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|capital = [[Charaideo]], [[Garhgaon]], [[Rangpur (Ahom capital)|Rangpur]], [[Jorhat]] | |capital = [[Charaideo]], [[Garhgaon]], [[Rangpur (Ahom capital)|Rangpur]], [[Jorhat]] | ||
|common_languages = [[Assamese language|Assamese]],<br/>[[Ahom language|Ahom]] | |common_languages = [[Assamese language|Assamese]],<br/>[[Ahom language|Ahom]] | ||
|religion = [[Ahom religion]], [[Buddhism]], [[Ekasarana Dharma | |religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Ahom religion]], [[Buddhism]], [[Ekasarana Dharma]] | ||
|government_type = [[Aristocracy|Aristocratic]] [[hereditary monarchy]]<ref>"(T)he Ahom system was in reality both 'monarchical' and 'aristocratical' as Captain Welsh pointed out long ago" {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=3}}</ref> | |government_type = [[Aristocracy|Aristocratic]] [[hereditary monarchy]]<ref>"(T)he Ahom system was in reality both 'monarchical' and 'aristocratical' as Captain Welsh pointed out long ago" {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=3}}</ref> | ||
|leader1 = [[Sukaphaa]] | |leader1 = [[Sukaphaa]] | ||
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{{Culture of Assam}} | {{Culture of Assam}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Ahom kingdom''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑ:|h|ɑ:|m|,_|ˈ|ɑ:|h|ə|m}}, 1228–1826)<ref name="end-year"/> was a [[Medieval India#Late medieval era|late medieval]]<ref name="Gogoi2006">{{cite book|author=Nitul Kumar Gogoi|title=Continuity and Change Among the Ahom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrN5_kseuDcC&pg=PA65|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-281-9|pages=65–}}</ref> kingdom in the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra Valley]] in [[Assam]]. It | The '''Ahom kingdom''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑ:|h|ɑ:|m|,_|ˈ|ɑ:|h|ə|m}}, 1228–1826)<ref name="end-year"/> was a [[Medieval India#Late medieval era|late medieval]]<ref name="Gogoi2006">{{cite book|author=Nitul Kumar Gogoi|title=Continuity and Change Among the Ahom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrN5_kseuDcC&pg=PA65|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-281-9|pages=65–}}</ref> kingdom in the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra Valley]] in [[Assam]]. It maintained its sovereignty for nearly 600 years having successfully resisted [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] expansion in [[Northeast India]]. Established by [[Sukaphaa]], a [[Tai peoples|Tai]] prince from [[Mong Mao]], it began as a [[Mueang|mong]] in the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra based on wet rice agriculture. It expanded suddenly under [[Suhungmung]] in the 16th century and became multi-ethnic in character, casting a profound effect on the political and social life of the entire Brahmaputra valley. The kingdom became weaker with the rise of the [[Moamoria rebellion]], and subsequently fell to repeated [[Burmese invasions of Assam]]. With the defeat of the Burmese after the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] and the [[Treaty of Yandabo]] in 1826, control of the kingdom passed into [[East India Company]] hands. | ||
Though it came to be called the Ahom kingdom in the colonial and subsequent times, it was largely multi-ethnic, with the ethnic [[Ahom people|Tai-Ahom]] people constituting less than 10% of the population toward the end.<ref>"The Ahoms were never numerically dominant in the state they built and, at the time of 1872 and 1881 Censuses, they formed hardly one-tenth of the populations relevant to the erstwhile Ahom territory (i.e, by and large, the Brahmaputra Valley without the Goalpara district.)" {{Harvcol|Guha|1983|p=9}}</ref> | Though it came to be called the Ahom kingdom in the colonial and subsequent times, it was largely multi-ethnic, with the ethnic [[Ahom people|Tai-Ahom]] people constituting less than 10% of the population toward the end.<ref>"The Ahoms were never numerically dominant in the state they built and, at the time of 1872 and 1881 Censuses, they formed hardly one-tenth of the populations relevant to the erstwhile Ahom territory (i.e, by and large, the Brahmaputra Valley without the Goalpara district.)" {{Harvcol|Guha|1983|p=9}}</ref> | ||
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===Other officials=== | ===Other officials=== | ||
