". Ohio: Department of Transportation. February 12, 2003. Archived from the original on January 24, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2005. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "Ohio Coastal Counties". Ohio: Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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References

Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). Ohio: The History of a People. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0899-1
Knepper, George W. (1989). Ohio and Its People. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-791-0
Mithun, Marianne (1999). Languages of Native North America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Morris, Roy, Jr. (1992). Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan. New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 0-517-58070-5.
Holli, Melvin G. (1999). The American Mayor. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01876-3
Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. (1967). A History of Ohio. Columbus: The Ohio Historical Society.

External links

State of Ohio official website
Ohio State Facts from USDA
U.S. Census Bureau (Ohio Quick Facts)
USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Ohio
Thunder in the Heartland: A Chronicle of Outstanding Weather Events in Ohio, by Dr. Thomas Schmidlin and Jeanne Appelhans Schmidlin; The Kent State university Press; Kent, Ohio, 1996. ISBN 978-0873385497
Ohio at Curlie
Geographic data related to Ohio at OpenStreetMap

40°17′10″N 82°47′37″W / 40.2862°N 82.7937°W / 40.2862; -82.7937 (State of Ohio)

Template:Infobox U.S. state

Ohio (/oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ (listen)) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of just over 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus, with the Columbus metro area, Greater Cincinnati, and Greater Cleveland being the largest metropolitan areas. Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the west, and Michigan to the northwest. Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".^[1] Its state flag is the only non-rectangular flag of all the U.S. states.

The state takes its name from the Ohio River, whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".^[2]^[3]^[4] Ohio arose from the lands west of Appalachia that were contested from colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting Northwest Territory, which was the first frontier of the new United States, and became the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the Northwest Ordinance.^[5]^[6] Ohio was the first post-colonial free state admitted to the union, and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although Ohio has transitioned to a more information- and service-based economy in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019,^[7] with the third largest manufacturing sector and second largest automobile production.^[8]

The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the governor; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, led by the state Supreme Court. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives.^[9] The state is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.^[10] Seven presidents of the United States have come from Ohio. This has led to it receiving the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".^[11]

Geography

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Template:Infobox U.S. state symbols Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.^[12] To the north, Ohio has 312 miles (502 km) of coastline with Lake Erie,^[13] which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the Ohio River. Ohio's neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Lake Erie to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows:

Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the Great Miami River, on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.

Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which at the time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.^[14] Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.

The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.

Much of Ohio features glaciated till plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests.

The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socio-economic unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".^[15] This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.^[16] While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.)^[17]

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Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi.

The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton. As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.^[18]

Grand Lake St. Marys in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over 20 square miles (52 km²), was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.^[19] Ohio's canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

Climate

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Köppen climate types in Ohio now showing majority as humid subtropical

The climate of Ohio is a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa/Dfb) throughout most of the state, except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's Bluegrass region section, which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and Upland South region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the Tornado Alley. Severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of Lake Erie, which is located in an area designated as the Snowbelt.

Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak, Quercus marilandica, are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Crape Myrtle, and even the occasional Needle Palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the Bluegrass region of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on Interstate 75 from Cincinnati to Toledo; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's common wall lizard, one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.

Due to flooding resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor Mike DeWine declared a state of emergency in 37 Ohio counties in 2019.^[20]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Ohio^[21]
Location	Region	July (°F)	July (°C)	January (°F)	January (°C)
Athens	Appalachian	85/61	29/16	40/21	4/−6
Canton	Northeast	82/62	28/16	33/19	1/−7
Cincinnati	Southwest	86/66	30/19	39/23	3/−5
Cleveland	Northeast	82/64	28/18	34/21	1/−5
Columbus	Central	85/65	29/18	36/22	2/−5
Dayton	Miami Valley	87/67	31/19	36/22	2/−5
Toledo	Northwest	84/62	29/17	32/18	0/−7

Records

The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C), near Gallipolis on July 21, 1934.^[22] The lowest recorded temperature was −39 °F (−39 °C), at Milligan on February 10, 1899,^[23] during the Great Blizzard of 1899.^[24]

Earthquakes

Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.^[25] The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone are located in the state, and numerous faults lie under the surface.^[25]^[26]

The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the Anna (Shelby County) earthquake,^[27] which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of intensity VIII.^[28]

Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:^[29] one of magnitude 4.8 near Lima on September 19, 1884;^[30] one of magnitude 4.2 near Portsmouth on May 17, 1901;^[31] and one of 5.0 in LeRoy Township in Lake County on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.^[32]^[33]

Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) northwest of Youngstown,^[34] and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) north-northwest of Eastlake under Lake Erie;^[35] both registered a 4.0 magnitude.

Major cities

Ohio's three largest cities are Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati, all three of which anchor major metropolitan areas. Columbus is the capital of state, located near the geographic center of the state and is well known for The Ohio State University. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: Alliance Data, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Huntington Bancshares, and Cardinal Health in suburban Dublin.^[37]^[38] Other major employers include hospitals (among others, Wexner Medical Center and Nationwide Children's Hospital), hi-tech research and development including the Battelle Memorial Institute, information/library companies such as OCLC and Chemical Abstracts Service, steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer Worthington Industries, financial institutions such as JPMorgan Chase and Huntington Bancshares, as well as Owens Corning. Fast food chains Wendy's and White Castle are also headquartered in Columbus.

Located in Northeast Ohio along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its New England heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the largest CSA in the state, of which the cities of Akron, Canton, Mansfield, and Youngstown are constituent parts. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies Goodyear Tire and Rubber and Timken, top-ranked colleges Case Western Reserve University, Oberlin College, and Kent State University, the Cleveland Clinic, and cultural attractions including the Cleveland Museum of Art, Big Five group Cleveland Orchestra, Playhouse Square, the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Cincinnati anchors Southwest Ohio and Metro Cincinnati, which also encompasses counties in the neighboring states of Kentucky and Indiana. The metropolitan area is home to Miami University and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Union Terminal, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, and various Fortune 500 companies including Procter & Gamble, Kroger, Macy's, Inc., and Fifth Third Bank. Steubenville is the only metropolitan city in Appalachian Ohio, which is home to Hocking Hills State Park.

Toledo and Lima are the major cities in Northwest Ohio, an area known for its glass-making industry. It is home to Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois, two Fortune 500 corporations. Dayton and Springfield are located in the Miami Valley, which is home to the University of Dayton, the Dayton Ballet, and the extensive Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

Metropolitan areas

Largest metropolitan statistical areas in Ohio
Ohio Rank	U.S. Rank	Metropolitan statistical area^[39]	2019 Estimate^[40]	2010 Census^[40]
1	30	Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Brown, Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton, Warren
2	32	Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Hocking, Licking, Madison, Morrow, Perry, Pickaway, Union
3	34	Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina
4	73	Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Greene, Miami, Montgomery, Preble
5	82	Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Portage, Summit
6	93	Toledo, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Fulton, Lucas, Wood
7	106	Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Mahoning, Trumbull
8	136	Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Stark, Carroll
9	307	Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Clark
10	329	Mansfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Richland
11	334	Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Jefferson
12	352	Lima, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area	Template:Change	Allen

The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.

Other metropolitan areas that contain cities in Ohio, but are primarily in other states include:

Largest combined statistical areas in Ohio
Ohio Rank	U.S. Rank	Combined statistical areas	2018 Estimate^[41]	2010 Census^[41]
1	16	Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Ashtabula, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area New Philadelphia-Dover, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Sandusky, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Norwalk, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
2	24	Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Zanesville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Chillicothe, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Marion, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Mount Vernon, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Bellefontaine, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Cambridge, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Washington Court House, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
3	28	Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH-KY-IN Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area Wilmington, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Maysville, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area
4	52	Dayton-Springfield-Sidney, OH Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area Greenville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Sidney, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area Urbana, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
5	74	Youngstown-Warren, OH-PA Combined Statistical Area	Template:Change	Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area Salem, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area

Additionally, 30 Ohio cities function as centers of micropolitan areas, urban clusters smaller than that of metropolitan areas. Many of these are included as part of larger combined statistical areas, as shown in the table above.

History

Indigenous settlement

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Artists conception of the Fort Ancient SunWatch Indian Village in Dayton

Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by nomadic people as early as 13,000 BC.^[42] These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000 BC.^[42] Between 1,000 and 800 BC, the sedentary Adena culture emerged. The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including, sunflowers, and "grew squash and possibly corn"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.^[43] The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the Great Serpent Mound, located in Adams County, Ohio.^[43]

Around 100 BC, the Adena evolved into the Hopewell people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated earthworks can be found in modern-day Marietta, Newark, and Circleville.^[44] They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.^[45] The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600 AD. The Mississippian Culture rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.^[46]

There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the Fort Ancient people, the Whittlesey Focus people^[46] and the Monongahela Culture.^[47] All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.^[46] It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.

Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the Iroquois Confederation, based in central and western New York.^[48] After the Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people^{[dubious – discuss]} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly Algonquian. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,^{[clarification needed]} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the fur trade.^[49]

Some of the indigenous nations which historically inhabited Ohio included the Iroquoian,^[50] the Algonquian^[51] & the Siouan.^[52]^[53]^[54] Ohio country was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the Yellow Creek Massacre, Gnadenhutten and Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre.^[55] After the War of 1812 when Natives suffered serious losses such as at Tippecanoe, most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.^[56]

Colonial and Revolutionary eras

During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, France and Great Britain fought the French and Indian War. As a result of the Treaty of Paris, the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the Old Northwest to Great Britain. In the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio country to the United States.^[57]^[58]

Northwest Territory

The United States created the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.^[59] Slavery was not permitted in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of Marietta by the Ohio Company of Associates, which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the Miami Company (also referred to as the "Symmes Purchase") claimed the southwestern section, and the Connecticut Land Company surveyed and settled the Connecticut Western Reserve in present-day Northeast Ohio. Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the Seven Ranges at about the same time.

The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".

The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the Western Confederacy, was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795.

Under the Northwest Ordinance, areas could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population was only 45,000 in December 1801, Congress determined that it was growing rapidly and had already begun the path to statehood. In regards to the Leni Lenape natives, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".^[60]

Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"

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Rufus Putnam by James Sharples, Jr., 1797

Rufus Putnam served in important military capacities in both the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War. He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.^[61]

In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the Continental Army to drive the British from Boston. George Washington was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer. After the war, Putnam and Manasseh Cutler were instrumental in creating the Northwest Ordinance, which opened up the Northwest Territory for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square. Putnam organized and led the Ohio Company of Associates, who settled at Marietta, Ohio, where they built a large fort called Campus Martius.^[62]^[63]^[64]

Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory. Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools. Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of Leicester Academy in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now Marietta College) in Ohio. In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Statehood and early years

Template:Dispute about

On February 19, 1803, U.S. president Thomas Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.^[68] However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state, a custom not introduced until Louisiana's admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the Ohio General Assembly first convened.^[69] At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.^[69]^[70]^[71]

Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, Zanesville, and Columbus. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.

Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. In 1830 under President Andrew Jackson, the US government forced Indian Removal of most tribes to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

In 1835, Ohio fought with Michigan in the Toledo War, a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making Michigan's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula, in addition to the eastern third which was already considered part of the state.

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25th U.S. president William McKinley was from Ohio, one of six to be elected from the state.

Civil War and industrialization

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The route of Morgan's Raid

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the Civil War. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the Battle of Shiloh, a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.^[72] Later that year, when Confederate troops under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor David Tod still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.^[73] From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in Morgan's Raid, starting in Harrison in the west and culminating in the Battle of Salineville near West Point in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and Indiana as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.^[74] Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.^[75] By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Philip Sheridan – were all from Ohio.^[76]^[77]

Throughout much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants opened near Youngstown in 1804 called Hopewell Furnace. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in the state, most in the southern portions of the state.^[78] Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of the steel industry in the state, and by 1853 Cleveland was the third largest iron and steel producer in the country. The first Bessemer converter was purchased by the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, which eventually became part of the U.S. Steel Corporation following the merger of Federal Steel Company and Carnegie Steel, the first billion-dollar American corporation.^[78] The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio ranked as the 2nd-largest steel-producing state behind Pennsylvania.^[78] Republic Steel was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. Armco, now AK Steel, was founded in Middletown also in 1899.

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The first Standard Oil refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman John D. Rockefeller.

20th century

During the 1930s, the Great Depression struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the Third Reich with apprehension. Cleveland residents Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created the Superman comic character in the spirit of the Jewish golem. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the Nazis.^[79]^[80]

Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities which were larger centers for their work. They included Zane Grey, Milton Caniff, George Bellows, Art Tatum, Roy Lichtenstein, and Roy Rogers. Alan Freed, who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include Steven Spielberg, Chris Columbus and the original Warner Brothers, who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before that company later relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including Dean Martin, Doris Day, The O'Jays, Marilyn Manson, Dave Grohl, Devo, Macy Gray and The Isley Brothers.

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Iron being converted to steel for wartime efforts at Youngstown's Republic Steel in 1941

The National Football League was originally founded in Ohio in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association.

In 1970 an Ohio Army National Guard unit fired at students during an anti-war protest at Kent State University, killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an ROTC building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War.^[81]

Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other Midwestern states, as well as New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, and Quebec, including the Great Lakes Charter, Great Lakes Compact, and the Council of Great Lakes Governors.

21st century

Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"^[82] in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt," in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.^[83] Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses at the close of the 20th century and suffered from the Great Recession, it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.^[84]

Ohio's transition into the 21st century was symbolized by the Third Frontier program, spearheaded by governor Bob Taft around the start of the century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, dubbed the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.^[85] The results of this initiative were considered widely successful,^[86] attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,^[87] while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.^[87] In 2010 the state won the International Economic Development Council's Excellence in Economic Development Award, celebrated as a national model of success.^[88]

Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including Akron as a center for polymer and biomedical research, Cincinnati as the state's largest mercantile hub,^[89] Columbus as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,^[89] Cleveland in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, Dayton as an aerospace and defense hub, and Toledo as a national center for solar technology.^[90]^[91] Ohio was hit hard by the Great Recession and manufacturing employment losses entering the 2010s. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs^[92] and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.^[93] The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.^[94]

Demographics

Template:US Census population

Population

From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew faster than 10% per decade (except for the 1940 census) until the 1970 census, which recorded just over 10.65 million Ohioans.^[95] Growth then slowed for the next four decades.^[96] The United States Census Bureau counted 11,808,848 in the 2020 census, a 2.4% increase since the 2010 United States Census.^[97] Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and whites are found in a greater density than the US average. As of 2000^[update], Ohio's center of population is located in Morrow County,^[98] in the county seat of Mount Gilead.^[99] This is approximately 6,346 feet (1,934 m) south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.^[98] Template:Image frame

As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.^[100]

6.2% of Ohio's population is under five years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.

Birth data

Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race	2013^[101]	2014^[102]	2015^[103]	2016^[104]	2017^[105]	2018^[106]	2019^[107]
White	109,749 (79.0%)	110,003 (78.9%)	109,566 (78.7%)	...	...	...	...
> Non-Hispanic White	104,059 (74.9%)	104,102 (74.6%)	103,586 (74.4%)	100,225 (72.6%)	98,762 (72.1%)	97,423 (72.1%)	95,621 (71.1%)
Black	24,952 (18.0%)	24,931 (17.9%)	25,078 (18.0%)	22,337 (16.2%)	22,431 (16.4%)	22,201 (16.4%)	22,555 (16.8%)
Asian	3,915 (2.8%)	4,232 (3.0%)	4,367 (3.1%)	4,311 (3.1%)	4,380 (3.2%)	4,285 (3.2%)	4,374 (3.3%)
American Indian	320 (0.2%)	301 (0.2%)	253 (0.2%)	128 (0.1%)	177 (0.1%)	169 (0.1%)	204 (0.2%)
Hispanic (of any race)	6,504 (4.7%)	6,884 (4.9%)	6,974 (5.0%)	7,420 (5.4%)	7,468 (5.5%)	7,432 (5.5%)	7,725 (5.7%)
Total Ohio	138,936 (100%)	139,467 (100%)	139,264 (100%)	138,085 (100%)	136,832 (100%)	135,134 (100%)	134,461 (100%)

Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Ancestry

According to the 2010 United States Census, the racial composition of Ohio was the following:^[108]^[109]

White American: 82.7% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 81.1%)
Black or African American: 12.2%
Native American: 0.2%
Asian: 1.7% (0.6% Indian, 0.4% Chinese, 0.1% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese)
Pacific Islander: 0.03%
Two or more races: 2.1%
Some other race: 1.1%
Hispanic or Latinos (of any race) make up 3.1% (1.5% Mexican, 0.8% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Guatemalan, 0.1% Cuban)

**Ohio racial breakdown of population**
Racial composition	1990^[110]	2000^[111]	2010^[112]
White	87.8%	85.0%	82.7%
African American	10.6%	11.5%	12.2%
Asian	0.8%	1.2%	1.7%
Native	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	–	–	–
Other race	0.5%	0.8%	1.1%
Two or more races	–	1.4%	2.1%

In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized US citizens and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.^[113] The largest groups were:^[114] Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.

The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:^[113]^[115]

26.5% German
14.1% Irish
9.0% English
6.4% Italian
3.8% Polish
2.5% French
1.9% Scottish
1.7% Hungarian
1.6% Dutch
1.5% Mexican
1.2% Slovak
1.1% Welsh
1.1% Scotch-Irish

Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include Sub-Saharan African, Puerto Rican, Swiss, Swedish, Arab, Greek, Norwegian, Romanian, Austrian, Lithuanian, Finnish, West Indian, Portuguese and Slovene.

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Population density map

Languages

About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.^[113] Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke English, 239,229 Spanish, 55,970 German, 38,990 Chinese, 33,125 Arabic, and 32,019 French. In addition 59,881 spoke a Slavic language and 42,673 spoke another West Germanic language according to the 2010 Census.^[116] Ohio also had the nation's largest population of Slovene speakers, second largest of Slovak speakers, second largest of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers, and the third largest of Serbian speakers.^[117]

Religion

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Amish children on their way to school

According to a Pew Forum poll, as of 2014, 73% of Ohioans identified as Christian.^[118] Specifically, 29% of Ohio's population identified as Evangelical Protestant, 17% as Mainline Protestant, 7% as Historically Black Protestant, and 18% as Catholic.^[118] 22% of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body.^[118] Small minorities of Jews (1%), Jehovah's Witnesses (1%), Muslims (1%), Hindus (<1%), Buddhists (1%), Mormons (1%), and other faiths (1-1.5%) exist.^[118]

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations by adherents were the Catholic Church with 1,992,567; the United Methodist Church with 496,232; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 223,253, the Southern Baptist Convention with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the United Church of Christ with 118,000, and the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 110,000.^[119] With about 80,000 adherents in 2020, Ohio has the second largest Amish population of all U.S. states, only behind neighboring Pennsylvania.^[120]

According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 56%, feel religion is "very important", 25% that it is "somewhat important", and 19% that religion is "not too important/not important at all".^[118] 38% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 32% occasionally, and 30% seldom or never.^[118]

Religion in Ohio (2014)^[118]
Religion			Percent
Protestant			53%
Unaffiliated			22%
Catholic			18%
Mormon			1%
Jewish			1%
Jehovah's Witness			1%
Muslim			1%
Buddhist			1%
Other faith			2%

Economy

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Cincinnati's Procter & Gamble is one of Ohio's largest companies in terms of revenue.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the total number for employment in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.^[121] In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.^[122] The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.^[123] As of 2016^[update], Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626 billion.^[124] This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the District of Columbia.^[125]

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.^[126] Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.^[127] The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.^[128] Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.^[129] Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report's 2010 rankings,^[130] and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.^[131]

Ohio's unemployment rate stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,^[132] down from 10.7% in May 2010.^[133]^[134] The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-recession numbers of 2007.^[135] The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.^[135] Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.^[125]^[136] As of 2019^[update], Ohio's median household income is $58,642,^[137] and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line.^[138]

The manufacturing and financial activities sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.^[125] Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.^[139]^[140] Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.^[141] 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.^[125]

By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the health care and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).^[125] Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).^[125] Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.^[125] Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including Procter & Gamble, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, AK Steel, Timken, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Wendy's.^[142]

Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,^[143] the Ohio Lottery.^[144] As of 2020^[update], the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.^[145]

Transportation

Ground travel

Many major east–west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic Lincoln Highway which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Mansfield, Wooster, Lima, and Van Wert. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Route 30.

Ohio also is home to 228 miles (367 km) of the Historic National Road, now U.S. Route 40.

Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the Ohio Turnpike (I-80/I-90) in the north, I-76 through Akron to Pennsylvania, I-70 through Columbus and Dayton, and the Appalachian Highway (State Route 32) running from West Virginia to Cincinnati. Major north–south routes include I-75 in the west through Toledo, Dayton, and Cincinnati, I-71 through the middle of the state from Cleveland through Columbus and Cincinnati into Kentucky, and I-77 in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, Canton, New Philadelphia and Marietta south into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in Ohio.

Ohio also has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow rail trails, with conversion ongoing. The Ohio to Erie Trail (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. U.S. Bicycle Route 50 traverses Ohio from Steubenville to the Indiana state line outside Richmond.^[146]

Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent of which is the Buckeye Trail which extends 1,444 mi (2,324 km) in a loop around the state of Ohio. Part of it is on roads and part is on wooded trail. Additionally, the North Country Trail (the longest of the eleven National Scenic Trails authorized by Congress) and the American Discovery Trail (a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast route across the mid-tier of the United States) pass through Ohio. Much of these two trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.

Ohio has extensive railroads, though today most are only utilized by freight companies. Major cities in the north and south of Ohio lie on Amtrak intercity rail lines. The Capitol Limited and the Lake Shore Limited serve Toledo, Cleveland and other northern Ohio cities. The Cardinal serves Cincinnati. Columbus is the largest city in the United States without any form of passenger rail. Its Union Station last had an inter-city train in 1979 with the National Limited. Mass transit exists in many forms in Ohio cities, primarily through bus systems, though Cleveland has both light and heavy rail through the GCRTA, and Cincinnati reestablished a streetcar line in 2016.

Air travel

Ohio has four international airports, four commercial, and two military. The four international include Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, John Glenn Columbus International Airport, Dayton International Airport, and Rickenbacker International Airport (one of two military airfields). The other military airfield is Wright Patterson Air Force Base which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are located in Toledo and Akron. Cincinnati's primary airport, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, is in Hebron, Kentucky, and therefore is not included in Ohio airport lists.

Transportation lists

Law and government

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The Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, home to the Ohio General Assembly

The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.^[147]^[148]^[149]

Executive branch

The executive branch is headed by the governor of Ohio.^[147] The current governor is Mike DeWine since 2019, a member of the Republican Party.^[150] A lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.^[151]^[152] The current lieutenant governor is Jon A. Husted. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the secretary of state (Frank LaRose), auditor (Keith Faber), treasurer (Robert Sprague), and attorney general (Dave Yost).^[147] There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.^[153]^[154]

Legislative branch

The Ohio General Assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.^[155] The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 constituents.^[156] The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.^[157] The Republican Party is the controlling party in both houses as of the 2020 election cycle.

Judicial branch

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The Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center holds the Supreme Court of Ohio.

There are three levels of the Ohio state judiciary. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".^[158] The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.^[159] Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.^[158] A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.^[158]

The state's highest-ranking court is the Ohio Supreme Court.^[160] A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.^[161]

Politics

"Mother of presidents"

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President Barack Obama at a campaign stop in Cincinnati in his 2012 campaign.

Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with Virginia. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents",^[162] in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born William Henry Harrison lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes, in North Bend, Ohio. The seven presidents born in Ohio were Ulysses S. Grant (elected from Illinois), Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from Indiana), William McKinley, William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding.^[163] All seven were Republicans.

Swing state

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Presidential election results by county for 2020

Democratic

Republican

Ohio is considered a swing state, being won by either the Democratic or Republican candidates reasonably each election. As a swing state, Ohio is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.^[164] Pivotal in the election of 1888, Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980.^[165]^[166]

Additionally, Ohio is considered a bellwether. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".^[167] The Economist notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",^[168] Since 1896, Ohio has had only three misses in the general election (Thomas E. Dewey in 1944, Richard Nixon in 1960, and Donald Trump in 2020) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from 1964 to 2016, and in 33 of the 38 held since the Civil War. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.

As of 2019, there are more than 7.8 million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3 million Democrats and 1.9 million Republicans. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.^[169] Since the 2010 midterm elections, Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.^[170] The governor, Mike DeWine, is Republican, as well as all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor Jon A. Husted, Attorney General Dave Yost, State Auditor Keith Faber, Secretary of State Frank LaRose and State Treasurer Robert Sprague. In the Ohio State Senate the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the Ohio House of Representatives the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.

Losing two seats in the U.S. House of Representatives following the 2010 Census, Ohio has had 16 seats for the three presidential elections of the decade in 2012, 2016 and 2020.^[171] As of the 2020 cycle, twelve federal representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. Marcy Kaptur (D-09) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.^[172] The senior U.S. senator, Sherrod Brown, is a Democrat, while the junior, Rob Portman, is a Republican.^[173]^[174]

Voter suppression

Since 1994, the state has had a policy of purging infrequent voters from its rolls. In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed, challenging this policy on the grounds that it violated the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993^[175] and the Help America Vote Act of 2002.^[176] In June, the federal district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered a preliminary injunction applicable only to the November 2016 election. The preliminary injunction was upheld in September by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Had it not been upheld, thousands of voters would have been purged from the rolls just a few weeks before the election.^[175]

Still, it has been estimated that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.^[177]

Education

Ohio's system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the state constitution, and in Title XXXIII of the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio University, the first university in the Northwest Territory, was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in other states. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of more than 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

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A tree map depicting the distribution of bachelor's degrees awarded in Ohio in 2014

Colleges and universities

Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; Denison University, Oberlin College, and Kenyon College. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes Case Western Reserve University, Ohio State University and Miami University.^[178]

13 state universities
24 state university branch and regional campuses
46 private colleges and universities
6 free-standing state-assisted medical schools
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University
- Northeast Ohio Medical University
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- University of Toledo College of Medicine (formerly Medical University of Ohio)
15 community colleges
8 technical colleges
24 independent non-profit colleges

Libraries

Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.^[179] The 2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr. ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.^[180] For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.^[179]

500,000 books or more
- Columbus Metropolitan Library (First)
- Cuyahoga County Public Library (Second)
- Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County (Tenth)

The Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN) is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.

Ohio also offers the OhioLINK program, allowing Ohio's libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials for the other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers for access to books and other media that might not be otherwise available.

Culture

Arts

Music

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame are both located in Cleveland. Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed is credited with coining the term and promoting rock and roll in the early 1950s. Cincinnati is home to the American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum.

Popular musicians from Ohio include Mamie Smith, Dean Martin, Dave Grohl, Tyler Joseph and Josh Dun of Twenty One Pilots, Frankie Yankovic, Doris Day, The McGuire Sisters, The Isley Brothers, Bobby Womack, Howard Hewett, Shirley Murdock, Boz Scaggs, John Legend, Marilyn Manson, Nine Inch Nails, Dan Auerbach and Patrick Carney of The Black Keys, Griffin Layne, Joe Dolce, Kid Cudi, Benjamin Orr of The Cars, Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders, William "Bootsy" Collins, Stephanie Eulinberg of Kid Rock's Twisted Brown Trucker Band, and Devo. Five Ohio musicians ^[who?] are Rock and Roll Hall of Fame members.

Performance arts

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Springer Auditorium at the Cincinnati Music Hall.

Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland is the second-largest performing arts center in the United States, home to ten theaters.^[181] The Cleveland Orchestra is one of the historic Big Five orchestras in the U.S., and is considered one of the best worldwide.^[182]

Many other Ohio cities are home to their own orchestras, including Akron, Blue Ash, Canton, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, Toledo, and Youngstown. Cincinnati is home to its own ballet, symphony orchestra, pops orchestra, and opera, all housed at the Cincinnati Music Hall. Dayton is also home to a ballet, orchestra, and opera, collectively known as the Dayton Performing Arts Alliance.

The Columbus Association for the Performing Arts manages seven historic Columbus area theaters.^[183]

Winter Guard International has hosted national championships in performing arts at the University of Dayton from 1983 to 1989, 1991–1996, 1998–2000, 2002–2003, and from 2005 to the present.

Visual arts

Ohio is home to 30 art institutions, including the Columbus Museum of Art, Cincinnati Art Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, and other entities. The full list includes:

The Cincinnati Art Museum holds over 100,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history, being among the most comprehensive collections in the Midwest. Among its notable collections are works by Master of San Baudelio, Jorge Ingles, Sandro Botticelli (Judith with Head of Holofernes), Matteo di Giovanni, Domenico Tintoretto (Portrait of Venetian dux Marino Grimani), Mattia Preti, Bernardo Strozzi, Frans Hals, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (St. Thomas of Villanueva), Peter Paul Rubens (Samson and Delilah) and Aert van der Neer. The collection also includes works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet (Rocks At Belle Isle), and Pablo Picasso. The museum also has a large collection of paintings by American painter Frank Duveneck (Elizabeth B. Duveneck).

The Cleveland Museum of Art is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of Asian and Egyptian art, and has a permanent collection of more than 61,000 works from around the world.^[184] It is the fourth-wealthiest art museum in the United States.^[185]

The Columbus Museum of Art holds nineteenth and early twentieth-century American and European art, including early Cubist paintings by Pablo Picasso and Juan Gris, works by François Boucher, Paul Cézanne, Mary Cassatt, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Edgar Degas, Henri Matisse, Claude Monet, Edward Hopper, and Norman Rockwell, and installations by Mel Chin, Josiah McElheny, Susan Philipsz, and Allan Sekula. Also in Columbus, the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum collection includes 450,000 original cartoons, 36,000 books, 51,000 serial titles, and 3,000 feet (910 m) of manuscript materials, plus 2.5 million comic strip clippings and tear sheets, making it the largest research library for cartoon art.

Youngstown's Butler Institute of American Art was the first museum to be dedicated exclusively to American art.^[186]

Sports

Professional sports teams

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Progressive Field, home to the Cleveland Indians baseball team

Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different major leagues in the United States. Current teams include the Cincinnati Reds and Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball,^[187]^[188] the Columbus Crew SC and FC Cincinnati of Major League Soccer,^[189] the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association,^[190] the Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns of the National Football League,^[191] and the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League.^[192]

Ohio has brought home seven World Series titles (Reds 1919, 1940, 1975, 1976, 1990; Indians 1920, 1948), two MLS Cups (Crew 2008, 2020), one NBA Championship (Cavaliers 2016), and nine NFL Championships (Pros 1920; Bulldogs 1922, 1923, 1924; Rams 1945; Browns 1950, 1954, 1955, 1964). Despite this success in the NFL in the first half of the 20th century, no Ohio team has won the Super Bowl since its inception in 1967 or made an appearance since 1989. No Ohio team has made an appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals.

Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869, were organized in Ohio.^[193] An informal early-20th-century American football association, the Ohio League, was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is located in Canton.

On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts minor league baseball, arena football, indoor football, mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.

Individual sports

The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course has hosted several auto racing championships, including CART World Series, IndyCar Series, NASCAR Nationwide Series, Can-Am, Formula 5000, IMSA GT Championship, American Le Mans Series and Rolex Sports Car Series. The Grand Prix of Cleveland also hosted CART races from 1982 to 2007. The Eldora Speedway is a major dirt oval that hosts NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, World of Outlaws Sprint Cars and USAC Silver Crown Series races.

Ohio hosts two PGA Tour events, the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and Memorial Tournament. The Cincinnati Masters is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and WTA Premier 5 tennis tournament.

College sports

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Ohio Stadium in Columbus, home to the Ohio State Buckeyes football team, is the fifth largest stadium in the world.

Ohio has eight NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision college football teams, divided among three different conferences. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.

There is only one program in the Power Five conferences, the Ohio State Buckeyes, who play in the Big Ten Conference. The football team is second in all-time winning percentage, with a 931–327–53 overall record and a 25–26 bowl record as of 2020. The program has produced seven Heisman Trophy winners, forty conference titles, and eight undisputed national championships. The men's basketball program has appeared in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament 27 times.

In the Group of Five conferences, the Cincinnati Bearcats play as a member of the American Athletic Conference. Their men's basketball team has over 1,800 wins, 33 March Madness appearances, and is currently on a nine-year streak of appearances as of 2019. Six teams are represented in the Mid-American Conference: the Akron Zips, Bowling Green Falcons, Kent State Golden Flashes, Miami RedHawks, Ohio Bobcats and the Toledo Rockets. The MAC headquarters are in Cleveland. The Cincinnati–Miami rivalry game has been played in southwest Ohio every year since 1888 and is the oldest current non-conference NCAA football rivalry.

Other Division I schools, either part of the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision or not fielding in football include the Cleveland State Vikings, Xavier Musketeers, Wright State Raiders, and Youngstown State Penguins. Xavier's men's basketball has performed particularly well, with 27 March Madness appearances. Youngstown State's football has the third most NCAA Division I Football Championship wins, with 3.

There are 12 NCAA Division II universities and 22 NCAA Division III universities in Ohio.

Notes

↑ "Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes?" (PDF). November 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ohio History Central
↑ Mithun, Marianne (1999). "Borrowing". The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–3. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. Ohio ('large creek')
↑ "Native Ohio". American Indian Studies. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007. Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'
↑ Mary Stockwell (2006). Ohio Adventure. Gibbs Smith. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4236-2382-3. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
↑ William M. Davidson (1902). A History of the United States. Scott, Foresman and Company. p. 265. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
↑ "U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019". Statista. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named globaltrademag.com
↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (2000). "The Math Behind the 2000 Census Apportionment of Representatives". The Green Papers. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
↑ Pollard, Kelvin (2008). "Swing, Bellwether, and Red and Blue States". Population Reference Bureau. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ohiosos.gov
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↑ "Ohio v. Kentucky, 444 U.S. 335". Find law. January 21, 1980. Archived from the original on August 28, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named arc.gov
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References

Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). Ohio: The History of a People. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0899-1
Knepper, George W. (1989). Ohio and Its People. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-791-0
Mithun, Marianne (1999). Languages of Native North America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Morris, Roy, Jr. (1992). Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan. New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 0-517-58070-5.
Holli, Melvin G. (1999). The American Mayor. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01876-3
Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. (1967). A History of Ohio. Columbus: The Ohio Historical Society.

External links

State of Ohio official website
Ohio State Facts from USDA
U.S. Census Bureau (Ohio Quick Facts)
USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Ohio
Thunder in the Heartland: A Chronicle of Outstanding Weather Events in Ohio, by Dr. Thomas Schmidlin and Jeanne Appelhans Schmidlin; The Kent State university Press; Kent, Ohio, 1996. ISBN 978-0873385497
Ohio at Curlie
Geographic data related to Ohio at OpenStreetMap

40°17′10″N 82°47′37″W / 40.2862°N 82.7937°W / 40.2862; -82.7937 (State of Ohio){{#coordinates:}}: cannot have more than one primary tag per page

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[Counties_in_Appalachia-209] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Counties in Appalachia

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[Historic_Earthquakes:_Western_Ohio-221] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio

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[223] "Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19". US: Geological Survey. Archived from the original on September 9, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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[M_4.0—5km_NNW_of_Eastlake,_Ohio-228] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio

[census.gov-229] "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.

[GDP-230] "Top 100 U.S. metro economies" Archived June 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Conference of Mayors. Retrieved April 22, 2010.

[bizjournals.com-231] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bizjournals.com

[OMB_17-01-232] 39.0 ^39.1 "OMB Bulletin No. 17-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. August 15, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

[2019PopEstCBSA-233] 40.0 ^40.1 "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010–2019". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2021.

[2018PopEstCSA-234] 41.0 ^41.1 "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018—United States—Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. February 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

[knepper9-235] 42.0 ^42.1 Knepper (1989), p. 9.

[knepper10-236] 43.0 ^43.1 Knepper (1989), p. 10.

[knepper11-237] Knepper (1989), p. 11.

[Douglas_T._Price_2008_pp._274-238] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Douglas T. Price 2008 pp. 274

[knepper13-239] 46.0 ^46.1 ^46.2 Knepper (1989), p. 13.

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[knepper14-241] Knepper (1989), p. 14.

[roseboom20-242] Roseboom (1967), p. 20.

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[Franquelin_2017-246] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Franquelin 2017

[knepper14-17-247] Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.

[knepper43-44-248] Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.

[ohiohistorycentral.org-249] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ohiohistorycentral.org

[250] Cogliano, Francis D. (2003). Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History. Francis and Taylor. ISBN 978-1-1346-7869-3.

[251] Kaplan, Lawrence S. (September 1983). "The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge". International History Review. 5 (3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 431–442. doi:10.1080/07075332.1983.9640322. JSTOR 40105317.

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[Hubbard,_Robert_Ernest_pp._2-255] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hubbard, Robert Ernest pp. 2

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[ReferenceC-261] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceC

[Blue-262] 69.0 ^69.1 Blue, Frederick J. (Autumn 2002). "The Date of Ohio Statehood". Ohio Academy of History Newsletter. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010.

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[knepper233-234-265] Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.

[roseboom188-266] Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.

[Morgan's_Raid—Ohio_History_Central-267] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central

[cayton129-268] Cayton (2002), p. 129.

[morris10-11-269] Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.

[cayton128-129-270] Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.

[HOS-271] 78.0 ^78.1 ^78.2 "History of Ohio Steelmaking". OhioSteel.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2017.

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[SMEC-319] "Business Tax Index 2009" Archived April 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.

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[perkins-328] 135.0 ^135.1 Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know Archived May 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Cleveland.com.

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[HEINRICHS-356] Ann Heinrichs (January 1, 2003). Ohio. Capstone. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7565-0316-1. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.

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[holli162-360] Holli (1999), p. 162.

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[362] "Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019". Ohio Voter Project. May 5, 2019. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.

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[364] Riskind, Jonathan (December 24, 2008). "Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2009.

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[elections.nytimes.com-366] "Ohio—Election Results 2010—The New York Times". Archived from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.

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[aclu-husted-368] 175.0 ^175.1 Jennifer Safstrom (September 13, 2017). "The Right to Decide When to Vote: Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute". ACLU.

[atlantic-husted-369] Ford, Matt (May 30, 2017). "Use It or Lose It?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019.

