Berlin Film Festival: Difference between revisions

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==History==

During the peak of the [[Cold War]] in 1950, [[Oscar Martay]], a film officer of the Information Service Branch of the American [[Allied High Commission|High Commissioner for Germany]] stationed in Berlin, proposed the idea of a film festival in Berlin.<ref name="germ">[http://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/germany/cinema-in-germany/the-berlinale/ The Berlinale, Berlin’s International Film Festival], german-way.com, retrieved 24/7/2016</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/60-years-of-berlinale-a-film-festival-of-propaganda-stars-and-scandal-a-677227.html|title=60 Years of Berlinale: A Film Festival of Propaganda, Stars and Scandal|last=Germany|first=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg|website=SPIEGEL ONLINE|access-date=2016-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yLCRg9Zg2AC&q=Oscar%2520Martay&pg=PA42|title=Film Festivals: Culture, People, and Power on the Global Screen|last=Wong|first=Cindy H.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813551210|language=en}}</ref~~><ref name="Oscar Martay"/~~> The proposal was put through a committee including members of the [[Senate of Berlin]] and people from the [[German film industry]] on 9 October 1950.<ref name="Oscar Martay"/> Through his efforts and influence, the American military administration was persuaded to assist and to give loans for the first years of the Berlin International Film Festival, which commenced in June 1951<ref name="Oscar Martay"/><ref name="germ" /><ref name="Britan">[https://www.britannica.com/art/Berlin-International-Film-Festival#ref1184338 Berlin International Film Festival], Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 24/7/2016</ref> with film historian Dr. Alfred Bauer as its first director, a position he would hold until 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archive 1951: The beginnings|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/01_jahresblatt_1951/01_Jahresblatt_1951.html|website=berlinale.de|publisher=Berlinale Press Office|access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> Alfred Hitchcock's ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'' opened the first festival at the Titiana-Palast in [[Steglitz]] on 6 June 1951.<ref name=beginnings/> The first festival ran from 6–17 June<ref name=beginnings/> with [[Waldbühne]] being another festival venue.<ref name=~~beginnings~~/><ref name=~~"Oscar Martay"~~/>

During the peak of the [[Cold War]] in 1950, [[Oscar Martay]], a film officer of the Information Service Branch of the American [[Allied High Commission|High Commissioner for Germany]] stationed in Berlin, proposed the idea of a film festival in Berlin.<ref name="Oscar Martay"/><ref name="germ">[http://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/germany/cinema-in-germany/the-berlinale/ The Berlinale, Berlin’s International Film Festival], german-way.com, retrieved 24/7/2016</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/60-years-of-berlinale-a-film-festival-of-propaganda-stars-and-scandal-a-677227.html|title=60 Years of Berlinale: A Film Festival of Propaganda, Stars and Scandal|last=Germany|first=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg|website=SPIEGEL ONLINE|access-date=2016-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yLCRg9Zg2AC&q=Oscar%2520Martay&pg=PA42|title=Film Festivals: Culture, People, and Power on the Global Screen|last=Wong|first=Cindy H.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813551210|language=en}}</ref> The proposal was put through a committee including members of the [[Senate of Berlin]] and people from the [[German film industry]] on 9 October 1950.<ref name="Oscar Martay"/> Through his efforts and influence, the American military administration was persuaded to assist and to give loans for the first years of the Berlin International Film Festival, which commenced in June 1951<ref name="Oscar Martay"/><ref name="germ" /><ref name="Britan">[https://www.britannica.com/art/Berlin-International-Film-Festival#ref1184338 Berlin International Film Festival], Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 24/7/2016</ref> with film historian Dr. Alfred Bauer as its first director, a position he would hold until 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archive 1951: The beginnings|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/01_jahresblatt_1951/01_Jahresblatt_1951.html|website=berlinale.de|publisher=Berlinale Press Office|access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> Alfred Hitchcock's ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'' opened the first festival at the Titiana-Palast in [[Steglitz]] on 6 June 1951.<ref name=beginnings/> The first festival ran from 6–17 June<ref name=beginnings/> with [[Waldbühne]] being another festival venue.<ref name="Oscar Martay"/><ref name=beginnings/>