The [[Borbarua]] and the [[Borphukan]] had military and judicial responsibilities, and they were aided by two separate councils (''sora'') of ''Phukans''. The Borphukan's ''sora'' sat at Guwahati and the Borbarua's ''sora'' at the capital. Superintending officers were called '' | The [[Borbarua]] and the [[Borphukan]] had military and judicial responsibilities, and they were aided by two separate councils (''sora'') of ''Phukans''. The Borphukan's ''sora'' sat at Guwahati and the Borbarua's ''sora'' at the capital. Superintending officers were called ''Borbaruas''. Among the officers, the highest in rank was the Borphukans. Six of them formed the council of the [[Borbarua]], but each had also his separate duties. The Naubaicha Phukan, who had an allotment of thousand men managed the royal boats, the Bhitarual Phukan, the Na Phukan, the Dihingia Phukan, the Deka Phukan, and the Neog Phukan formed the council of Phukan. The [[Borphukan]] also had a similar council of six subordinate Phukans whom he was bound to consult in all matters of importance, this council included Pani Phukan, who commanded six thousand ''paiks'', Deka Phukan who commanded four thousand ''paiks'', the Dihingia Phukan, Nek Phukan and two Chutiya Phukans. | ||
The Baruas of whom there were twenty or more included Bhandari Barua or treasurer; the Duliya Barua, who was in charge of the royal palanquins; the Chaudang Barua who superintended executions; Khanikar Barua was the chief artificer; Sonadar Barua was the mint master and chief jeweler; the Bez Barua was the physician to the Royal family, Hati Barua, Ghora Barua, etc. | The Baruas of whom there were twenty or more included Bhandari Barua or treasurer; the Duliya Barua, who was in charge of the royal palanquins; the Chaudang Barua who superintended executions; Khanikar Barua was the chief artificer; Sonadar Barua was the mint master and chief jeweler; the Bez Barua was the physician to the Royal family, Hati Barua, Ghora Barua, etc. | ||
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==Classes of people== | ==Classes of people== | ||
[[Subinphaa]] (1281–1293), the third Ahom king, delineated the ''Satgharia Ahom'' ("Ahom of the seven houses") aristocracy: the ''[[Ahom Dynasty|Chaophaa]]'', the [[Burhagohain]] and the [[Borgohain]] families | [[Subinphaa]] (1281–1293), the third Ahom king, delineated the ''Satgharia Ahom'' ("Ahom of the seven houses") aristocracy: the ''[[Ahom Dynasty|Chaophaa]]'', the [[Burhagohain]] and the [[Borgohain]] families, and four priestly lineages—the ''Deodhai'', the ''Mohan'', the ''Bailung'' and the ''Chiring Phukan'' . These lines maintained [[exogamy|exogamous]] marital relationships. The number of lineages increased in later times as either other lineages were incorporated, or existing lineages divided. The king could belong to only the first family whereas the Burhagohain and the Borgohain only to the second and the third families. Most of the Borphukans belonged to the [[Chutia people|Chutia]] ethnic group, whereas the Borbaruas belonged to the [[Moran people|Morans]], [[Dimasa people|Dimasas]], Chiring and [[Khamti people|Khamti]] groups.<ref>"Most of the Borbaruas were selected from Moran, Kachari, Chiring and Khamti families. The office of the Governor general, lower Assam, was appointed from a Chutiya family." {{Harvcol|Gogoi|2006|p=9}}</ref> Later on Naga, Mising and Nara ([[Mogaung]]) oracles became a part of the ''Bailung'' group.<ref>"...a number of oracles were included in the Bailung group. Thus there were the Naga-Bailung, Miri-Bailung and Nara Bailung"{{harvcol|Gogoi|2006|p=9}}</ref> The extended nobility consisted of the landed aristocracy and the spiritual class that did not pay any form of tax. | ||
The {{transl|ass|apaikan chamua}} was the gentry that was freed from the ''khels'' and paid only money-tax. The ''paikan chamua'' consisted of artisans, the literati and skilled people that did non-manual work and rendered service as a tax. The ''kanri paik'' rendered manual labor. The lowest were the ''licchous'', ''bandi-beti'' and other serfs and bondsmen. There was some degree of movement between the classes. Momai Tamuli Borbarua rose from a bondsman through the ranks to become the first [[Borbarua]] under [[Prataap Singha]]. | The {{transl|ass|apaikan chamua}} was the gentry that was freed from the ''khels'' and paid only money-tax. The ''paikan chamua'' consisted of artisans, the literati and skilled people that did non-manual work and rendered service as a tax. The ''kanri paik'' rendered manual labor. The lowest were the ''licchous'', ''bandi-beti'' and other serfs and bondsmen. There was some degree of movement between the classes. Momai Tamuli Borbarua rose from a bondsman through the ranks to become the first [[Borbarua]] under [[Prataap Singha]]. | ||