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[NFL-384] "NFL Teams". National Football League. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2009.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|State of the United States}}
 {{about|the U.S. state of Ohio}}
-{{pp-semi-indef}}
-{{pp-move-indef}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
 {{Infobox U.S. state
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 | image_map = Ohio in United States.svg
 | nickname = The Buckeye State;<br />Birthplace of Aviation; The Heart of It All
-| motto = [[With God, all things are possible]] (1959)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio's State Motto|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|date=July 1, 2005|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006062224/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|archive-date=October 6, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| motto = [[With God, all things are possible]] (1959)<ref name="Ohio's State Motto">{{cite web|title=Ohio's State Motto|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|date=July 1, 2005|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006062224/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|archive-date=October 6, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| anthem = [[Beautiful Ohio]] (1969)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />[[Hang On Sloopy]] (1985)<ref>{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Rock Song| publisher = Ohio Historical Society| date = July 1, 2005| url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| access-date = March 27, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180239/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| archive-date = February 7, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
+| anthem = [[Beautiful Ohio]] (1969)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />[[Hang On Sloopy]] (1985)<ref name="Ohio's State Rock Song">{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Rock Song| publisher = Ohio Historical Society| date = July 1, 2005| url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| access-date = March 27, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180239/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| archive-date = February 7, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
-| seat = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222032/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|archive-date=February 8, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CITY">{{cite web|title=City of Columbus: Fun Facts |publisher=City of Columbus, Ohio |year=2006 |url=http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501070353/http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2009 }}</ref>
+| seat = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]<ref name="Ohio Quick Facts">{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222032/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|archive-date=February 8, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CITY">{{cite web|title=City of Columbus: Fun Facts |publisher=City of Columbus, Ohio |year=2006 |url=http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501070353/http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2009 }}</ref>
 | LargestCity = capital
-| LargestMetro = [[Greater Cleveland]] (Combined and urban)<br>[[Greater Cincinnati]] (metro)<br />[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Greater Columbus]] (metro)<br />(see footnotes)<ref>According to the U.S. Census [https://www.census.gov July 2017 Annual Estimate], Greater Columbus is the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) that is ''entirely within'' Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is ''at least partially'' within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest ''in Ohio'' depends on the context.</ref><!-- See talk page AND OBTAIN CONSENSUS before altering this. -->
+| LargestMetro = [[Greater Cleveland]] (Combined and urban)<br>[[Greater Cincinnati]] (metro)<br />[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Greater Columbus]] (metro)<br />(see footnotes)<ref name="July 2017 Annual Estimate">According to the U.S. Census [https://www.census.gov July 2017 Annual Estimate], Greater Columbus is the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) that is ''entirely within'' Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is ''at least partially'' within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest ''in Ohio'' depends on the context.</ref><!-- See talk page AND OBTAIN CONSENSUS before altering this. -->
 | Languages = English 93.3%<br />Spanish 2.2%<br />Other 4.5%<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212624/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref>
 | population_demonym = Ohioan; Buckeye<ref name="DNR"/> (colloq.)|List of Governors of Ohio
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 | Representative = 11 Republicans<br /> 3 Democrats<br /> 2 Vacancies
 | TradAbbreviation = O., Oh.
-| postal_code = OH<ref>{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998
+| postal_code = OH<ref name="Official USPS Abbreviations">{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998
 | url                     = http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html
 | access-date              = March 26, 2009
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 | 2000DensityUS = 282
 | 2000Density = 109
-| MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=December 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,021<ref name="Median Annual Household Income">{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=December 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | IncomeRank = 36th
-| AdmittanceOrder = 17th,<br />declared retroactively on<br />August 7, 1953<ref>{{cite web |title=The Admission of Ohio as a State |publisher=United States House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110193143/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| AdmittanceOrder = 17th,<br />declared retroactively on<br />August 7, 1953<ref name="The Admission of Ohio as a State">{{cite web |title=The Admission of Ohio as a State |publisher=United States House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110193143/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | AdmittanceDate = March 1, 1803<ref name="MS" />
 | timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 '''Ohio''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ohio.ogg|oʊ|ˈ|h|aɪ|oʊ}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] region of the [[United States]]. Of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|fifty states]], it is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|34th-largest by area]], and with a population of just over 11.8 million, is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|seventh-most populous]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|tenth-most densely populated]]. The state's capital and [[List of cities in Ohio|largest city]] is [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], with the [[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus metro area]], [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Greater Cincinnati]], and [[Greater Cleveland]] being the [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|largest metropolitan areas]]. Ohio is bordered by [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[West Virginia]] to the southeast, [[Kentucky]] to the southwest, [[Indiana]] to the west, and [[Michigan]] to the northwest. Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its [[Aesculus glabra|Ohio buckeye trees]], and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".<ref name="DNR">{{cite web|date=November 1998|title=Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes?|url=https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412012307/https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> Its [[State flag of Ohio|state flag]] is the only non-rectangular flag of all the U.S. states.
-The state takes its name from the [[Ohio River]], whose name in turn originated from the [[Seneca language|Seneca]] word '' ohiːyo{{'}}'', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |title=Quick Facts About the State of Ohio |publisher=Ohio History Central |access-date=July 2, 2010 |quote=From Iroquois word meaning 'great river' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153916/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mithun312">{{cite book |first=Marianne |last=Mithun |year=1999 |chapter=Borrowing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&pg=PA311 |pages=311–3 |title=The Languages of Native North America |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29875-9 |quote=Ohio ('large creek')}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |title=Native Ohio |access-date=February 25, 2007 |website=American Indian Studies |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = February 2, 2007 |quote=Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'}}</ref> Ohio arose from the lands west of Appalachia that were contested from colonial times through the [[Northwest Indian War]]s of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting [[Northwest Territory]], which was the first frontier of the new United States, and became the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the [[Northwest Ordinance]].<ref name="MS">{{cite book|author=Mary Stockwell|title=Ohio Adventure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-2382-3|page=88|year=2006|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331200155/http://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|archive-date=March 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WD">{{cite book|author=William M. Davidson|title=A History of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog|year=1902|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog/page/n294 265]|access-date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> Ohio was the first post-colonial [[Slave states and free states|free state]] admitted to the union, and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although Ohio has [[Post-industrial economy|transitioned]] to a more [[Knowledge economy|information-]] and [[Service economy|service-based economy]] in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> with the third largest manufacturing sector and second largest automobile production.<ref>[https://www.globaltrademag.com/top-10-states-for-manufacturing-2019/ TOP 10 STATES FOR MANUFACTURING 2019] Retrieved December 31, 2019</ref>
+The state takes its name from the [[Ohio River]], whose name in turn originated from the [[Seneca language|Seneca]] word '' ohiːyo{{'}}'', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".<ref name="Ohio History Central">{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |title=Quick Facts About the State of Ohio |publisher=Ohio History Central |access-date=July 2, 2010 |quote=From Iroquois word meaning 'great river' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153916/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mithun312">{{cite book |first=Marianne |last=Mithun |year=1999 |chapter=Borrowing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&pg=PA311 |pages=311–3 |title=The Languages of Native North America |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29875-9 |quote=Ohio ('large creek')}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |title=Native Ohio |access-date=February 25, 2007 |website=American Indian Studies |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = February 2, 2007 |quote=Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'}}</ref> Ohio arose from the lands west of Appalachia that were contested from colonial times through the [[Northwest Indian War]]s of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting [[Northwest Territory]], which was the first frontier of the new United States, and became the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the [[Northwest Ordinance]].<ref name="MS">{{cite book|author=Mary Stockwell|title=Ohio Adventure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-2382-3|page=88|year=2006|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331200155/http://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|archive-date=March 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WD">{{cite book|author=William M. Davidson|title=A History of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog|year=1902|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog/page/n294 265]|access-date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> Ohio was the first post-colonial [[Slave states and free states|free state]] admitted to the union, and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although Ohio has [[Post-industrial economy|transitioned]] to a more [[Knowledge economy|information-]] and [[Service economy|service-based economy]] in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> with the third largest manufacturing sector and second largest automobile production.<ref name="globaltrademag.com">[https://www.globaltrademag.com/top-10-states-for-manufacturing-2019/ TOP 10 STATES FOR MANUFACTURING 2019] Retrieved December 31, 2019</ref>
 The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor]]; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral [[Ohio General Assembly]]; and the judicial branch, led by the state [[Supreme Court of Ohio|Supreme Court]]. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Berg-Andersson| first = Richard E.| title = The Math Behind the 2000 Census Apportionment of Representatives| website = The Green Papers| year = 2000| url = http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090106073829/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| archive-date = January 6, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> The state is known for its status as both a [[swing state]] and a [[bellwether]] in national elections.<ref name="Bell">{{cite web | last = Pollard | first = Kelvin | title = Swing, Bellwether, and Red and Blue States | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | year = 2008
   | url = http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207113506/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx
-  | archive-date = December 7, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> Seven [[presidents of the United States]] have [[List of Presidents of the United States by home state|come from Ohio]]. This has led to it receiving the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohio Presidents – Ohio Secretary of State|url=https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Ohiosos.gov|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044026/https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+  | archive-date = December 7, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> Seven [[presidents of the United States]] have [[List of Presidents of the United States by home state|come from Ohio]]. This has led to it receiving the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".<ref name="ohiosos.gov">{{Cite web|title=Ohio Presidents – Ohio Secretary of State|url=https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Ohiosos.gov|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044026/https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ==Geography==
@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
 | QuarterReleaseDate = 2002
 }}
-Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal | archive-date = January 24, 2008 | url = http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | place = Ohio | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080124091721/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | date = February 12, 2003 | title = Transportation delivers for Ohio | publisher = Department of Transportation | access-date = December 22, 2005}}</ref> To the north, Ohio has {{convert|312|mi|km}} of coastline with Lake Erie,<ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | title = Ohio Coastal Counties | publisher = Department of Natural Resources | place = Ohio | access-date = September 3, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080830020758/http://ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | archive-date = August 30, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the [[Ohio River]]. Ohio's neighbors are [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Indiana]] to the west, [[Kentucky]] on the south, and [[West Virginia]] on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by [[metes and bounds]] in the [[Enabling Act of 1802]] as follows:
+Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.<ref name="Transportation delivers for Ohio">{{Cite journal | archive-date = January 24, 2008 | url = http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | place = Ohio | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080124091721/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | date = February 12, 2003 | title = Transportation delivers for Ohio | publisher = Department of Transportation | access-date = December 22, 2005}}</ref> To the north, Ohio has {{convert|312|mi|km}} of coastline with Lake Erie,<ref name="Ohio Coastal Counties">{{Cite journal | url = http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | title = Ohio Coastal Counties | publisher = Department of Natural Resources | place = Ohio | access-date = September 3, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080830020758/http://ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | archive-date = August 30, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the [[Ohio River]]. Ohio's neighbors are [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Indiana]] to the west, [[Kentucky]] on the south, and [[West Virginia]] on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by [[metes and bounds]] in the [[Enabling Act of 1802]] as follows:
 {{quote |Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the [[Great Miami River]], on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of [[Lake Michigan]], running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.}}
@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 Much of Ohio features [[Glacial till plains (Ohio)|glaciated till plains]], with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the [[Great Black Swamp]]. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the [[glaciated Allegheny Plateau]], and then by another belt known as the [[unglaciated Allegheny Plateau]]. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau [[Appalachian Ohio|features rugged hills and forests]].
-The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West [[Northern Panhandle of West Virginia|Virginia Panhandle]] to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the [[United States Congress]] passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |title=History of the Appalachian Regional Commission |publisher=[[Appalachian Regional Commission]] |access-date=January 3, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133844/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |archive-date=December 22, 2005 }}</ref> This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.<ref>[http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 "Counties in Appalachia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184038/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 |date=September 17, 2008 }}, Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006.</ref> While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476&nbsp;million people.)<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170526193218/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates—2005"], The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005 data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table's estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042)</ref>
+The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West [[Northern Panhandle of West Virginia|Virginia Panhandle]] to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the [[United States Congress]] passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".<ref name="arc.gov">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |title=History of the Appalachian Regional Commission |publisher=[[Appalachian Regional Commission]] |access-date=January 3, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133844/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |archive-date=December 22, 2005 }}</ref> This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.<ref name="Counties in Appalachia">[http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 "Counties in Appalachia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184038/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 |date=September 17, 2008 }}, Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006.</ref> While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476&nbsp;million people.)<ref name="wayback.archive-it.org">[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170526193218/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates—2005"], The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005 data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table's estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042)</ref>
 [[File:Map of Ohio NA.png|thumb|right]]
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the [[Great Dayton Flood]], the entire [[Great Miami River|Miami River]] watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]. As a result, the [[Miami Conservancy District]] was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.<ref name="MCDAct">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|title=The History of the MCD: The Conservancy Act|access-date=January 13, 2007|publisher=Miami Conservancy District|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314003325/http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|archive-date=March 14, 2007}}</ref>
-[[Grand Lake St. Marys]] in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for [[canal]]s in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over {{convert|20|sqmi|km2}}, was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history |website=St. Marys Develops |access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> [[:Category:Canals in Ohio|Ohio's canal-building projects]] were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.
+[[Grand Lake St. Marys]] in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for [[canal]]s in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over {{convert|20|sqmi|km2}}, was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history |website=St. Marys Develops |access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> [[:Category:Canals in Ohio|Ohio's canal-building projects]] were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.
 ===Climate===
@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the [[blackjack oak]], ''Quercus marilandica'', are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia ''([[Magnolia grandiflora]])'', [[Albizia julibrissin]] (mimosa), [[Crape Myrtle]], and even the occasional [[Needle Palm]] are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the [[Bluegrass region]] of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|Interstate 75]] from [[Cincinnati]] to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's [[common wall lizard]], one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.
-Due to flooding resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor [[Mike DeWine]] declared a [[state of emergency]] in 37 Ohio counties in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Emergency in 37 Ohio Counties Declared |url=https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |website=Governor.ohio.gov |access-date=March 21, 2019 |date=March 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322002420/https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Due to flooding resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor [[Mike DeWine]] declared a [[state of emergency]] in 37 Ohio counties in 2019.<ref name="governor.ohio.gov">{{cite web |title=State of Emergency in 37 Ohio Counties Declared |url=https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |website=Governor.ohio.gov |access-date=March 21, 2019 |date=March 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322002420/https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
@@ Line 194: / Line 194: @@
 Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.<ref name=in-ohio>{{cite journal|first=Michael C.|last=Hansen|title=Earthquakes in Ohio|url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|date=2015|publisher=[[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224035942/https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the [[Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone]] are located in the state, and numerous [[Fault (geology)|faults]] lie under the surface.<ref name=in-ohio/><ref>{{cite journal|first=Mark T.|last=Baranoski|title=Structure Contour Map on the Precambrian Unconformity Surface in Ohio and Related Basement Features|url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps&Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|date=2013|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203192416/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps%26Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|archive-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the [[Anna, Ohio|Anna]] (Shelby County) earthquake,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|title=OhioSeis Earthquake FAQ: What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio?|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410163708/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of [[Mercalli intensity scale|intensity]] VIII.<ref>[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213060325/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php |date=December 13, 2007 }}, U.S. Geological Survey.</ref>
+The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the [[Anna, Ohio|Anna]] (Shelby County) earthquake,<ref name="geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov">{{cite web|url=http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|title=OhioSeis Earthquake FAQ: What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio?|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410163708/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of [[Mercalli intensity scale|intensity]] VIII.<ref name="Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio">[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213060325/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php |date=December 13, 2007 }}, U.S. Geological Survey.</ref>
-Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | title = Historic United States Earthquakes. Ohio | place = [[United States|US]] | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007212652/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | archive-date = October 7, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.8 near [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] on September 19, 1884;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210752/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.2 near [[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]] on May 17, 1901;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and one of 5.0 in [[LeRoy Township, Lake County, Ohio|LeRoy Township in Lake County]] on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Northeast Ohio, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | title = Northeastern Ohio Quake, January 1986 | publisher = [[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey | access-date = June 13, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113048/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | archive-date = April 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>
+Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:<ref name="Geological Survey">{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | title = Historic United States Earthquakes. Ohio | place = [[United States|US]] | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007212652/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | archive-date = October 7, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.8 near [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] on September 19, 1884;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210752/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.2 near [[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]] on May 17, 1901;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and one of 5.0 in [[LeRoy Township, Lake County, Ohio|LeRoy Township in Lake County]] on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Northeast Ohio, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | title = Northeastern Ohio Quake, January 1986 | publisher = [[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey | access-date = June 13, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113048/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | archive-date = April 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>
-Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]],<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120107125644/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |title=Magnitude 4.0—Youngstown‐Warren urban area, OH |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=December 31, 2011 }}</ref> and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} north-northwest of [[Eastlake, Ohio|Eastlake]] under [[Lake Erie]];<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |title=M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611233939/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> both registered a 4.0 magnitude.
+Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]],<ref name="earthquake.usgs.gov">{{Cite journal|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120107125644/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |title=Magnitude 4.0—Youngstown‐Warren urban area, OH |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=December 31, 2011 }}</ref> and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} north-northwest of [[Eastlake, Ohio|Eastlake]] under [[Lake Erie]];<ref name="M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio">{{Cite journal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |title=M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611233939/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> both registered a 4.0 magnitude.
 ==Major cities==
@@ Line 206: / Line 206: @@
 |name = Largest cities
 |country = Ohio
-|stat_ref = Source: 2019 U.S. Census Estimates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>
+|stat_ref = Source: 2019 U.S. Census Estimates<ref name="census.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>
 |list_by_pop =
 |class = nav
@@ Line 293: / Line 293: @@
 }}
-Ohio's three largest cities are [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Cleveland]], and [[Cincinnati]], all three of which anchor major metropolitan areas. Columbus is the capital of state, located near the geographic center of the state and is well known for [[The Ohio State University]]. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: [[Alliance Data]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]], [[American Electric Power]], [[L Brands]], [[Huntington Bancshares]], and [[Cardinal Health]] in suburban [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]].<ref name=GDP>[http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf "Top 100 U.S. metro economies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625175418/http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |date=June 25, 2010 }}, U.S. Conference of Mayors. Retrieved April 22, 2010.</ref><ref>https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html</ref> Other major employers include hospitals (among others, [[Wexner Medical Center]] and [[Nationwide Children's Hospital]]), hi-tech research and development including the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], information/library companies such as [[OCLC]] and [[Chemical Abstracts Service]], steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer [[Worthington Industries]], financial institutions such as [[JPMorgan Chase]] and [[Huntington Bancshares]], as well as [[Owens Corning]]. Fast food chains [[Wendy's]] and [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] are also headquartered in Columbus.
+Ohio's three largest cities are [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Cleveland]], and [[Cincinnati]], all three of which anchor major metropolitan areas. Columbus is the capital of state, located near the geographic center of the state and is well known for [[The Ohio State University]]. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: [[Alliance Data]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]], [[American Electric Power]], [[L Brands]], [[Huntington Bancshares]], and [[Cardinal Health]] in suburban [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]].<ref name=GDP>[http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf "Top 100 U.S. metro economies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625175418/http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |date=June 25, 2010 }}, U.S. Conference of Mayors. Retrieved April 22, 2010.</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html</ref> Other major employers include hospitals (among others, [[Wexner Medical Center]] and [[Nationwide Children's Hospital]]), hi-tech research and development including the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], information/library companies such as [[OCLC]] and [[Chemical Abstracts Service]], steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer [[Worthington Industries]], financial institutions such as [[JPMorgan Chase]] and [[Huntington Bancshares]], as well as [[Owens Corning]]. Fast food chains [[Wendy's]] and [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] are also headquartered in Columbus.
 Located in [[Northeast Ohio]] along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its [[New England]] heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the largest CSA in the state, of which the cities of [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] are constituent parts. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear Tire and Rubber]] and [[Timken Company|Timken]], top-ranked colleges [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kent State University]], the [[Cleveland Clinic]], and cultural attractions including the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], Big Five group [[Cleveland Orchestra]], [[Playhouse Square]], the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].
@@ Line 446: / Line 446: @@
 [[File:5NationsExpansion.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.95|[[Iroquois]] conquests during the [[Beaver Wars]] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-[[Ohio River]] valley]]
-Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref>Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.</ref> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian Culture]] rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>
+Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref name="Douglas T. Price 2008 pp. 274">Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.</ref> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian Culture]] rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>
-There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the Whittlesey Focus people<ref name="knepper13"/> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref>"Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.</ref> All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13"/> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.
+There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the Whittlesey Focus people<ref name="knepper13"/> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref name="Fort Hill Archeology 2010">"Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.</ref> All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13"/> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.
 Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the [[Iroquois Confederation]], based in central and western New York.<ref name="knepper14">Knepper (1989), p. 14.</ref> After the [[Beaver Wars]] in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people{{dubious|date=January 2019}} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,{{clarify|reason=no disease has been mentioned yet|date=January 2019}} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture ([[maize|corn]], sunflowers, [[bean]]s, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the [[fur trade]].<ref name="roseboom20">Roseboom (1967), p. 20.</ref>
-Some of the indigenous nations which historically inhabited Ohio included the Iroquoian,<ref>[[Petun]], [[Erie people|Erie]], [[Neutral Nation|Chonnonton]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], the [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]] & the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]</ref> the Algonquian<ref>[[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]] [[Lenape]] [[Shawnee]] & [[Odawa]]</ref> & the Siouan.<ref>[[Mosopelea]]</ref><ref>louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Chief Logan#Yellow Creek Massacre|Yellow Creek Massacre]], [[Gnadenhutten massacre|Gnadenhutten]] and [[Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]] when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>
+Some of the indigenous nations which historically inhabited Ohio included the Iroquoian,<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Petun]], [[Erie people|Erie]], [[Neutral Nation|Chonnonton]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], the [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]] & the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]</ref> the Algonquian<ref name="ReferenceB">[[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]] [[Lenape]] [[Shawnee]] & [[Odawa]]</ref> & the Siouan.<ref name="Mosopelea">[[Mosopelea]]</ref><ref name="Franquelin 2017">louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Chief Logan#Yellow Creek Massacre|Yellow Creek Massacre]], [[Gnadenhutten massacre|Gnadenhutten]] and [[Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]] when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref name="ohiohistorycentral.org">{{cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>
 ===Colonial and Revolutionary eras===
@@ Line 473: / Line 473: @@
 [[File:PUTNAM exb.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rufus Putnam]] by James Sharples, Jr., 1797]]
-[[Rufus Putnam]] served in important military capacities in both the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]].  He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 1–4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref>
+[[Rufus Putnam]] served in important military capacities in both the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]].  He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<ref name="Hubbard, Robert Ernest pp. 1">Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 1–4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref>
-In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the [[Continental Army]] to drive the British from Boston.  [[George Washington]] was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer.  After the war, Putnam and [[Manasseh Cutler]] were instrumental in creating the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which opened up the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement.  This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans.  It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square.  Putnam organized and led the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], who settled at [[Marietta, Ohio]], where they built a large fort called [[Campus Martius (Ohio)|Campus Martius]].<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 34–7, 63–74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
+In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the [[Continental Army]] to drive the British from Boston.  [[George Washington]] was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer.  After the war, Putnam and [[Manasseh Cutler]] were instrumental in creating the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which opened up the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement.  This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans.  It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square.  Putnam organized and led the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], who settled at [[Marietta, Ohio]], where they built a large fort called [[Campus Martius (Ohio)|Campus Martius]].<ref name="Hubbard, Robert Ernest pp. 2">Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref name="Hildreth, Samuel Prescott pp. 34">Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 34–7, 63–74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref name="McCullough, David pp. 46">McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
-Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory.  Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools.  Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of [[Leicester Academy]] in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now [[Marietta College]]) in Ohio.  In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River.  In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands.  In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court.  In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
+Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory.  Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools.  Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of [[Leicester Academy]] in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now [[Marietta College]]) in Ohio.  In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River.  In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands.  In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court.  In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<ref name="Hubbard, Robert Ernest pp. 127">Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref name="Hildreth, Samuel Prescott pp. 69, 71">Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref name="McCullough, David pp. 143">McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
 ===Statehood and early years===
@@ Line 484: / Line 484: @@
 {{Dispute about|the assertion that acts of Congress were not used to admit new states to the Union until the admission of Louisiana. See [[Admission to the Union]].|False information on admission of new states|date=June 2021}}
-On February 19, 1803, U.S. president [[Thomas Jefferson]] signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.<ref>An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, {{USStat|2|201}} (February 19, 1803).</ref> However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state, a custom not introduced until [[Louisiana]]'s admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman [[George H. Bender]] introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the [[Ohio General Assembly]] first convened.<ref name=Blue/> At a special session at the old state capital in [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]], the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.<ref name=Blue>{{cite journal |last=Blue |first= Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date=Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, ({{USStatute|83|204|67|407|1953|08|07}}).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|title=Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIO's Admission to Statehood|access-date=October 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017120249/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|archive-date=October 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
+On February 19, 1803, U.S. president [[Thomas Jefferson]] signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.<ref name="ReferenceC">An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, {{USStat|2|201}} (February 19, 1803).</ref> However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state, a custom not introduced until [[Louisiana]]'s admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman [[George H. Bender]] introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the [[Ohio General Assembly]] first convened.<ref name=Blue/> At a special session at the old state capital in [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]], the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.<ref name=Blue>{{cite journal |last=Blue |first= Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date=Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, ({{USStatute|83|204|67|407|1953|08|07}}).</ref><ref name="thegreenpapers.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|title=Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIO's Admission to Statehood|access-date=October 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017120249/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|archive-date=October 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], and [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.
@@ Line 497: / Line 497: @@
 [[File:Morganmap.jpg|thumb|left|The route of [[Morgan's Raid]]]]
-Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid|title=Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central|website=Ohiohistorycentral.org|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621033754/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan%27s_Raid|archive-date=June 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]] – were all from Ohio.<ref name="morris10-11">Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.</ref><ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>
+Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref name="Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid|title=Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central|website=Ohiohistorycentral.org|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621033754/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan%27s_Raid|archive-date=June 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]] – were all from Ohio.<ref name="morris10-11">Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.</ref><ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>
 {{See also|Petroleum industry in Ohio}}
@@ Line 507: / Line 507: @@
 ===20th century===
-During the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the [[Third Reich]] with apprehension.  Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm|title=The SS and Superman|first=Randall|last=Bytwerk|website=Calvin.edu|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html|title=The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El)|website=Adherents.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
+During the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the [[Third Reich]] with apprehension.  Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref name="Bytwerk">{{cite web|url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm|title=The SS and Superman|first=Randall|last=Bytwerk|website=Calvin.edu|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name="adherents.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html|title=The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El)|website=Adherents.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
 Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities which were larger centers for their work. They included [[Zane Grey]], [[Milton Caniff]], [[George Bellows]], [[Art Tatum]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], and [[Roy Rogers]]. [[Alan Freed]], who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]] and the original [[Warner Brothers]], who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before that company later relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including [[Dean Martin]], [[Doris Day]], [[The O'Jays]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Devo]], [[Macy Gray]] and [[The Isley Brothers]].
@@ Line 515: / Line 515: @@
 The [[National Football League]] was originally founded in Ohio in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association.
-In 1970 an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an anti-war protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166</ref>
+In 1970 an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an anti-war protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Hildebrand, Herrington pp. 165">Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166</ref>
 Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other [[Midwestern]] states, as well as [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]], including the [[Great Lakes Charter]], [[Great Lakes Compact]], and the [[Council of Great Lakes Governors]].
@@ Line 521: / Line 521: @@
 ===21st century===
-Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|title=Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium 2010|date=2010|website=GCBL.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082558/http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|archive-date=July 26, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt," in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23|title=Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt|first=Todd|last=Woody|date=November 23, 2009|access-date=August 17, 2017|via=LA Times}}</ref> Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses at the close of the 20th century and suffered from the [[Great Recession]], it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.<ref name=BF>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohio.com/news/top_stories/103405484.html|title=Biden flies to Akron to help governor|website=Ohio.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
+Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|title=Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium 2010|date=2010|website=GCBL.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082558/http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|archive-date=July 26, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt," in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.<ref name="Woody">{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23|title=Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt|first=Todd|last=Woody|date=November 23, 2009|access-date=August 17, 2017|via=LA Times}}</ref> Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses at the close of the 20th century and suffered from the [[Great Recession]], it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.<ref name=BF>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohio.com/news/top_stories/103405484.html|title=Biden flies to Akron to help governor|website=Ohio.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
-Ohio's transition into the 21st century was symbolized by the Third Frontier program, spearheaded by governor [[Bob Taft]] around the start of the century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, dubbed the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.development.ohio.gov/ohiothirdfrontier/History.htm|title=Ohio Third Frontier – History|website=Ohio.gov|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006045824/http://www.development.ohio.gov/OhioThirdFrontier/History.htm|archive-date=October 6, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The results of this initiative were considered widely successful,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/05/ohio_cant_afford_to_kill_third.html|title=Ohio can't afford to kill Third Frontier: Brent Larkin|website=Cleveland.com|date=May 2, 2010|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,<ref name=TF>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html|title=Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans|publisher=Ohio Business Development Coalition|website=PRNewswire|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.<ref name=TF /> In 2010 the state won the [[International Economic Development Council]]'s ''Excellence in Economic Development Award'', celebrated as a national model of success.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/144882|title=Ohio Third Frontier and Supporting Programs Win Top Tech Awards for Economic Development|website=Digital Journal|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
+Ohio's transition into the 21st century was symbolized by the Third Frontier program, spearheaded by governor [[Bob Taft]] around the start of the century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, dubbed the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.<ref name="Ohio Third Frontier – History">{{cite web|url=http://www.development.ohio.gov/ohiothirdfrontier/History.htm|title=Ohio Third Frontier – History|website=Ohio.gov|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006045824/http://www.development.ohio.gov/OhioThirdFrontier/History.htm|archive-date=October 6, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The results of this initiative were considered widely successful,<ref name="cleveland.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/05/ohio_cant_afford_to_kill_third.html|title=Ohio can't afford to kill Third Frontier: Brent Larkin|website=Cleveland.com|date=May 2, 2010|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,<ref name=TF>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html|title=Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans|publisher=Ohio Business Development Coalition|website=PRNewswire|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.<ref name=TF /> In 2010 the state won the [[International Economic Development Council]]'s ''Excellence in Economic Development Award'', celebrated as a national model of success.<ref name="digitaljournal.com">{{cite press release|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/144882|title=Ohio Third Frontier and Supporting Programs Win Top Tech Awards for Economic Development|website=Digital Journal|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
-Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] as a center for polymer and biomedical research, [[Cincinnati]] as the state's largest mercantile hub,<ref name=AE>[http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ "Atlantic Eye: Brunner is the best for Ohio"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805091023/http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ |date=August 5, 2010 }}, Marc S. Ellenbogen. May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</ref> [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,<ref name="AE" /> [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] as an aerospace and defense hub, and [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] as a national center for solar technology.<ref name="FC">[http://features.csmonitor.com/economyrebuild/2009/11/20/five-cities-that-will-rise-in-the-new-economy/ "Five cities that will rise in the New Economy", ''Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved November 27, 2009.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news/local&id=7530129|title=Ohio gov. declares NW Ohio a solar energy hub|date=June 30, 2010|website=ABCLocal.go.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706060838/http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=7530129|archive-date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> Ohio was hit hard by the [[Great Recession]] and manufacturing employment losses entering the 2010s. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|title=Ohio has endured decade of job losses|date=September 12, 2010|website=Dispatch.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052748/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|archive-date=October 5, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again|title=We're Number One: Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures... Again|first=Vince|last=Grzegorek|date=May 20, 2010|website=CleveScene.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html|title=Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up; median income drops sharply|date=September 2010|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
+Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] as a center for polymer and biomedical research, [[Cincinnati]] as the state's largest mercantile hub,<ref name=AE>[http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ "Atlantic Eye: Brunner is the best for Ohio"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805091023/http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ |date=August 5, 2010 }}, Marc S. Ellenbogen. May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</ref> [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,<ref name="AE" /> [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] as an aerospace and defense hub, and [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] as a national center for solar technology.<ref name="FC">[http://features.csmonitor.com/economyrebuild/2009/11/20/five-cities-that-will-rise-in-the-new-economy/ "Five cities that will rise in the New Economy", ''Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved November 27, 2009.]</ref><ref name="abclocal.go.com">{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news/local&id=7530129|title=Ohio gov. declares NW Ohio a solar energy hub|date=June 30, 2010|website=ABCLocal.go.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706060838/http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=7530129|archive-date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> Ohio was hit hard by the [[Great Recession]] and manufacturing employment losses entering the 2010s. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs<ref name="dispatch.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|title=Ohio has endured decade of job losses|date=September 12, 2010|website=Dispatch.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052748/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|archive-date=October 5, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.<ref name="Grzegorek">{{cite web|url=http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again|title=We're Number One: Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures... Again|first=Vince|last=Grzegorek|date=May 20, 2010|website=CleveScene.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<ref name="Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up">{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html|title=Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up; median income drops sharply|date=September 2010|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
 ==Demographics==
@@ Line 584: / Line 584: @@
 }}
-As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.<ref>"[http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html Americans under age{{nbsp}}1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |date=July 14, 2016 }}". ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''. June 3, 2012.</ref>
+As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.<ref name="June 3, 2012">"[http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html Americans under age{{nbsp}}1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |date=July 14, 2016 }}". ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''. June 3, 2012.</ref>
 .2% of Ohio's population is under five years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.
@@ Line 672: / Line 672: @@
 ===Ancestry===
-According to the 2010 [[United States Census]], the racial composition of Ohio was the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164937/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=March 5, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203429/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=December 18, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref>
+According to the 2010 [[United States Census]], the racial composition of Ohio was the following:<ref name="Bureau">{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164937/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=March 5, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref><ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203429/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=December 18, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref>
 * [[White American]]: 82.7% ([[Non-Hispanic Whites]]: 81.1%)
 * [[Black American|Black or African American]]: 12.2%
@@ Line 702: / Line 702: @@
 |}
-In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizens]] and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.<ref name="census1" /> The largest groups were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212054818/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=September 6, 2013}}</ref> Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.
+In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizens]] and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.<ref name="census1" /> The largest groups were:<ref name="American FactFinder—Results">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212054818/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=September 6, 2013}}</ref> Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.
-The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:<ref name="census1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2015|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref>
+The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:<ref name="census1"/><ref name="ReferenceE">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2015|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref>
 * 26.5% [[German American|German]]
 * 14.1% [[Irish American|Irish]]
@@ Line 724: / Line 724: @@
 ===Languages===
-About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.<ref name="census1"/> Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke [[American English|English]], 239,229 [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 55,970 [[German language in the United States|German]], 38,990 [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], 33,125 [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and 32,019 [[French in the United States|French]]. In addition 59,881 spoke a [[Slavic language]] and 42,673 spoke another [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] according to the 2010 Census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref> Ohio also had the nation's largest population of [[Slovene language|Slovene speakers]], second largest of [[Slovak language|Slovak speakers]], second largest of [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers]], and the third largest of [[Serbian language|Serbian speakers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops|title=Data Center Language List|access-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024604/http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist%26mode%3Dlang_tops|archive-date=September 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
+About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.<ref name="census1"/> Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke [[American English|English]], 239,229 [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 55,970 [[German language in the United States|German]], 38,990 [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], 33,125 [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and 32,019 [[French in the United States|French]]. In addition 59,881 spoke a [[Slavic language]] and 42,673 spoke another [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] according to the 2010 Census.<ref name="ReferenceF">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref> Ohio also had the nation's largest population of [[Slovene language|Slovene speakers]], second largest of [[Slovak language|Slovak speakers]], second largest of [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers]], and the third largest of [[Serbian language|Serbian speakers]].<ref name="Data Center Language List">{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops|title=Data Center Language List|access-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024604/http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist%26mode%3Dlang_tops|archive-date=September 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Religion===
@@ Line 757: / Line 757: @@
 [[File:Cincinnati-procter-and-gamble-headquarters.jpg|thumb|upright|Cincinnati's [[Procter & Gamble]] is one of Ohio's largest companies in terms of revenue.]]
-According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the total number for employment in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111054436/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.<ref>{{cite web|title=Site Selection Rankings|url=http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|access-date=October 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074019/http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|archive-date=November 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml "Columbus Chamber Announces Ohio Ranked on 'Top 10 Business Climates' List for 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010816/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml |date=September 8, 2012 }}, Earth Times. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|title=Bureau of Economic Analysis|first=US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic|last=Analysis|website=Bea.gov|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the [[District of Columbia]].<ref name="DDOH">{{cite web|title=Economic Overview |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |date=February 2009 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |access-date=March 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref>
+According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the total number for employment in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111054436/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.<ref name="Site Selection Rankings">{{cite web|title=Site Selection Rankings|url=http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|access-date=October 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074019/http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|archive-date=November 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.<ref name="earthtimes.org">[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml "Columbus Chamber Announces Ohio Ranked on 'Top 10 Business Climates' List for 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010816/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml |date=September 8, 2012 }}, Earth Times. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Analysis">{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|title=Bureau of Economic Analysis|first=US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic|last=Analysis|website=Bea.gov|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the [[District of Columbia]].<ref name="DDOH">{{cite web|title=Economic Overview |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |date=February 2009 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |access-date=March 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref>
-The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.<ref name=SMEC>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf "Business Tax Index 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419175643/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf |date=April 19, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.<ref>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf "SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL INDEX 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228221534/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf |date=December 28, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.<ref>[http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ "The Best States for Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710132703/http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ |date=July 10, 2011 }}, Directorship. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html "The Best States For Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510120901/https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html |date=May 10, 2018 }}, Forbes. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to [[U.S. News and World Report]]'s 2010 rankings,<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ "Best Colleges 2010"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202084520/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ |date=December 2, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html "Best High Schools: State by State Statistics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430210235/http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html |date=April 30, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref>
+The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.<ref name=SMEC>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf "Business Tax Index 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419175643/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf |date=April 19, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.<ref>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf "SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL INDEX 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228221534/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf |date=December 28, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.<ref name="The Best States for Business">[http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ "The Best States for Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710132703/http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ |date=July 10, 2011 }}, Directorship. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.<ref name="forbes.com">[https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html "The Best States For Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510120901/https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html |date=May 10, 2018 }}, Forbes. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to [[U.S. News and World Report]]'s 2010 rankings,<ref name="Best Colleges 2010">[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ "Best Colleges 2010"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202084520/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ |date=December 2, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.<ref name="usnews.com">[https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html "Best High Schools: State by State Statistics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430210235/http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html |date=April 30, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref>
-Ohio's [[unemployment rate]] stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html Ohio unemployment rate 4.5% in February; state gained 13,400 jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224135/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html |date=March 24, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> down from 10.7% in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/ |date=July 25, 2018 }}; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref><ref>[http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 "Jobless rates fall again in southeastern Ohio"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101003327/http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 |date=November 1, 2013 }}, Zanesville Times-Recorder. June 23, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-[[Great Recession in the United States|recession]] numbers of 2007.<ref name=perkins>Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) [http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525215113/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html |date=May 25, 2015 }} Cleveland.com.</ref> The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.<ref name=perkins/> Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.<ref name="DDOH" /><ref>[http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html "Strickland: Mature leader needed, rival Kasich is too radical"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628141838/http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html |date=June 28, 2010 }}, Dayton Daily News. June 22, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Ohio's [[median household income]] is $58,642,<ref>[http://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ Ohio Household Income] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416135653/https://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ |date=April 16, 2021}} Accessed June 8, 2021</ref> and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/205501/poverty-rate-in-ohio/ Poverty Rate in Ohio] Statista.</ref>