The winners of the first awards in 1951 were determined by a West German panel, and there were five winners of the [[Golden Bear]], divided by categories and genres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/04_jury_1951/04_Jury_1951.html|title = Juries 1951}}</ref> ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'', which won the Golden Bear for a Music Film,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/1951/03_preistraeger_1951/03_preistraeger_1951.html|access-date=16 February 2020|title=Prizes & Honours 1951|website=Berlinale}}</ref> also won the audience award.<ref name=beginnings/> The [[FIAPF]] (Fédération Internationale des Associations de Producteurs de Films) banned the awarding of jury prizes at the festival<ref name=beginnings/> so between 1952 and 1955, the winners of the Golden Bear were determined by the audience members.<ref name=jury/> In 1956, FIAPF formally accredited the festival<ref name=beginnings/> and since then the Golden Bear has been awarded by an international jury.<ref name=jury>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1952/04_jury_1952/04_Jury_1952.html|title=- Berlinale – Archive – Annual Archives – 1952 – Juries|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ==History==
-During the peak of the [[Cold War]] in 1950, [[Oscar Martay]], a film officer of the Information Service Branch of the American [[Allied High Commission|High Commissioner for Germany]] stationed in Berlin, proposed the idea of a film festival in Berlin.<ref name="germ">[http://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/germany/cinema-in-germany/the-berlinale/ The Berlinale, Berlin’s International Film Festival], german-way.com, retrieved 24/7/2016</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/60-years-of-berlinale-a-film-festival-of-propaganda-stars-and-scandal-a-677227.html|title=60 Years of Berlinale: A Film Festival of Propaganda, Stars and Scandal|last=Germany|first=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg|website=SPIEGEL ONLINE|access-date=2016-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yLCRg9Zg2AC&q=Oscar%2520Martay&pg=PA42|title=Film Festivals: Culture, People, and Power on the Global Screen|last=Wong|first=Cindy H.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813551210|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Oscar Martay"/> The proposal was put through a committee including members of the [[Senate of Berlin]] and people from the [[German film industry]] on 9 October 1950.<ref name="Oscar Martay"/> Through his efforts and influence, the American military administration was persuaded to assist and to give loans for the first years of the Berlin International Film Festival, which commenced in June 1951<ref name="Oscar Martay"/><ref name="germ" /><ref name="Britan">[https://www.britannica.com/art/Berlin-International-Film-Festival#ref1184338 Berlin International Film Festival], Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 24/7/2016</ref> with film historian Dr. Alfred Bauer as its first director, a position he would hold until 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archive 1951: The beginnings|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/01_jahresblatt_1951/01_Jahresblatt_1951.html|website=berlinale.de|publisher=Berlinale Press Office|access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> Alfred Hitchcock's ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'' opened the first festival at the Titiana-Palast in [[Steglitz]] on 6 June 1951.<ref name=beginnings/> The first festival ran from 6–17 June<ref name=beginnings/> with [[Waldbühne]] being another festival venue.<ref name=beginnings/><ref name="Oscar Martay"/>
+During the peak of the [[Cold War]] in 1950, [[Oscar Martay]], a film officer of the Information Service Branch of the American [[Allied High Commission|High Commissioner for Germany]] stationed in Berlin, proposed the idea of a film festival in Berlin.<ref name="Oscar Martay"/><ref name="germ">[http://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/germany/cinema-in-germany/the-berlinale/ The Berlinale, Berlin’s International Film Festival], german-way.com, retrieved 24/7/2016</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/60-years-of-berlinale-a-film-festival-of-propaganda-stars-and-scandal-a-677227.html|title=60 Years of Berlinale: A Film Festival of Propaganda, Stars and Scandal|last=Germany|first=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg|website=SPIEGEL ONLINE|access-date=2016-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yLCRg9Zg2AC&q=Oscar%2520Martay&pg=PA42|title=Film Festivals: Culture, People, and Power on the Global Screen|last=Wong|first=Cindy H.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813551210|language=en}}</ref> The proposal was put through a committee including members of the [[Senate of Berlin]] and people from the [[German film industry]] on 9 October 1950.<ref name="Oscar Martay"/> Through his efforts and influence, the American military administration was persuaded to assist and to give loans for the first years of the Berlin International Film Festival, which commenced in June 1951<ref name="Oscar Martay"/><ref name="germ" /><ref name="Britan">[https://www.britannica.com/art/Berlin-International-Film-Festival#ref1184338 Berlin International Film Festival], Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 24/7/2016</ref> with film historian Dr. Alfred Bauer as its first director, a position he would hold until 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archive 1951: The beginnings|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/01_jahresblatt_1951/01_Jahresblatt_1951.html|website=berlinale.de|publisher=Berlinale Press Office|access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> Alfred Hitchcock's ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'' opened the first festival at the Titiana-Palast in [[Steglitz]] on 6 June 1951.<ref name=beginnings/> The first festival ran from 6–17 June<ref name=beginnings/> with [[Waldbühne]] being another festival venue.<ref name="Oscar Martay"/><ref name=beginnings/>
 The winners of the first awards in 1951 were determined by a West German panel, and there were five winners of the [[Golden Bear]], divided by categories and genres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1951/04_jury_1951/04_Jury_1951.html|title = Juries 1951}}</ref> ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'', which won the Golden Bear for a Music Film,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/1951/03_preistraeger_1951/03_preistraeger_1951.html|access-date=16 February 2020|title=Prizes & Honours 1951|website=Berlinale}}</ref> also won the audience award.<ref name=beginnings/> The [[FIAPF]] (Fédération Internationale des Associations de Producteurs de Films) banned the awarding of jury prizes at the festival<ref name=beginnings/> so between 1952 and 1955, the winners of the Golden Bear were determined by the audience members.<ref name=jury/> In 1956, FIAPF formally accredited the festival<ref name=beginnings/> and since then the Golden Bear has been awarded by an international jury.<ref name=jury>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1952/04_jury_1952/04_Jury_1952.html|title=- Berlinale – Archive – Annual Archives – 1952 – Juries|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>