+Ohio's [[unemployment rate]] stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,<ref name="ReferenceG">[http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html Ohio unemployment rate 4.5% in February; state gained 13,400 jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224135/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html |date=March 24, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> down from 10.7% in May 2010.<ref name="Bls.gov">[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/ |date=July 25, 2018 }}; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref><ref name="zanesvilletimesrecorder.com">[http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 "Jobless rates fall again in southeastern Ohio"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101003327/http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 |date=November 1, 2013 }}, Zanesville Times-Recorder. June 23, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-[[Great Recession in the United States|recession]] numbers of 2007.<ref name=perkins>Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) [http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525215113/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html |date=May 25, 2015 }} Cleveland.com.</ref> The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.<ref name=perkins/> Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.<ref name="DDOH" /><ref name="daytondailynews.com">[http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html "Strickland: Mature leader needed, rival Kasich is too radical"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628141838/http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html |date=June 28, 2010 }}, Dayton Daily News. June 22, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Ohio's [[median household income]] is $58,642,<ref name="Ohio Household Income">[http://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ Ohio Household Income] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416135653/https://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ |date=April 16, 2021}} Accessed June 8, 2021</ref> and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line.<ref name="Poverty Rate in Ohio">[https://www.statista.com/statistics/205501/poverty-rate-in-ohio/ Poverty Rate in Ohio] Statista.</ref>
-The [[manufacturing]] and [[financial industry|financial activities]] sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.<ref>[https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224136/https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ |date=March 24, 2018 }} Accessed March 24, 2018</ref><ref>[http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 Ohio Remains Among The Top Three States for Manufacturing Employment and Wages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045109/http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 |date=March 25, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.<ref>[http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf "Economic Overview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, Ohio Department of Development, p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.<ref name="DDOH" />
+The [[manufacturing]] and [[financial industry|financial activities]] sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.<ref name="Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio">[https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224136/https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ |date=March 24, 2018 }} Accessed March 24, 2018</ref><ref name="wksu.org">[http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 Ohio Remains Among The Top Three States for Manufacturing Employment and Wages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045109/http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 |date=March 25, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.<ref>[http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf "Economic Overview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, Ohio Department of Development, p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.<ref name="DDOH" />
 By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the [[health care industry|health care]] and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.<ref name="DDOH" /> Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Goodyear Tire & Rubber]], [[AK Steel]], [[Timken Company|Timken]], [[Abercrombie & Fitch]], and [[Wendy's]].<ref name="CORPLIST">{{cite magazine| title = Fortune 500 2008| magazine = [[Money (magazine)| ]]| date = May 5, 2008| url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226040210/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| archive-date = February 26, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
-Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,<ref name="LOTTO">{{cite web| title = Lottery Results| publisher = Office of Citizen Services and Communications, [[General Services Administration]]| url = http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| format = SHTML| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127153145/http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| archive-date = November 27, 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> the [[Ohio Lottery]].<ref name="LOTTO2">{{cite web| title = About the Ohio Lottery| publisher = Ohio Lottery Commission| year = 2008| url = http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331172600/http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| archive-date = March 31, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.<ref>[https://www.sciotopost.com/local-circleville-lottery-winner-name-released/  Local Circleville Lottery Winner Name Released] The Scioto Press. September 25, 2020.</ref>
+Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,<ref name="LOTTO">{{cite web| title = Lottery Results| publisher = Office of Citizen Services and Communications, [[General Services Administration]]| url = http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| format = SHTML| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127153145/http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| archive-date = November 27, 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> the [[Ohio Lottery]].<ref name="LOTTO2">{{cite web| title = About the Ohio Lottery| publisher = Ohio Lottery Commission| year = 2008| url = http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331172600/http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| archive-date = March 31, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.<ref name="sciotopost.com">[https://www.sciotopost.com/local-circleville-lottery-winner-name-released/  Local Circleville Lottery Winner Name Released] The Scioto Press. September 25, 2020.</ref>
 ==Transportation==
@@ Line 803: / Line 803: @@
 [[File:Columbus, Ohio - Highsmith 40.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Ohio Statehouse]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], home to the [[Ohio General Assembly]]]]
-The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.<ref name="CO">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052752/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023513/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181108/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
+The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.<ref name="CO">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052752/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Constitution Online">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023513/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="legislature.ohio.gov">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181108/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
 ===Executive branch===
-The executive branch is headed by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor of Ohio]].<ref name="CO" /> The current governor is [[Mike DeWine]] since 2019, a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="GOV">{{cite web|title=The Governors of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Historical Society |date=January 8, 2007 |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224802/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> A [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|lieutenant governor]] succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.<ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001114549/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| archive-date = October 1, 2018| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024808/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| archive-date = March 4, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> The current lieutenant governor is [[Jon A. Husted]]. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the [[Ohio Secretary of State|secretary of state]] ([[Frank LaRose]]), [[Ohio State Auditor|auditor]] ([[Keith Faber]]), [[Ohio State Treasurer|treasurer]] ([[Robert Sprague]]), and [[Ohio Attorney General|attorney general]] ([[Dave Yost]]).<ref name="CO" /> There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Ohio Executive Branch|pages=263–264|title=Ohio Politics|first=John J.|last=Gargan|editor-first=Mary Anne|editor-last=Sharkey|year=1994|publisher=[[Kent State University Press]]|isbn=0-87338-509-8|lccn=94-7637|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264}}</ref><ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 121.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 5703.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 3301.13.</ref>
+The executive branch is headed by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor of Ohio]].<ref name="CO" /> The current governor is [[Mike DeWine]] since 2019, a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="GOV">{{cite web|title=The Governors of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Historical Society |date=January 8, 2007 |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224802/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> A [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|lieutenant governor]] succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.<ref name="ReferenceH">{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001114549/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| archive-date = October 1, 2018| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceI">{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024808/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| archive-date = March 4, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> The current lieutenant governor is [[Jon A. Husted]]. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the [[Ohio Secretary of State|secretary of state]] ([[Frank LaRose]]), [[Ohio State Auditor|auditor]] ([[Keith Faber]]), [[Ohio State Treasurer|treasurer]] ([[Robert Sprague]]), and [[Ohio Attorney General|attorney general]] ([[Dave Yost]]).<ref name="CO" /> There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.<ref name="Gargan 1994 263–264">{{cite book|chapter=The Ohio Executive Branch|pages=263–264|title=Ohio Politics|first=John J.|last=Gargan|editor-first=Mary Anne|editor-last=Sharkey|year=1994|publisher=[[Kent State University Press]]|isbn=0-87338-509-8|lccn=94-7637|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceJ">[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 121.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 5703.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 3301.13.</ref>
 ===Legislative branch===
-The [[Ohio General Assembly]] is a [[bicameral]] legislature consisting of the [[Ohio Senate|Senate]] and [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio General Assembly | publisher = Ohio History Central | date = July 1, 2005 | url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828082257/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | archive-date = August 28, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 [[Electoral district|constituents]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|title=Population represented by state legislators—Ballotpedia|access-date=March 6, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318010456/https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|archive-date=March 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government |publisher=Congressman Michael Turner |url=http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325134028/http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is the controlling party in both houses as of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 election cycle]].
+The [[Ohio General Assembly]] is a [[bicameral]] legislature consisting of the [[Ohio Senate|Senate]] and [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref name="Ohio General Assembly">{{cite web | title = Ohio General Assembly | publisher = Ohio History Central | date = July 1, 2005 | url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828082257/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | archive-date = August 28, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 [[Electoral district|constituents]].<ref name="ballotpedia.org">{{Cite news|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|title=Population represented by state legislators—Ballotpedia|access-date=March 6, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318010456/https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|archive-date=March 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.<ref name="Government">{{cite web |title=Government |publisher=Congressman Michael Turner |url=http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325134028/http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is the controlling party in both houses as of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 election cycle]].
 ===Judicial branch===
 [[File:Ohio State Office Building 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center]] holds the [[Supreme Court of Ohio]].]]
-There are three levels of the Ohio state [[judiciary]]. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".<ref name="District">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052233/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio District Courts of Appeal | publisher = Ohio Judiciary System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514001636/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | archive-date = May 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.<ref name="District" /> A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.<ref name="District" />
+There are three levels of the Ohio state [[judiciary]]. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".<ref name="District">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052233/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.<ref name="Ohio District Courts of Appeal">{{cite web | title = Ohio District Courts of Appeal | publisher = Ohio Judiciary System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514001636/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | archive-date = May 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.<ref name="District" /> A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.<ref name="District" />
-The state's highest-ranking court is the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref name="SCOO">{{cite web | title = The Supreme Court of Ohio Jurisdiction & Authority | publisher = The Ohio Judicial System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314015128/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | archive-date = March 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own [[Certiorari#State courts|discretion]], hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.<ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | year = 2009 | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404171811/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
+The state's highest-ranking court is the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref name="SCOO">{{cite web | title = The Supreme Court of Ohio Jurisdiction & Authority | publisher = The Ohio Judicial System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314015128/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | archive-date = March 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own [[Certiorari#State courts|discretion]], hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.<ref name="ReferenceK">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | year = 2009 | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404171811/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
 ==Politics==
@@ Line 827: / Line 827: @@
 [[File:President-obama cincinnati eden-park 09-17-2012.jpg|thumb|President [[Barack Obama]] at a campaign stop in [[Cincinnati]] in his [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|2012 campaign]].|alt=A black man in a white shirt speaking on stage behind a podium with the word "forward" and in front of a red, white, and blue Ohio state flag.]]
-Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with [[Virginia]]. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |title=State Nicknames—Nicknames of U.S. States |publisher=Geography.about.com |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205125641/http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born [[William Henry Harrison]] lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, [[John Cleves Symmes]], in [[North Bend, Ohio]]. The seven presidents born in Ohio were [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (elected from [[Illinois]]), [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Benjamin Harrison]] (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from [[Indiana]]), [[William McKinley]], [[William Howard Taft]] and [[Warren G. Harding]].<ref name="HEINRICHS">{{cite book|author=Ann Heinrichs|title=Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|date=January 1, 2003|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0316-1|page=42|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030717/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> All seven were [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]].
+Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with [[Virginia]]. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents",<ref name="Geography.about.com">{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |title=State Nicknames—Nicknames of U.S. States |publisher=Geography.about.com |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205125641/http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born [[William Henry Harrison]] lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, [[John Cleves Symmes]], in [[North Bend, Ohio]]. The seven presidents born in Ohio were [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (elected from [[Illinois]]), [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Benjamin Harrison]] (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from [[Indiana]]), [[William McKinley]], [[William Howard Taft]] and [[Warren G. Harding]].<ref name="HEINRICHS">{{cite book|author=Ann Heinrichs|title=Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|date=January 1, 2003|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0316-1|page=42|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030717/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> All seven were [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]].
 ===Swing state===
 [[File:Ohio Presidential Election Results 2020.svg|thumb|[[2020 United States presidential election in Ohio|Presidential election results]] by county for 2020 {{leftlegend|#4389E3|Democratic}}{{leftlegend|#AA0000|Republican}}]]
-Ohio is considered a [[swing state]], being won by either the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates reasonably each election. As a swing state, Ohio is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|title=The Odds of an Electoral College-Popular Vote Split Are Increasing|date=November 1, 2016|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013034/http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|archive-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pivotal in the election of [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]], Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html Trolling the Campuses for Swing-State Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014334/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html |date=May 28, 2015 }}, Julie Salamon, "[[The New York Times]]", October 2, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ Game Theory for Swingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201225851/http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ |date=February 1, 2011 }}, Jordan Ellenberg, "[[Slate.com]]", October 25, 2004</ref>
+Ohio is considered a [[swing state]], being won by either the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates reasonably each election. As a swing state, Ohio is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.<ref name="fivethirtyeight.com">{{Cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|title=The Odds of an Electoral College-Popular Vote Split Are Increasing|date=November 1, 2016|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013034/http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|archive-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pivotal in the election of [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]], Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980.<ref name="nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html Trolling the Campuses for Swing-State Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014334/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html |date=May 28, 2015 }}, Julie Salamon, "[[The New York Times]]", October 2, 2004</ref><ref name="Game Theory for Swingers">[http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ Game Theory for Swingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201225851/http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ |date=February 1, 2011 }}, Jordan Ellenberg, "[[Slate.com]]", October 25, 2004</ref>
-Additionally, Ohio is considered a [[bellwether]]. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".<ref name="holli162">Holli (1999), p. 162.</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",<ref>[http://www.economist.com/World/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5327576 " A grain of sand for your thoughts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226043446/http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5327576 |date=February 26, 2006 }}, ''The Economist'', December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2005.</ref> Since [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]], Ohio has had only three misses in the general election ([[1944 United States presidential election|Thomas E. Dewey in 1944]], [[1960 United States presidential election|Richard Nixon in 1960]], and [[2020 United States presidential election|Donald Trump in 2020]]) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] to [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], and in 33 of the 38 held since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.
+Additionally, Ohio is considered a [[bellwether]]. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".<ref name="holli162">Holli (1999), p. 162.</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",<ref name="economist.com">[http://www.economist.com/World/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5327576 " A grain of sand for your thoughts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226043446/http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5327576 |date=February 26, 2006 }}, ''The Economist'', December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2005.</ref> Since [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]], Ohio has had only three misses in the general election ([[1944 United States presidential election|Thomas E. Dewey in 1944]], [[1960 United States presidential election|Richard Nixon in 1960]], and [[2020 United States presidential election|Donald Trump in 2020]]) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] to [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], and in 33 of the 38 held since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.
-As of 2019, there are more than 7.8&nbsp;million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3&nbsp;million [[Ohio Democratic Party|Democrats]] and 1.9&nbsp;million [[Ohio Republican Party|Republicans]]. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiovoterproject.org/|title=Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019|date=May 5, 2019|website=Ohio Voter Project|language=en-US|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001356/https://ohiovoterproject.org/|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|title=Ohio Voters Are More Likely to be Old, White, Without Higher Education and Non-Affiliated with a Political Party|publisher=Clevescene|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001358/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The governor, [[Mike DeWine]], is Republican, as well as all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor [[Jon A. Husted]], Attorney General [[Dave Yost]], State Auditor [[Keith Faber]], Secretary of State [[Frank LaRose]] and State Treasurer [[Robert Sprague]]. In the [[Ohio State Senate]] the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.
+As of 2019, there are more than 7.8&nbsp;million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3&nbsp;million [[Ohio Democratic Party|Democrats]] and 1.9&nbsp;million [[Ohio Republican Party|Republicans]]. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiovoterproject.org/|title=Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019|date=May 5, 2019|website=Ohio Voter Project|language=en-US|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001356/https://ohiovoterproject.org/|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.<ref name="Clevescene">{{cite web|url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|title=Ohio Voters Are More Likely to be Old, White, Without Higher Education and Non-Affiliated with a Political Party|publisher=Clevescene|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001358/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The governor, [[Mike DeWine]], is Republican, as well as all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor [[Jon A. Husted]], Attorney General [[Dave Yost]], State Auditor [[Keith Faber]], Secretary of State [[Frank LaRose]] and State Treasurer [[Robert Sprague]]. In the [[Ohio State Senate]] the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.
-Losing two seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] following the 2010 Census, Ohio has had 16 seats for the three presidential elections of the decade in 2012, 2016 and 2020.<ref>{{cite news| last = Riskind| first = Jonathan| title = Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012| newspaper = [[Columbus Dispatch]]| date = December 24, 2008| url = http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022750/http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| archive-date = May 10, 2011| df = mdy-all}}</ref> As of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 cycle]], twelve federal representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. [[Marcia Kaptur|Marcy Kaptur]] (D-[[Ohio's 9th congressional district|09]]) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web| title = Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) Urges Homeowners to Stay in Foreclosed Homes| publisher = Democracy Now| date = February 3, 2009| url = http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121058/http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| archive-date = February 11, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Seniority in the United States Senate|senior]] [[United States Senator|U.S. senator]], [[Sherrod Brown]], is a Democrat, while the junior, [[Rob Portman]], is a Republican.<ref name="elections.nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|title=Ohio—Election Results 2010—The New York Times|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228221915/http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|archive-date=February 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Senators of the 111th Congress| publisher = [[United States Senate]]| url = https://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| access-date = March 29, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325143416/http://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| archive-date = March 25, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
+Losing two seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] following the 2010 Census, Ohio has had 16 seats for the three presidential elections of the decade in 2012, 2016 and 2020.<ref>{{cite news| last = Riskind| first = Jonathan| title = Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012| newspaper = [[Columbus Dispatch]]| date = December 24, 2008| url = http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022750/http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| archive-date = May 10, 2011| df = mdy-all}}</ref> As of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 cycle]], twelve federal representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. [[Marcia Kaptur|Marcy Kaptur]] (D-[[Ohio's 9th congressional district|09]]) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref name="Democracy Now">{{cite web| title = Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) Urges Homeowners to Stay in Foreclosed Homes| publisher = Democracy Now| date = February 3, 2009| url = http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121058/http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| archive-date = February 11, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Seniority in the United States Senate|senior]] [[United States Senator|U.S. senator]], [[Sherrod Brown]], is a Democrat, while the junior, [[Rob Portman]], is a Republican.<ref name="elections.nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|title=Ohio—Election Results 2010—The New York Times|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228221915/http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|archive-date=February 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Senators of the 111th Congress">{{cite web| title = Senators of the 111th Congress| publisher = [[United States Senate]]| url = https://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| access-date = March 29, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325143416/http://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| archive-date = March 25, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
 ===Voter suppression===
@@ Line 844: / Line 844: @@
 Since 1994, the state has had a policy of purging infrequent voters from its rolls. In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed, challenging this policy on the grounds that it violated the [[National Voter Registration Act of 1993|National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993]]<ref name="aclu-husted" /> and the [[Help America Vote Act of 2002]].<ref name="atlantic-husted">{{cite web |last1=Ford |first1=Matt |website=The Atlantic |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Use It or Lose It? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629004540/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June, the federal district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered a preliminary injunction applicable only to the November 2016 election. The preliminary injunction was upheld in September by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Had it not been upheld, thousands of voters<!-- ACLU says 7500 voters, the Atlantic says tens of thousands --> would have been purged from the rolls just a few weeks before the election.<ref name="aclu-husted">{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/voting-rights/right-decide-when-vote-husted-v-philip-randolph-institute |website=ACLU |date=September 13, 2017 |title=The Right to Decide When to Vote: Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute |author=Jennifer Safstrom}}</ref>
-Still, it has been estimated that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.<ref>Clinton, Hillary Rodham, ''What Happened'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), p. 419</ref>
+Still, it has been estimated that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.<ref name="Clinton, Hillary Rodham 2017 p. 419">Clinton, Hillary Rodham, ''What Happened'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), p. 419</ref>
 ==Education==
@@ Line 854: / Line 854: @@
 {{Main|List of colleges and universities in Ohio}}
-Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; [[Denison University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kenyon College]]. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Ohio State University]] and [[Miami University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224120917/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |archive-date=February 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; [[Denison University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kenyon College]]. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Ohio State University]] and [[Miami University]].<ref name="ReferenceL">{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224120917/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |archive-date=February 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 * 13 state universities
@@ Line 885: / Line 885: @@
 ===Libraries===
-Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.<ref name="haplr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028194258/http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Thomas J. Hennen's American Public Library Ratings for 2006|archive-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> The [[Hennen's American Public Library Ratings|2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr.]] ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|title=Average Statewide Scores|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029041442/http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|archive-date=October 29, 2008}}</ref> For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.<ref name="haplr"/>
+Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.<ref name="haplr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028194258/http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Thomas J. Hennen's American Public Library Ratings for 2006|archive-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> The [[Hennen's American Public Library Ratings|2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr.]] ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.<ref name="Average Statewide Scores">{{cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|title=Average Statewide Scores|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029041442/http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|archive-date=October 29, 2008}}</ref> For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.<ref name="haplr"/>
 * 500,000 books or more
 ** [[Columbus Metropolitan Library]] (First)
@@ Line 907: / Line 907: @@
 [[File:Springer Auditorium 2017.jpg|right|thumb|Springer Auditorium at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]].]]
-[[Playhouse Square]] in downtown [[Cleveland]] is the second-largest performing arts center in the United States, home to ten theaters.<ref>[http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/about-playhousesquare About Playhouse Square]</ref> The [[Cleveland Orchestra]] is one of the historic [[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five orchestras]] in the U.S., and is considered one of the best worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras|title=The World's Greatest Orchestras |website=Gramophone.co.uk|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref>
+[[Playhouse Square]] in downtown [[Cleveland]] is the second-largest performing arts center in the United States, home to ten theaters.<ref name="About Playhouse Square">[http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/about-playhousesquare About Playhouse Square]</ref> The [[Cleveland Orchestra]] is one of the historic [[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five orchestras]] in the U.S., and is considered one of the best worldwide.<ref name="The World's Greatest Orchestras">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras|title=The World's Greatest Orchestras |website=Gramophone.co.uk|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref>
 Many other Ohio cities are home to their own orchestras, including [[Akron Symphony Orchestra|Akron]], [[Blue Ash Montgomery Symphony Orchestra|Blue Ash]], [[Canton Symphony Orchestra|Canton]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|Cincinnati]], [[Columbus Symphony Orchestra|Columbus]], [[Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra|Dayton]], [[Toledo Symphony Orchestra|Toledo]], and [[Youngstown Symphony Orchestra|Youngstown]]. Cincinnati is home to its own [[Cincinnati Ballet|ballet]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|symphony orchestra]], [[Cincinnati Pops Orchestra|pops orchestra]], and [[Cincinnati Opera|opera]], all housed at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]]. Dayton is also home to a ballet, orchestra, and opera, collectively known as the [[Dayton Performing Arts Alliance]].
@@ Line 965: / Line 965: @@
 [[File:Progressive Field - Cleveland, OH.jpg|thumb|[[Progressive Field]], home to the [[Cleveland Indians]] baseball team]]
-Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major leagues]] in the United States. Current teams include the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Cleveland Indians]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cincinnati Reds| publisher = [[Major League Baseball]]| url = http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404013847/http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| archive-date = April 4, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cleveland Indians| publisher = Major League Baseball| url = http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191341/http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| archive-date = March 15, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Columbus Crew SC]] and [[FC Cincinnati]] of [[Major League Soccer]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Major League Soccer Teams |publisher=Major League Soccer |url=http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221025932/http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref> the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref>{{cite web| title = NBA.com Team Index| publisher = National Basketball Association| url = http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318064233/http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| archive-date = March 18, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] and [[Cleveland Browns]] of the [[National Football League]],<ref name="NFL">{{cite web| title = NFL Teams| website = [[National Football League]]| url = http://www.nfl.com/teams| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110223135832/http://www.nfl.com/teams| archive-date = February 23, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] of the [[National Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web| title = NHL Teams| website = National Hockey League| url = http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311030113/http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| archive-date = March 11, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
+Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major leagues]] in the United States. Current teams include the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Cleveland Indians]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref name="Major League Baseball">{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cincinnati Reds| publisher = [[Major League Baseball]]| url = http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404013847/http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| archive-date = April 4, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="cleveland.indians.mlb.com">{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cleveland Indians| publisher = Major League Baseball| url = http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191341/http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| archive-date = March 15, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Columbus Crew SC]] and [[FC Cincinnati]] of [[Major League Soccer]],<ref name="Major League Soccer Teams">{{cite web|title=Major League Soccer Teams |publisher=Major League Soccer |url=http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221025932/http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref> the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref name="NBA.com Team Index">{{cite web| title = NBA.com Team Index| publisher = National Basketball Association| url = http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318064233/http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| archive-date = March 18, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] and [[Cleveland Browns]] of the [[National Football League]],<ref name="NFL">{{cite web| title = NFL Teams| website = [[National Football League]]| url = http://www.nfl.com/teams| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110223135832/http://www.nfl.com/teams| archive-date = February 23, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] of the [[National Hockey League]].<ref name="NHL Teams">{{cite web| title = NHL Teams| website = National Hockey League| url = http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311030113/http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| archive-date = March 11, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
 Ohio has brought home seven [[World Series]] titles (Reds [[1919 World Series|1919]], [[1940 World Series|1940]], [[1975 World Series|1975]], [[1976 World Series|1976]], [[1990 World Series|1990]]; Indians [[1920 World Series|1920]], [[1948 World Series|1948]]), two [[MLS Cup]]s (Crew [[MLS Cup 2008|2008]], [[MLS Cup 2020|2020]]), one [[NBA Finals|NBA Championship]] (Cavaliers [[2016 NBA Finals|2016]]), and nine [[History of the National Football League championship|NFL Championships]] ([[1920 Akron Pros season|Pros 1920]]; [[1922 Canton Bulldogs season|Bulldogs 1922]], [[1923 Canton Bulldogs season|1923]], [[1924 Cleveland Bulldogs season|1924]]; [[1945 NFL Championship Game|Rams 1945]]; Browns [[1950 NFL Championship Game|1950]], [[1954 NFL Championship Game|1954]], [[1955 NFL Championship Game|1955]], [[1964 NFL Championship Game|1964]]). Despite this success in the [[NFL]] in the first half of the 20th century, no Ohio team has won the [[Super Bowl]] since its inception in [[Super Bowl I|1967]] or made an appearance since [[Super Bowl XXIII|1989]]. No Ohio team has made an appearance in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]].
-Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] of 1869, were organized in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web| last = Griffith| first = Grant| title = Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings| publisher = Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club| year = 2007| url = http://www.1869reds.com/history/| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175805/http://www.1869reds.com/history| archive-date = July 24, 2008| url-status=dead| df = mdy-all}}</ref> An informal early-20th-century American football association, the [[Ohio League]], was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] is located in [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]].
+Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] of 1869, were organized in Ohio.<ref name="Griffith 2007">{{cite web| last = Griffith| first = Grant| title = Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings| publisher = Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club| year = 2007| url = http://www.1869reds.com/history/| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175805/http://www.1869reds.com/history| archive-date = July 24, 2008| url-status=dead| df = mdy-all}}</ref> An informal early-20th-century American football association, the [[Ohio League]], was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] is located in [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]].
 On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts [[minor league baseball]], [[arena football]], [[indoor American football|indoor football]], mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.
@@ Line 1,046: / Line 1,046: @@
 {{short description|State of the United States}}
 {{about|the U.S. state of Ohio}}
-{{pp-semi-indef}}
-{{pp-move-indef}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
 {{Infobox U.S. state
@@ Line 1,059: / Line 1,059: @@
 | image_map = Ohio in United States.svg
 | nickname = The Buckeye State;<br />Birthplace of Aviation; The Heart of It All
-| motto = [[With God, all things are possible]] (1959)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio's State Motto|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|date=July 1, 2005|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006062224/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|archive-date=October 6, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| motto = [[With God, all things are possible]] (1959)<ref name="Ohio's State Motto">{{cite web|title=Ohio's State Motto|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|date=July 1, 2005|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006062224/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|archive-date=October 6, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| anthem = [[Beautiful Ohio]] (1969)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />[[Hang On Sloopy]] (1985)<ref>{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Rock Song| publisher = Ohio Historical Society| date = July 1, 2005| url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| access-date = March 27, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180239/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| archive-date = February 7, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
+| anthem = [[Beautiful Ohio]] (1969)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />[[Hang On Sloopy]] (1985)<ref name="Ohio's State Rock Song">{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Rock Song| publisher = Ohio Historical Society| date = July 1, 2005| url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| access-date = March 27, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180239/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| archive-date = February 7, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
-| seat = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222032/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|archive-date=February 8, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CITY">{{cite web|title=City of Columbus: Fun Facts |publisher=City of Columbus, Ohio |year=2006 |url=http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501070353/http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2009 }}</ref>
+| seat = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]<ref name="Ohio Quick Facts">{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222032/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|archive-date=February 8, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CITY">{{cite web|title=City of Columbus: Fun Facts |publisher=City of Columbus, Ohio |year=2006 |url=http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501070353/http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2009 }}</ref>
 | LargestCity = capital
-| LargestMetro = [[Greater Cleveland]] (Combined and urban)<br>[[Greater Cincinnati]] (metro)<br />[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Greater Columbus]] (metro)<br />(see footnotes)<ref>According to the U.S. Census [https://www.census.gov July 2017 Annual Estimate], Greater Columbus is the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) that is ''entirely within'' Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is ''at least partially'' within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest ''in Ohio'' depends on the context.</ref><!-- See talk page AND OBTAIN CONSENSUS before altering this. -->
+| LargestMetro = [[Greater Cleveland]] (Combined and urban)<br>[[Greater Cincinnati]] (metro)<br />[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Greater Columbus]] (metro)<br />(see footnotes)<ref name="July 2017 Annual Estimate">According to the U.S. Census [https://www.census.gov July 2017 Annual Estimate], Greater Columbus is the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) that is ''entirely within'' Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is ''at least partially'' within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest ''in Ohio'' depends on the context.</ref><!-- See talk page AND OBTAIN CONSENSUS before altering this. -->
 | Languages = English 93.3%<br />Spanish 2.2%<br />Other 4.5%<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212624/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref>
 | population_demonym = Ohioan; Buckeye<ref name="DNR"/> (colloq.)|List of Governors of Ohio
@@ Line 1,075: / Line 1,075: @@
 | Representative = 11 Republicans<br /> 3 Democrats<br /> 2 Vacancies
 | TradAbbreviation = O., Oh.
-| postal_code = OH<ref>{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998
+| postal_code = OH<ref name="Official USPS Abbreviations">{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998
 | url                     = http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html
 | access-date              = March 26, 2009
@@ Line 1,097: / Line 1,097: @@
 | 2000DensityUS = 282
 | 2000Density = 109
-| MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=December 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,021<ref name="Median Annual Household Income">{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=December 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | IncomeRank = 36th
-| AdmittanceOrder = 17th,<br />declared retroactively on<br />August 7, 1953<ref>{{cite web |title=The Admission of Ohio as a State |publisher=United States House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110193143/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| AdmittanceOrder = 17th,<br />declared retroactively on<br />August 7, 1953<ref name="The Admission of Ohio as a State">{{cite web |title=The Admission of Ohio as a State |publisher=United States House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110193143/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | AdmittanceDate = March 1, 1803<ref name="MS" />
 | timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
@@ Line 1,127: / Line 1,127: @@
 '''Ohio''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ohio.ogg|oʊ|ˈ|h|aɪ|oʊ}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] region of the [[United States]]. Of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|fifty states]], it is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|34th-largest by area]], and with a population of just over 11.8 million, is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|seventh-most populous]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|tenth-most densely populated]]. The state's capital and [[List of cities in Ohio|largest city]] is [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], with the [[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus metro area]], [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Greater Cincinnati]], and [[Greater Cleveland]] being the [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|largest metropolitan areas]]. Ohio is bordered by [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[West Virginia]] to the southeast, [[Kentucky]] to the southwest, [[Indiana]] to the west, and [[Michigan]] to the northwest. Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its [[Aesculus glabra|Ohio buckeye trees]], and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".<ref name="DNR">{{cite web|date=November 1998|title=Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes?|url=https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412012307/https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> Its [[State flag of Ohio|state flag]] is the only non-rectangular flag of all the U.S. states.
-The state takes its name from the [[Ohio River]], whose name in turn originated from the [[Seneca language|Seneca]] word '' ohiːyo{{'}}'', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |title=Quick Facts About the State of Ohio |publisher=Ohio History Central |access-date=July 2, 2010 |quote=From Iroquois word meaning 'great river' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153916/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mithun312">{{cite book |first=Marianne |last=Mithun |year=1999 |chapter=Borrowing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&pg=PA311 |pages=311–3 |title=The Languages of Native North America |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29875-9 |quote=Ohio ('large creek')}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |title=Native Ohio |access-date=February 25, 2007 |website=American Indian Studies |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = February 2, 2007 |quote=Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'}}</ref> Ohio arose from the lands west of Appalachia that were contested from colonial times through the [[Northwest Indian War]]s of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting [[Northwest Territory]], which was the first frontier of the new United States, and became the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the [[Northwest Ordinance]].<ref name="MS">{{cite book|author=Mary Stockwell|title=Ohio Adventure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-2382-3|page=88|year=2006|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331200155/http://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|archive-date=March 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WD">{{cite book|author=William M. Davidson|title=A History of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog|year=1902|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog/page/n294 265]|access-date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> Ohio was the first post-colonial [[Slave states and free states|free state]] admitted to the union, and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although Ohio has [[Post-industrial economy|transitioned]] to a more [[Knowledge economy|information-]] and [[Service economy|service-based economy]] in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> with the third largest manufacturing sector and second largest automobile production.<ref>[https://www.globaltrademag.com/top-10-states-for-manufacturing-2019/ TOP 10 STATES FOR MANUFACTURING 2019] Retrieved December 31, 2019</ref>
+The state takes its name from the [[Ohio River]], whose name in turn originated from the [[Seneca language|Seneca]] word '' ohiːyo{{'}}'', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".<ref name="Ohio History Central"/><ref name="mithun312">{{cite book |first=Marianne |last=Mithun |year=1999 |chapter=Borrowing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&pg=PA311 |pages=311–3 |title=The Languages of Native North America |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29875-9 |quote=Ohio ('large creek')}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |title=Native Ohio |access-date=February 25, 2007 |website=American Indian Studies |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = February 2, 2007 |quote=Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'}}</ref> Ohio arose from the lands west of Appalachia that were contested from colonial times through the [[Northwest Indian War]]s of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting [[Northwest Territory]], which was the first frontier of the new United States, and became the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the [[Northwest Ordinance]].<ref name="MS">{{cite book|author=Mary Stockwell|title=Ohio Adventure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-2382-3|page=88|year=2006|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331200155/http://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|archive-date=March 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WD">{{cite book|author=William M. Davidson|title=A History of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog|year=1902|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog/page/n294 265]|access-date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> Ohio was the first post-colonial [[Slave states and free states|free state]] admitted to the union, and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although Ohio has [[Post-industrial economy|transitioned]] to a more [[Knowledge economy|information-]] and [[Service economy|service-based economy]] in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> with the third largest manufacturing sector and second largest automobile production.<ref name="globaltrademag.com"/>
 The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor]]; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral [[Ohio General Assembly]]; and the judicial branch, led by the state [[Supreme Court of Ohio|Supreme Court]]. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Berg-Andersson| first = Richard E.| title = The Math Behind the 2000 Census Apportionment of Representatives| website = The Green Papers| year = 2000| url = http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090106073829/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| archive-date = January 6, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> The state is known for its status as both a [[swing state]] and a [[bellwether]] in national elections.<ref name="Bell">{{cite web | last = Pollard | first = Kelvin | title = Swing, Bellwether, and Red and Blue States | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | year = 2008
   | url = http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207113506/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx
-  | archive-date = December 7, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> Seven [[presidents of the United States]] have [[List of Presidents of the United States by home state|come from Ohio]]. This has led to it receiving the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohio Presidents – Ohio Secretary of State|url=https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Ohiosos.gov|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044026/https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+  | archive-date = December 7, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> Seven [[presidents of the United States]] have [[List of Presidents of the United States by home state|come from Ohio]]. This has led to it receiving the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".<ref name="ohiosos.gov"/>
 ==Geography==
@@ Line 1,177: / Line 1,177: @@
 | QuarterReleaseDate = 2002
 }}
-Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal | archive-date = January 24, 2008 | url = http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | place = Ohio | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080124091721/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | date = February 12, 2003 | title = Transportation delivers for Ohio | publisher = Department of Transportation | access-date = December 22, 2005}}</ref> To the north, Ohio has {{convert|312|mi|km}} of coastline with Lake Erie,<ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | title = Ohio Coastal Counties | publisher = Department of Natural Resources | place = Ohio | access-date = September 3, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080830020758/http://ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | archive-date = August 30, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the [[Ohio River]]. Ohio's neighbors are [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Indiana]] to the west, [[Kentucky]] on the south, and [[West Virginia]] on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by [[metes and bounds]] in the [[Enabling Act of 1802]] as follows:
+Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.<ref name="Transportation delivers for Ohio"/> To the north, Ohio has {{convert|312|mi|km}} of coastline with Lake Erie,<ref name="Ohio Coastal Counties"/> which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the [[Ohio River]]. Ohio's neighbors are [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Indiana]] to the west, [[Kentucky]] on the south, and [[West Virginia]] on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by [[metes and bounds]] in the [[Enabling Act of 1802]] as follows:
 {{quote |Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the [[Great Miami River]], on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of [[Lake Michigan]], running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.}}
@@ Line 1,186: / Line 1,186: @@
 Much of Ohio features [[Glacial till plains (Ohio)|glaciated till plains]], with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the [[Great Black Swamp]]. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the [[glaciated Allegheny Plateau]], and then by another belt known as the [[unglaciated Allegheny Plateau]]. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau [[Appalachian Ohio|features rugged hills and forests]].
-The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West [[Northern Panhandle of West Virginia|Virginia Panhandle]] to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the [[United States Congress]] passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |title=History of the Appalachian Regional Commission |publisher=[[Appalachian Regional Commission]] |access-date=January 3, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133844/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |archive-date=December 22, 2005 }}</ref> This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.<ref>[http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 "Counties in Appalachia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184038/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 |date=September 17, 2008 }}, Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006.</ref> While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476&nbsp;million people.)<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170526193218/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates—2005"], The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005 data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table's estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042)</ref>
+The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West [[Northern Panhandle of West Virginia|Virginia Panhandle]] to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the [[United States Congress]] passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".<ref name="arc.gov"/> This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.<ref name="Counties in Appalachia"/> While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476&nbsp;million people.)<ref name="wayback.archive-it.org"/>
 [[File:Map of Ohio NA.png|thumb|right]]
@@ Line 1,193: / Line 1,193: @@
 The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the [[Great Dayton Flood]], the entire [[Great Miami River|Miami River]] watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]. As a result, the [[Miami Conservancy District]] was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.<ref name="MCDAct">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|title=The History of the MCD: The Conservancy Act|access-date=January 13, 2007|publisher=Miami Conservancy District|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314003325/http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|archive-date=March 14, 2007}}</ref>
-[[Grand Lake St. Marys]] in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for [[canal]]s in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over {{convert|20|sqmi|km2}}, was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history |website=St. Marys Develops |access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> [[:Category:Canals in Ohio|Ohio's canal-building projects]] were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.
+[[Grand Lake St. Marys]] in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for [[canal]]s in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over {{convert|20|sqmi|km2}}, was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.<ref name="History"/> [[:Category:Canals in Ohio|Ohio's canal-building projects]] were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.
 ===Climate===
@@ Line 1,203: / Line 1,203: @@
 Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the [[blackjack oak]], ''Quercus marilandica'', are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia ''([[Magnolia grandiflora]])'', [[Albizia julibrissin]] (mimosa), [[Crape Myrtle]], and even the occasional [[Needle Palm]] are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the [[Bluegrass region]] of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|Interstate 75]] from [[Cincinnati]] to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's [[common wall lizard]], one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.
-Due to flooding resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor [[Mike DeWine]] declared a [[state of emergency]] in 37 Ohio counties in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Emergency in 37 Ohio Counties Declared |url=https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |website=Governor.ohio.gov |access-date=March 21, 2019 |date=March 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322002420/https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Due to flooding resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor [[Mike DeWine]] declared a [[state of emergency]] in 37 Ohio counties in 2019.<ref name="governor.ohio.gov"/>
 {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
@@ Line 1,239: / Line 1,239: @@
 Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.<ref name=in-ohio>{{cite journal|first=Michael C.|last=Hansen|title=Earthquakes in Ohio|url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|date=2015|publisher=[[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224035942/https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the [[Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone]] are located in the state, and numerous [[Fault (geology)|faults]] lie under the surface.<ref name=in-ohio/><ref>{{cite journal|first=Mark T.|last=Baranoski|title=Structure Contour Map on the Precambrian Unconformity Surface in Ohio and Related Basement Features|url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps&Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|date=2013|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203192416/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps%26Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|archive-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the [[Anna, Ohio|Anna]] (Shelby County) earthquake,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|title=OhioSeis Earthquake FAQ: What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio?|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410163708/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of [[Mercalli intensity scale|intensity]] VIII.<ref>[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213060325/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php |date=December 13, 2007 }}, U.S. Geological Survey.</ref>
+The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the [[Anna, Ohio|Anna]] (Shelby County) earthquake,<ref name="geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov"/> which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of [[Mercalli intensity scale|intensity]] VIII.<ref name="Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio"/>
-Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | title = Historic United States Earthquakes. Ohio | place = [[United States|US]] | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007212652/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | archive-date = October 7, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.8 near [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] on September 19, 1884;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210752/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.2 near [[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]] on May 17, 1901;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and one of 5.0 in [[LeRoy Township, Lake County, Ohio|LeRoy Township in Lake County]] on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Northeast Ohio, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | title = Northeastern Ohio Quake, January 1986 | publisher = [[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey | access-date = June 13, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113048/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | archive-date = April 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>
+Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:<ref name="Geological Survey"/> one of magnitude 4.8 near [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] on September 19, 1884;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210752/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.2 near [[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]] on May 17, 1901;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and one of 5.0 in [[LeRoy Township, Lake County, Ohio|LeRoy Township in Lake County]] on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Northeast Ohio, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | title = Northeastern Ohio Quake, January 1986 | publisher = [[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey | access-date = June 13, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113048/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | archive-date = April 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>
-Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]],<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120107125644/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |title=Magnitude 4.0—Youngstown‐Warren urban area, OH |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=December 31, 2011 }}</ref> and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} north-northwest of [[Eastlake, Ohio|Eastlake]] under [[Lake Erie]];<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |title=M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611233939/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> both registered a 4.0 magnitude.
+Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]],<ref name="earthquake.usgs.gov"/> and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} north-northwest of [[Eastlake, Ohio|Eastlake]] under [[Lake Erie]];<ref name="M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio"/> both registered a 4.0 magnitude.
 ==Major cities==
@@ Line 1,251: / Line 1,251: @@
 |name = Largest cities
 |country = Ohio
-|stat_ref = Source: 2019 U.S. Census Estimates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>
+|stat_ref = Source: 2019 U.S. Census Estimates<ref name="census.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>
 |list_by_pop =
 |class = nav
@@ Line 1,338: / Line 1,338: @@
 }}
-Ohio's three largest cities are [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Cleveland]], and [[Cincinnati]], all three of which anchor major metropolitan areas. Columbus is the capital of state, located near the geographic center of the state and is well known for [[The Ohio State University]]. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: [[Alliance Data]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]], [[American Electric Power]], [[L Brands]], [[Huntington Bancshares]], and [[Cardinal Health]] in suburban [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]].<ref name=GDP>[http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf "Top 100 U.S. metro economies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625175418/http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |date=June 25, 2010 }}, U.S. Conference of Mayors. Retrieved April 22, 2010.</ref><ref>https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html</ref> Other major employers include hospitals (among others, [[Wexner Medical Center]] and [[Nationwide Children's Hospital]]), hi-tech research and development including the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], information/library companies such as [[OCLC]] and [[Chemical Abstracts Service]], steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer [[Worthington Industries]], financial institutions such as [[JPMorgan Chase]] and [[Huntington Bancshares]], as well as [[Owens Corning]]. Fast food chains [[Wendy's]] and [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] are also headquartered in Columbus.
+Ohio's three largest cities are [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Cleveland]], and [[Cincinnati]], all three of which anchor major metropolitan areas. Columbus is the capital of state, located near the geographic center of the state and is well known for [[The Ohio State University]]. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: [[Alliance Data]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]], [[American Electric Power]], [[L Brands]], [[Huntington Bancshares]], and [[Cardinal Health]] in suburban [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]].<ref name=GDP>[http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf "Top 100 U.S. metro economies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625175418/http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |date=June 25, 2010 }}, U.S. Conference of Mayors. Retrieved April 22, 2010.</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com"/> Other major employers include hospitals (among others, [[Wexner Medical Center]] and [[Nationwide Children's Hospital]]), hi-tech research and development including the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], information/library companies such as [[OCLC]] and [[Chemical Abstracts Service]], steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer [[Worthington Industries]], financial institutions such as [[JPMorgan Chase]] and [[Huntington Bancshares]], as well as [[Owens Corning]]. Fast food chains [[Wendy's]] and [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] are also headquartered in Columbus.
 Located in [[Northeast Ohio]] along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its [[New England]] heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the largest CSA in the state, of which the cities of [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] are constituent parts. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear Tire and Rubber]] and [[Timken Company|Timken]], top-ranked colleges [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kent State University]], the [[Cleveland Clinic]], and cultural attractions including the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], Big Five group [[Cleveland Orchestra]], [[Playhouse Square]], the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].
@@ Line 1,491: / Line 1,491: @@
 [[File:5NationsExpansion.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.95|[[Iroquois]] conquests during the [[Beaver Wars]] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-[[Ohio River]] valley]]
-Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref>Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.</ref> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian Culture]] rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>
+Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref name="Douglas T. Price 2008 pp. 274"/> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian Culture]] rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>
-There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the Whittlesey Focus people<ref name="knepper13"/> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref>"Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.</ref> All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13"/> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.
+There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the Whittlesey Focus people<ref name="knepper13"/> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref name="Fort Hill Archeology 2010"/> All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13"/> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.
 Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the [[Iroquois Confederation]], based in central and western New York.<ref name="knepper14">Knepper (1989), p. 14.</ref> After the [[Beaver Wars]] in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people{{dubious|date=January 2019}} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,{{clarify|reason=no disease has been mentioned yet|date=January 2019}} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture ([[maize|corn]], sunflowers, [[bean]]s, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the [[fur trade]].<ref name="roseboom20">Roseboom (1967), p. 20.</ref>
-Some of the indigenous nations which historically inhabited Ohio included the Iroquoian,<ref>[[Petun]], [[Erie people|Erie]], [[Neutral Nation|Chonnonton]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], the [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]] & the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]</ref> the Algonquian<ref>[[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]] [[Lenape]] [[Shawnee]] & [[Odawa]]</ref> & the Siouan.<ref>[[Mosopelea]]</ref><ref>louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Chief Logan#Yellow Creek Massacre|Yellow Creek Massacre]], [[Gnadenhutten massacre|Gnadenhutten]] and [[Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]] when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>
+Some of the indigenous nations which historically inhabited Ohio included the Iroquoian,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> the Algonquian<ref name="ReferenceB"/> & the Siouan.<ref name="Mosopelea"/><ref name="Franquelin 2017"/><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Chief Logan#Yellow Creek Massacre|Yellow Creek Massacre]], [[Gnadenhutten massacre|Gnadenhutten]] and [[Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]] when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref name="ohiohistorycentral.org"/>
 ===Colonial and Revolutionary eras===
@@ Line 1,518: / Line 1,518: @@
 [[File:PUTNAM exb.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rufus Putnam]] by James Sharples, Jr., 1797]]
-[[Rufus Putnam]] served in important military capacities in both the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]].  He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 1–4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref>
+[[Rufus Putnam]] served in important military capacities in both the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]].  He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<ref name="Hubbard, Robert Ernest pp. 1"/>
-In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the [[Continental Army]] to drive the British from Boston.  [[George Washington]] was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer.  After the war, Putnam and [[Manasseh Cutler]] were instrumental in creating the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which opened up the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement.  This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans.  It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square.  Putnam organized and led the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], who settled at [[Marietta, Ohio]], where they built a large fort called [[Campus Martius (Ohio)|Campus Martius]].<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 34–7, 63–74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
+In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the [[Continental Army]] to drive the British from Boston.  [[George Washington]] was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer.  After the war, Putnam and [[Manasseh Cutler]] were instrumental in creating the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which opened up the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement.  This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans.  It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square.  Putnam organized and led the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], who settled at [[Marietta, Ohio]], where they built a large fort called [[Campus Martius (Ohio)|Campus Martius]].<ref name="Hubbard, Robert Ernest pp. 2"/><ref name="Hildreth, Samuel Prescott pp. 34"/><ref name="McCullough, David pp. 46"/>
-Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory.  Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools.  Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of [[Leicester Academy]] in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now [[Marietta College]]) in Ohio.  In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River.  In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands.  In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court.  In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
+Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory.  Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools.  Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of [[Leicester Academy]] in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now [[Marietta College]]) in Ohio.  In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River.  In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands.  In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court.  In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<ref name="Hubbard, Robert Ernest pp. 127"/><ref name="Hildreth, Samuel Prescott pp. 69, 71"/><ref name="McCullough, David pp. 143"/>
 ===Statehood and early years===
@@ Line 1,529: / Line 1,529: @@
 {{Dispute about|the assertion that acts of Congress were not used to admit new states to the Union until the admission of Louisiana. See [[Admission to the Union]].|False information on admission of new states|date=June 2021}}
-On February 19, 1803, U.S. president [[Thomas Jefferson]] signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.<ref>An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, {{USStat|2|201}} (February 19, 1803).</ref> However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state, a custom not introduced until [[Louisiana]]'s admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman [[George H. Bender]] introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the [[Ohio General Assembly]] first convened.<ref name=Blue/> At a special session at the old state capital in [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]], the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.<ref name=Blue>{{cite journal |last=Blue |first= Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date=Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, ({{USStatute|83|204|67|407|1953|08|07}}).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|title=Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIO's Admission to Statehood|access-date=October 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017120249/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|archive-date=October 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
+On February 19, 1803, U.S. president [[Thomas Jefferson]] signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state, a custom not introduced until [[Louisiana]]'s admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman [[George H. Bender]] introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the [[Ohio General Assembly]] first convened.<ref name=Blue/> At a special session at the old state capital in [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]], the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.<ref name=Blue>{{cite journal |last=Blue |first= Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date=Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceD"/><ref name="thegreenpapers.com"/>
 Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], and [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.
@@ Line 1,542: / Line 1,542: @@
 [[File:Morganmap.jpg|thumb|left|The route of [[Morgan's Raid]]]]
-Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid|title=Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central|website=Ohiohistorycentral.org|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621033754/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan%27s_Raid|archive-date=June 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]] – were all from Ohio.<ref name="morris10-11">Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.</ref><ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>
+Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref name="Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central"/> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]] – were all from Ohio.<ref name="morris10-11">Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.</ref><ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>
 {{See also|Petroleum industry in Ohio}}
@@ Line 1,552: / Line 1,552: @@
 ===20th century===
-During the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the [[Third Reich]] with apprehension.  Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm|title=The SS and Superman|first=Randall|last=Bytwerk|website=Calvin.edu|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html|title=The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El)|website=Adherents.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
+During the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the [[Third Reich]] with apprehension.  Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref name="Bytwerk"/><ref name="adherents.com"/>
 Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities which were larger centers for their work. They included [[Zane Grey]], [[Milton Caniff]], [[George Bellows]], [[Art Tatum]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], and [[Roy Rogers]]. [[Alan Freed]], who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]] and the original [[Warner Brothers]], who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before that company later relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including [[Dean Martin]], [[Doris Day]], [[The O'Jays]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Devo]], [[Macy Gray]] and [[The Isley Brothers]].
@@ Line 1,560: / Line 1,560: @@
 The [[National Football League]] was originally founded in Ohio in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association.
-In 1970 an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an anti-war protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166</ref>
+In 1970 an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an anti-war protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Hildebrand, Herrington pp. 165"/>
 Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other [[Midwestern]] states, as well as [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]], including the [[Great Lakes Charter]], [[Great Lakes Compact]], and the [[Council of Great Lakes Governors]].
@@ Line 1,566: / Line 1,566: @@
 ===21st century===
-Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|title=Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium 2010|date=2010|website=GCBL.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082558/http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|archive-date=July 26, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt," in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23|title=Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt|first=Todd|last=Woody|date=November 23, 2009|access-date=August 17, 2017|via=LA Times}}</ref> Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses at the close of the 20th century and suffered from the [[Great Recession]], it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.<ref name=BF>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohio.com/news/top_stories/103405484.html|title=Biden flies to Akron to help governor|website=Ohio.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
+Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|title=Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium 2010|date=2010|website=GCBL.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082558/http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|archive-date=July 26, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt," in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.<ref name="Woody"/> Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses at the close of the 20th century and suffered from the [[Great Recession]], it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.<ref name=BF>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohio.com/news/top_stories/103405484.html|title=Biden flies to Akron to help governor|website=Ohio.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
-Ohio's transition into the 21st century was symbolized by the Third Frontier program, spearheaded by governor [[Bob Taft]] around the start of the century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, dubbed the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.development.ohio.gov/ohiothirdfrontier/History.htm|title=Ohio Third Frontier – History|website=Ohio.gov|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006045824/http://www.development.ohio.gov/OhioThirdFrontier/History.htm|archive-date=October 6, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The results of this initiative were considered widely successful,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/05/ohio_cant_afford_to_kill_third.html|title=Ohio can't afford to kill Third Frontier: Brent Larkin|website=Cleveland.com|date=May 2, 2010|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,<ref name=TF>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html|title=Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans|publisher=Ohio Business Development Coalition|website=PRNewswire|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.<ref name=TF /> In 2010 the state won the [[International Economic Development Council]]'s ''Excellence in Economic Development Award'', celebrated as a national model of success.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/144882|title=Ohio Third Frontier and Supporting Programs Win Top Tech Awards for Economic Development|website=Digital Journal|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
+Ohio's transition into the 21st century was symbolized by the Third Frontier program, spearheaded by governor [[Bob Taft]] around the start of the century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, dubbed the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.<ref name="Ohio Third Frontier – History"/> The results of this initiative were considered widely successful,<ref name="cleveland.com"/> attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,<ref name=TF>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html|title=Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans|publisher=Ohio Business Development Coalition|website=PRNewswire|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.<ref name=TF /> In 2010 the state won the [[International Economic Development Council]]'s ''Excellence in Economic Development Award'', celebrated as a national model of success.<ref name="digitaljournal.com"/>
-Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] as a center for polymer and biomedical research, [[Cincinnati]] as the state's largest mercantile hub,<ref name=AE>[http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ "Atlantic Eye: Brunner is the best for Ohio"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805091023/http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ |date=August 5, 2010 }}, Marc S. Ellenbogen. May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</ref> [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,<ref name="AE" /> [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] as an aerospace and defense hub, and [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] as a national center for solar technology.<ref name="FC">[http://features.csmonitor.com/economyrebuild/2009/11/20/five-cities-that-will-rise-in-the-new-economy/ "Five cities that will rise in the New Economy", ''Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved November 27, 2009.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news/local&id=7530129|title=Ohio gov. declares NW Ohio a solar energy hub|date=June 30, 2010|website=ABCLocal.go.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706060838/http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=7530129|archive-date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> Ohio was hit hard by the [[Great Recession]] and manufacturing employment losses entering the 2010s. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|title=Ohio has endured decade of job losses|date=September 12, 2010|website=Dispatch.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052748/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|archive-date=October 5, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again|title=We're Number One: Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures... Again|first=Vince|last=Grzegorek|date=May 20, 2010|website=CleveScene.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html|title=Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up; median income drops sharply|date=September 2010|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
+Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] as a center for polymer and biomedical research, [[Cincinnati]] as the state's largest mercantile hub,<ref name=AE>[http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ "Atlantic Eye: Brunner is the best for Ohio"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805091023/http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ |date=August 5, 2010 }}, Marc S. Ellenbogen. May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</ref> [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,<ref name="AE" /> [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] as an aerospace and defense hub, and [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] as a national center for solar technology.<ref name="FC">[http://features.csmonitor.com/economyrebuild/2009/11/20/five-cities-that-will-rise-in-the-new-economy/ "Five cities that will rise in the New Economy", ''Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved November 27, 2009.]</ref><ref name="abclocal.go.com"/> Ohio was hit hard by the [[Great Recession]] and manufacturing employment losses entering the 2010s. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs<ref name="dispatch.com"/> and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.<ref name="Grzegorek"/> The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<ref name="Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up"/>
 ==Demographics==
@@ Line 1,629: / Line 1,629: @@
 }}
-As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.<ref>"[http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html Americans under age{{nbsp}}1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |date=July 14, 2016 }}". ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''. June 3, 2012.</ref>
+As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.<ref name="June 3, 2012"/>
 .2% of Ohio's population is under five years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.
@@ Line 1,717: / Line 1,717: @@
 ===Ancestry===
-According to the 2010 [[United States Census]], the racial composition of Ohio was the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164937/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=March 5, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203429/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=December 18, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref>
+According to the 2010 [[United States Census]], the racial composition of Ohio was the following:<ref name="Bureau"/><ref name="factfinder.census.gov"/>
 * [[White American]]: 82.7% ([[Non-Hispanic Whites]]: 81.1%)
 * [[Black American|Black or African American]]: 12.2%
@@ Line 1,747: / Line 1,747: @@
 |}
-In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizens]] and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.<ref name="census1" /> The largest groups were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212054818/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=September 6, 2013}}</ref> Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.
+In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizens]] and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.<ref name="census1" /> The largest groups were:<ref name="American FactFinder—Results"/> Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.
-The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:<ref name="census1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2015|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref>
+The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:<ref name="census1"/><ref name="ReferenceE"/>
 * 26.5% [[German American|German]]
 * 14.1% [[Irish American|Irish]]
@@ Line 1,769: / Line 1,769: @@
 ===Languages===
-About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.<ref name="census1"/> Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke [[American English|English]], 239,229 [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 55,970 [[German language in the United States|German]], 38,990 [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], 33,125 [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and 32,019 [[French in the United States|French]]. In addition 59,881 spoke a [[Slavic language]] and 42,673 spoke another [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] according to the 2010 Census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref> Ohio also had the nation's largest population of [[Slovene language|Slovene speakers]], second largest of [[Slovak language|Slovak speakers]], second largest of [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers]], and the third largest of [[Serbian language|Serbian speakers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops|title=Data Center Language List|access-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024604/http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist%26mode%3Dlang_tops|archive-date=September 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
+About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.<ref name="census1"/> Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke [[American English|English]], 239,229 [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 55,970 [[German language in the United States|German]], 38,990 [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], 33,125 [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and 32,019 [[French in the United States|French]]. In addition 59,881 spoke a [[Slavic language]] and 42,673 spoke another [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] according to the 2010 Census.<ref name="ReferenceF"/> Ohio also had the nation's largest population of [[Slovene language|Slovene speakers]], second largest of [[Slovak language|Slovak speakers]], second largest of [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers]], and the third largest of [[Serbian language|Serbian speakers]].<ref name="Data Center Language List"/>
 ===Religion===
@@ Line 1,802: / Line 1,802: @@
 [[File:Cincinnati-procter-and-gamble-headquarters.jpg|thumb|upright|Cincinnati's [[Procter & Gamble]] is one of Ohio's largest companies in terms of revenue.]]
-According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the total number for employment in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111054436/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.<ref>{{cite web|title=Site Selection Rankings|url=http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|access-date=October 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074019/http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|archive-date=November 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml "Columbus Chamber Announces Ohio Ranked on 'Top 10 Business Climates' List for 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010816/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml |date=September 8, 2012 }}, Earth Times. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|title=Bureau of Economic Analysis|first=US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic|last=Analysis|website=Bea.gov|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the [[District of Columbia]].<ref name="DDOH">{{cite web|title=Economic Overview |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |date=February 2009 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |access-date=March 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref>
+According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the total number for employment in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.<ref name="Archived copy"/> In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.<ref name="Site Selection Rankings"/> The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.<ref name="earthtimes.org"/> {{As of|2016}}, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Analysis"/> This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the [[District of Columbia]].<ref name="DDOH">{{cite web|title=Economic Overview |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |date=February 2009 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |access-date=March 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref>
-The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.<ref name=SMEC>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf "Business Tax Index 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419175643/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf |date=April 19, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.<ref>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf "SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL INDEX 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228221534/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf |date=December 28, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.<ref>[http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ "The Best States for Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710132703/http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ |date=July 10, 2011 }}, Directorship. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html "The Best States For Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510120901/https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html |date=May 10, 2018 }}, Forbes. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to [[U.S. News and World Report]]'s 2010 rankings,<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ "Best Colleges 2010"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202084520/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ |date=December 2, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html "Best High Schools: State by State Statistics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430210235/http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html |date=April 30, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref>
+The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.<ref name=SMEC>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf "Business Tax Index 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419175643/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf |date=April 19, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.<ref>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf "SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL INDEX 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228221534/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf |date=December 28, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.<ref name="The Best States for Business"/> Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.<ref name="forbes.com"/> Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to [[U.S. News and World Report]]'s 2010 rankings,<ref name="Best Colleges 2010"/> and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.<ref name="usnews.com"/>
-Ohio's [[unemployment rate]] stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html Ohio unemployment rate 4.5% in February; state gained 13,400 jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224135/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html |date=March 24, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> down from 10.7% in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/ |date=July 25, 2018 }}; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref><ref>[http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 "Jobless rates fall again in southeastern Ohio"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101003327/http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 |date=November 1, 2013 }}, Zanesville Times-Recorder. June 23, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-[[Great Recession in the United States|recession]] numbers of 2007.<ref name=perkins>Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) [http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525215113/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html |date=May 25, 2015 }} Cleveland.com.</ref> The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.<ref name=perkins/> Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.<ref name="DDOH" /><ref>[http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html "Strickland: Mature leader needed, rival Kasich is too radical"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628141838/http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html |date=June 28, 2010 }}, Dayton Daily News. June 22, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Ohio's [[median household income]] is $58,642,<ref>[http://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ Ohio Household Income] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416135653/https://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ |date=April 16, 2021}} Accessed June 8, 2021</ref> and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/205501/poverty-rate-in-ohio/ Poverty Rate in Ohio] Statista.</ref>
+Ohio's [[unemployment rate]] stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,<ref name="ReferenceG"/> down from 10.7% in May 2010.<ref name="Bls.gov"/><ref name="zanesvilletimesrecorder.com"/> The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-[[Great Recession in the United States|recession]] numbers of 2007.<ref name=perkins>Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) [http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525215113/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html |date=May 25, 2015 }} Cleveland.com.</ref> The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.<ref name=perkins/> Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.<ref name="DDOH" /><ref name="daytondailynews.com"/> {{As of|2019}}, Ohio's [[median household income]] is $58,642,<ref name="Ohio Household Income"/> and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line.<ref name="Poverty Rate in Ohio"/>
-The [[manufacturing]] and [[financial industry|financial activities]] sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.<ref>[https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224136/https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ |date=March 24, 2018 }} Accessed March 24, 2018</ref><ref>[http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 Ohio Remains Among The Top Three States for Manufacturing Employment and Wages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045109/http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 |date=March 25, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.<ref>[http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf "Economic Overview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, Ohio Department of Development, p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.<ref name="DDOH" />
+The [[manufacturing]] and [[financial industry|financial activities]] sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.<ref name="Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio"/><ref name="wksu.org"/> Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.<ref>[http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf "Economic Overview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, Ohio Department of Development, p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.<ref name="DDOH" />
 By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the [[health care industry|health care]] and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.<ref name="DDOH" /> Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Goodyear Tire & Rubber]], [[AK Steel]], [[Timken Company|Timken]], [[Abercrombie & Fitch]], and [[Wendy's]].<ref name="CORPLIST">{{cite magazine| title = Fortune 500 2008| magazine = [[Money (magazine)| ]]| date = May 5, 2008| url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226040210/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| archive-date = February 26, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
-Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,<ref name="LOTTO">{{cite web| title = Lottery Results| publisher = Office of Citizen Services and Communications, [[General Services Administration]]| url = http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| format = SHTML| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127153145/http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| archive-date = November 27, 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> the [[Ohio Lottery]].<ref name="LOTTO2">{{cite web| title = About the Ohio Lottery| publisher = Ohio Lottery Commission| year = 2008| url = http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331172600/http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| archive-date = March 31, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.<ref>[https://www.sciotopost.com/local-circleville-lottery-winner-name-released/  Local Circleville Lottery Winner Name Released] The Scioto Press. September 25, 2020.</ref>
+Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,<ref name="LOTTO">{{cite web| title = Lottery Results| publisher = Office of Citizen Services and Communications, [[General Services Administration]]| url = http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| format = SHTML| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127153145/http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| archive-date = November 27, 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> the [[Ohio Lottery]].<ref name="LOTTO2">{{cite web| title = About the Ohio Lottery| publisher = Ohio Lottery Commission| year = 2008| url = http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331172600/http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| archive-date = March 31, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.<ref name="sciotopost.com"/>
 ==Transportation==
@@ Line 1,848: / Line 1,848: @@
 [[File:Columbus, Ohio - Highsmith 40.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Ohio Statehouse]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], home to the [[Ohio General Assembly]]]]
-The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.<ref name="CO">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052752/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023513/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181108/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
+The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.<ref name="CO">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052752/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Constitution Online"/><ref name="legislature.ohio.gov"/>
 ===Executive branch===
-The executive branch is headed by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor of Ohio]].<ref name="CO" /> The current governor is [[Mike DeWine]] since 2019, a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="GOV">{{cite web|title=The Governors of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Historical Society |date=January 8, 2007 |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224802/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> A [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|lieutenant governor]] succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.<ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001114549/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| archive-date = October 1, 2018| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024808/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| archive-date = March 4, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> The current lieutenant governor is [[Jon A. Husted]]. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the [[Ohio Secretary of State|secretary of state]] ([[Frank LaRose]]), [[Ohio State Auditor|auditor]] ([[Keith Faber]]), [[Ohio State Treasurer|treasurer]] ([[Robert Sprague]]), and [[Ohio Attorney General|attorney general]] ([[Dave Yost]]).<ref name="CO" /> There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Ohio Executive Branch|pages=263–264|title=Ohio Politics|first=John J.|last=Gargan|editor-first=Mary Anne|editor-last=Sharkey|year=1994|publisher=[[Kent State University Press]]|isbn=0-87338-509-8|lccn=94-7637|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264}}</ref><ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 121.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 5703.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 3301.13.</ref>
+The executive branch is headed by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor of Ohio]].<ref name="CO" /> The current governor is [[Mike DeWine]] since 2019, a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="GOV">{{cite web|title=The Governors of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Historical Society |date=January 8, 2007 |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224802/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> A [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|lieutenant governor]] succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.<ref name="ReferenceH"/><ref name="ReferenceI"/> The current lieutenant governor is [[Jon A. Husted]]. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the [[Ohio Secretary of State|secretary of state]] ([[Frank LaRose]]), [[Ohio State Auditor|auditor]] ([[Keith Faber]]), [[Ohio State Treasurer|treasurer]] ([[Robert Sprague]]), and [[Ohio Attorney General|attorney general]] ([[Dave Yost]]).<ref name="CO" /> There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.<ref name="Gargan 1994 263–264"/><ref name="ReferenceJ"/>
 ===Legislative branch===
-The [[Ohio General Assembly]] is a [[bicameral]] legislature consisting of the [[Ohio Senate|Senate]] and [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio General Assembly | publisher = Ohio History Central | date = July 1, 2005 | url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828082257/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | archive-date = August 28, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 [[Electoral district|constituents]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|title=Population represented by state legislators—Ballotpedia|access-date=March 6, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318010456/https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|archive-date=March 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government |publisher=Congressman Michael Turner |url=http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325134028/http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is the controlling party in both houses as of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 election cycle]].
+The [[Ohio General Assembly]] is a [[bicameral]] legislature consisting of the [[Ohio Senate|Senate]] and [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref name="Ohio General Assembly"/> The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 [[Electoral district|constituents]].<ref name="ballotpedia.org"/> The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.<ref name="Government"/> The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is the controlling party in both houses as of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 election cycle]].
 ===Judicial branch===
 [[File:Ohio State Office Building 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center]] holds the [[Supreme Court of Ohio]].]]
-There are three levels of the Ohio state [[judiciary]]. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".<ref name="District">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052233/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio District Courts of Appeal | publisher = Ohio Judiciary System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514001636/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | archive-date = May 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.<ref name="District" /> A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.<ref name="District" />
+There are three levels of the Ohio state [[judiciary]]. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".<ref name="District">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052233/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.<ref name="Ohio District Courts of Appeal"/> Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.<ref name="District" /> A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.<ref name="District" />
-The state's highest-ranking court is the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref name="SCOO">{{cite web | title = The Supreme Court of Ohio Jurisdiction & Authority | publisher = The Ohio Judicial System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314015128/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | archive-date = March 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own [[Certiorari#State courts|discretion]], hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.<ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | year = 2009 | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404171811/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
+The state's highest-ranking court is the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref name="SCOO">{{cite web | title = The Supreme Court of Ohio Jurisdiction & Authority | publisher = The Ohio Judicial System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314015128/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | archive-date = March 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own [[Certiorari#State courts|discretion]], hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.<ref name="ReferenceK"/>
 ==Politics==
@@ Line 1,872: / Line 1,872: @@
 [[File:President-obama cincinnati eden-park 09-17-2012.jpg|thumb|President [[Barack Obama]] at a campaign stop in [[Cincinnati]] in his [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|2012 campaign]].|alt=A black man in a white shirt speaking on stage behind a podium with the word "forward" and in front of a red, white, and blue Ohio state flag.]]
-Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with [[Virginia]]. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |title=State Nicknames—Nicknames of U.S. States |publisher=Geography.about.com |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205125641/http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born [[William Henry Harrison]] lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, [[John Cleves Symmes]], in [[North Bend, Ohio]]. The seven presidents born in Ohio were [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (elected from [[Illinois]]), [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Benjamin Harrison]] (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from [[Indiana]]), [[William McKinley]], [[William Howard Taft]] and [[Warren G. Harding]].<ref name="HEINRICHS">{{cite book|author=Ann Heinrichs|title=Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|date=January 1, 2003|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0316-1|page=42|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030717/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> All seven were [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]].
+Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with [[Virginia]]. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents",<ref name="Geography.about.com"/> in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born [[William Henry Harrison]] lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, [[John Cleves Symmes]], in [[North Bend, Ohio]]. The seven presidents born in Ohio were [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (elected from [[Illinois]]), [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Benjamin Harrison]] (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from [[Indiana]]), [[William McKinley]], [[William Howard Taft]] and [[Warren G. Harding]].<ref name="HEINRICHS">{{cite book|author=Ann Heinrichs|title=Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|date=January 1, 2003|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0316-1|page=42|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030717/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> All seven were [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]].
 ===Swing state===
 [[File:Ohio Presidential Election Results 2020.svg|thumb|[[2020 United States presidential election in Ohio|Presidential election results]] by county for 2020 {{leftlegend|#4389E3|Democratic}}{{leftlegend|#AA0000|Republican}}]]
-Ohio is considered a [[swing state]], being won by either the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates reasonably each election. As a swing state, Ohio is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|title=The Odds of an Electoral College-Popular Vote Split Are Increasing|date=November 1, 2016|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013034/http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|archive-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pivotal in the election of [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]], Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html Trolling the Campuses for Swing-State Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014334/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html |date=May 28, 2015 }}, Julie Salamon, "[[The New York Times]]", October 2, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ Game Theory for Swingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201225851/http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ |date=February 1, 2011 }}, Jordan Ellenberg, "[[Slate.com]]", October 25, 2004</ref>
+Ohio is considered a [[swing state]], being won by either the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates reasonably each election. As a swing state, Ohio is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.<ref name="fivethirtyeight.com"/> Pivotal in the election of [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]], Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980.<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref name="Game Theory for Swingers"/>
-Additionally, Ohio is considered a [[bellwether]]. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".<ref name="holli162">Holli (1999), p. 162.</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",<ref>[http://www.economist.com/World/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5327576 " A grain of sand for your thoughts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226043446/http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5327576 |date=February 26, 2006 }}, ''The Economist'', December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2005.</ref> Since [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]], Ohio has had only three misses in the general election ([[1944 United States presidential election|Thomas E. Dewey in 1944]], [[1960 United States presidential election|Richard Nixon in 1960]], and [[2020 United States presidential election|Donald Trump in 2020]]) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] to [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], and in 33 of the 38 held since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.
+Additionally, Ohio is considered a [[bellwether]]. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".<ref name="holli162">Holli (1999), p. 162.</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",<ref name="economist.com"/> Since [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]], Ohio has had only three misses in the general election ([[1944 United States presidential election|Thomas E. Dewey in 1944]], [[1960 United States presidential election|Richard Nixon in 1960]], and [[2020 United States presidential election|Donald Trump in 2020]]) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] to [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], and in 33 of the 38 held since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.
-As of 2019, there are more than 7.8&nbsp;million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3&nbsp;million [[Ohio Democratic Party|Democrats]] and 1.9&nbsp;million [[Ohio Republican Party|Republicans]]. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiovoterproject.org/|title=Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019|date=May 5, 2019|website=Ohio Voter Project|language=en-US|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001356/https://ohiovoterproject.org/|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|title=Ohio Voters Are More Likely to be Old, White, Without Higher Education and Non-Affiliated with a Political Party|publisher=Clevescene|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001358/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The governor, [[Mike DeWine]], is Republican, as well as all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor [[Jon A. Husted]], Attorney General [[Dave Yost]], State Auditor [[Keith Faber]], Secretary of State [[Frank LaRose]] and State Treasurer [[Robert Sprague]]. In the [[Ohio State Senate]] the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.
+As of 2019, there are more than 7.8&nbsp;million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3&nbsp;million [[Ohio Democratic Party|Democrats]] and 1.9&nbsp;million [[Ohio Republican Party|Republicans]]. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiovoterproject.org/|title=Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019|date=May 5, 2019|website=Ohio Voter Project|language=en-US|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001356/https://ohiovoterproject.org/|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.<ref name="Clevescene"/> The governor, [[Mike DeWine]], is Republican, as well as all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor [[Jon A. Husted]], Attorney General [[Dave Yost]], State Auditor [[Keith Faber]], Secretary of State [[Frank LaRose]] and State Treasurer [[Robert Sprague]]. In the [[Ohio State Senate]] the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.
-Losing two seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] following the 2010 Census, Ohio has had 16 seats for the three presidential elections of the decade in 2012, 2016 and 2020.<ref>{{cite news| last = Riskind| first = Jonathan| title = Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012| newspaper = [[Columbus Dispatch]]| date = December 24, 2008| url = http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022750/http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| archive-date = May 10, 2011| df = mdy-all}}</ref> As of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 cycle]], twelve federal representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. [[Marcia Kaptur|Marcy Kaptur]] (D-[[Ohio's 9th congressional district|09]]) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web| title = Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) Urges Homeowners to Stay in Foreclosed Homes| publisher = Democracy Now| date = February 3, 2009| url = http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121058/http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| archive-date = February 11, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Seniority in the United States Senate|senior]] [[United States Senator|U.S. senator]], [[Sherrod Brown]], is a Democrat, while the junior, [[Rob Portman]], is a Republican.<ref name="elections.nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|title=Ohio—Election Results 2010—The New York Times|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228221915/http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|archive-date=February 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Senators of the 111th Congress| publisher = [[United States Senate]]| url = https://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| access-date = March 29, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325143416/http://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| archive-date = March 25, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
+Losing two seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] following the 2010 Census, Ohio has had 16 seats for the three presidential elections of the decade in 2012, 2016 and 2020.<ref>{{cite news| last = Riskind| first = Jonathan| title = Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012| newspaper = [[Columbus Dispatch]]| date = December 24, 2008| url = http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022750/http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| archive-date = May 10, 2011| df = mdy-all}}</ref> As of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 cycle]], twelve federal representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. [[Marcia Kaptur|Marcy Kaptur]] (D-[[Ohio's 9th congressional district|09]]) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref name="Democracy Now"/> The [[Seniority in the United States Senate|senior]] [[United States Senator|U.S. senator]], [[Sherrod Brown]], is a Democrat, while the junior, [[Rob Portman]], is a Republican.<ref name="elections.nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|title=Ohio—Election Results 2010—The New York Times|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228221915/http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|archive-date=February 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Senators of the 111th Congress"/>
 ===Voter suppression===
@@ Line 1,889: / Line 1,889: @@
 Since 1994, the state has had a policy of purging infrequent voters from its rolls. In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed, challenging this policy on the grounds that it violated the [[National Voter Registration Act of 1993|National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993]]<ref name="aclu-husted" /> and the [[Help America Vote Act of 2002]].<ref name="atlantic-husted">{{cite web |last1=Ford |first1=Matt |website=The Atlantic |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Use It or Lose It? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629004540/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June, the federal district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered a preliminary injunction applicable only to the November 2016 election. The preliminary injunction was upheld in September by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Had it not been upheld, thousands of voters<!-- ACLU says 7500 voters, the Atlantic says tens of thousands --> would have been purged from the rolls just a few weeks before the election.<ref name="aclu-husted">{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/voting-rights/right-decide-when-vote-husted-v-philip-randolph-institute |website=ACLU |date=September 13, 2017 |title=The Right to Decide When to Vote: Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute |author=Jennifer Safstrom}}</ref>
-Still, it has been estimated that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.<ref>Clinton, Hillary Rodham, ''What Happened'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), p. 419</ref>
+Still, it has been estimated that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.<ref name="Clinton, Hillary Rodham 2017 p. 419"/>
 ==Education==
@@ Line 1,899: / Line 1,899: @@
 {{Main|List of colleges and universities in Ohio}}
-Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; [[Denison University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kenyon College]]. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Ohio State University]] and [[Miami University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224120917/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |archive-date=February 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; [[Denison University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kenyon College]]. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Ohio State University]] and [[Miami University]].<ref name="ReferenceL"/>
 * 13 state universities
@@ Line 1,930: / Line 1,930: @@
 ===Libraries===
-Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.<ref name="haplr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028194258/http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Thomas J. Hennen's American Public Library Ratings for 2006|archive-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> The [[Hennen's American Public Library Ratings|2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr.]] ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|title=Average Statewide Scores|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029041442/http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|archive-date=October 29, 2008}}</ref> For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.<ref name="haplr"/>
+Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.<ref name="haplr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028194258/http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Thomas J. Hennen's American Public Library Ratings for 2006|archive-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> The [[Hennen's American Public Library Ratings|2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr.]] ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.<ref name="Average Statewide Scores"/> For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.<ref name="haplr"/>
 * 500,000 books or more
 ** [[Columbus Metropolitan Library]] (First)
@@ Line 1,952: / Line 1,952: @@
 [[File:Springer Auditorium 2017.jpg|right|thumb|Springer Auditorium at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]].]]
-[[Playhouse Square]] in downtown [[Cleveland]] is the second-largest performing arts center in the United States, home to ten theaters.<ref>[http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/about-playhousesquare About Playhouse Square]</ref> The [[Cleveland Orchestra]] is one of the historic [[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five orchestras]] in the U.S., and is considered one of the best worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras|title=The World's Greatest Orchestras |website=Gramophone.co.uk|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref>
+[[Playhouse Square]] in downtown [[Cleveland]] is the second-largest performing arts center in the United States, home to ten theaters.<ref name="About Playhouse Square"/> The [[Cleveland Orchestra]] is one of the historic [[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five orchestras]] in the U.S., and is considered one of the best worldwide.<ref name="The World's Greatest Orchestras"/>
 Many other Ohio cities are home to their own orchestras, including [[Akron Symphony Orchestra|Akron]], [[Blue Ash Montgomery Symphony Orchestra|Blue Ash]], [[Canton Symphony Orchestra|Canton]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|Cincinnati]], [[Columbus Symphony Orchestra|Columbus]], [[Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra|Dayton]], [[Toledo Symphony Orchestra|Toledo]], and [[Youngstown Symphony Orchestra|Youngstown]]. Cincinnati is home to its own [[Cincinnati Ballet|ballet]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|symphony orchestra]], [[Cincinnati Pops Orchestra|pops orchestra]], and [[Cincinnati Opera|opera]], all housed at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]]. Dayton is also home to a ballet, orchestra, and opera, collectively known as the [[Dayton Performing Arts Alliance]].
@@ Line 2,010: / Line 2,010: @@
 [[File:Progressive Field - Cleveland, OH.jpg|thumb|[[Progressive Field]], home to the [[Cleveland Indians]] baseball team]]
-Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major leagues]] in the United States. Current teams include the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Cleveland Indians]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cincinnati Reds| publisher = [[Major League Baseball]]| url = http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404013847/http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| archive-date = April 4, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cleveland Indians| publisher = Major League Baseball| url = http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191341/http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| archive-date = March 15, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Columbus Crew SC]] and [[FC Cincinnati]] of [[Major League Soccer]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Major League Soccer Teams |publisher=Major League Soccer |url=http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221025932/http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref> the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref>{{cite web| title = NBA.com Team Index| publisher = National Basketball Association| url = http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318064233/http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| archive-date = March 18, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] and [[Cleveland Browns]] of the [[National Football League]],<ref name="NFL">{{cite web| title = NFL Teams| website = [[National Football League]]| url = http://www.nfl.com/teams| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110223135832/http://www.nfl.com/teams| archive-date = February 23, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] of the [[National Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web| title = NHL Teams| website = National Hockey League| url = http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311030113/http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| archive-date = March 11, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
+Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major leagues]] in the United States. Current teams include the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Cleveland Indians]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref name="Major League Baseball"/><ref name="cleveland.indians.mlb.com"/> the [[Columbus Crew SC]] and [[FC Cincinnati]] of [[Major League Soccer]],<ref name="Major League Soccer Teams"/> the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref name="NBA.com Team Index"/> the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] and [[Cleveland Browns]] of the [[National Football League]],<ref name="NFL">{{cite web| title = NFL Teams| website = [[National Football League]]| url = http://www.nfl.com/teams| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110223135832/http://www.nfl.com/teams| archive-date = February 23, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] of the [[National Hockey League]].<ref name="NHL Teams"/>
 Ohio has brought home seven [[World Series]] titles (Reds [[1919 World Series|1919]], [[1940 World Series|1940]], [[1975 World Series|1975]], [[1976 World Series|1976]], [[1990 World Series|1990]]; Indians [[1920 World Series|1920]], [[1948 World Series|1948]]), two [[MLS Cup]]s (Crew [[MLS Cup 2008|2008]], [[MLS Cup 2020|2020]]), one [[NBA Finals|NBA Championship]] (Cavaliers [[2016 NBA Finals|2016]]), and nine [[History of the National Football League championship|NFL Championships]] ([[1920 Akron Pros season|Pros 1920]]; [[1922 Canton Bulldogs season|Bulldogs 1922]], [[1923 Canton Bulldogs season|1923]], [[1924 Cleveland Bulldogs season|1924]]; [[1945 NFL Championship Game|Rams 1945]]; Browns [[1950 NFL Championship Game|1950]], [[1954 NFL Championship Game|1954]], [[1955 NFL Championship Game|1955]], [[1964 NFL Championship Game|1964]]). Despite this success in the [[NFL]] in the first half of the 20th century, no Ohio team has won the [[Super Bowl]] since its inception in [[Super Bowl I|1967]] or made an appearance since [[Super Bowl XXIII|1989]]. No Ohio team has made an appearance in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]].
-Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] of 1869, were organized in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web| last = Griffith| first = Grant| title = Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings| publisher = Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club| year = 2007| url = http://www.1869reds.com/history/| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175805/http://www.1869reds.com/history| archive-date = July 24, 2008| url-status=dead| df = mdy-all}}</ref> An informal early-20th-century American football association, the [[Ohio League]], was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] is located in [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]].
+Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] of 1869, were organized in Ohio.<ref name="Griffith 2007"/> An informal early-20th-century American football association, the [[Ohio League]], was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] is located in [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]].
 On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts [[minor league baseball]], [[arena football]], [[indoor American football|indoor football]], mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.

v t e Largest cities or towns in Ohio Source: 2019 U.S. Census Estimates^[36]
	Rank		County	Pop.	Rank		County	Pop.
Error creating thumbnail: File missing Columbus Cleveland	1	Columbus	Franklin	898,553	11	Hamilton	Butler	62,082	Error creating thumbnail: File missing Cincinnati Error creating thumbnail: File missing Toledo
	2	Cleveland	Cuyahoga	381,009	12	Springfield	Clark	58,877
	3	Cincinnati	Hamilton	303,940	13	Kettering	Montgomery	54,855
	4	Toledo	Lucas	272,779	14	Elyria	Lorain	53,757
	5	Akron	Summit	197,597	15	Newark	Licking	50,315
	6	Dayton	Montgomery	140,407	16	Lakewood	Cuyahoga	49,678
	7	Parma	Cuyahoga	78,103	17	Cuyahoga Falls	Summit	49,106
	8	Canton	Stark	70,447	18	Dublin	Franklin	49,037
	9	Youngstown	Mahoning	65,469	19	Middletown	Butler	48,807
	10	Lorain	Lorain	63,855	20	Beavercreek	Greene	47,741