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Although Arab sources do not mention details of the campaigns, they are recorded in [[India|Indian]] sources which mentioned some victories over the [[Arab]] forces and their expeditions. Al-Hakam ibn Abu al-Aas ventured to Indias coastline from Sindh utilizing the [[Early Caliphate navy|Caliphate navy]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Researching the History of the Indian Ocean World|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv224twcb.7|publisher=Ohio University Press|work=Connecting Continents|date=2018-06-07|access-date=2025-11-29|pages=92–120|first=EDWARD A.|last=ALPERS}}</ref> The [[Navsari]] inscription attributed to [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin]] of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] claimed victory over Arab forces after stating that they had arrived to Navsari and defeating the rulers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Language_of_History/rOcSEAAAQBAJ?hl=en|publisher=Columbia University Press|date=2021-01-05|isbn=978-0-231-55195-3|language=en|first=Audrey|last=Truschke}}</ref> Since these conquests had been lost under Tamim Zayd, and since the Muslims had again reached the southeastern corner of Gujarat by 739 AD, we must conclude that Al-Hakam or his lieutenants had indeed reconquered these territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blankinship |first=Khalid Yahya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC&q=end+of+jihad+state+by+blankenship+pdf+download |title=The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads |date=1994-06-28 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9683-1 |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref> Al-Hakam died in battle while fighting the [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtra]] in present-day Gujarat in 740 AD, putting an end to his expedition.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The End of the jihād state: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/605483|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1996|issn=0003-0279|pages=795|volume=116|issue=4|doi=10.2307/605483|first=Matthew S.|last=Gordon|first2=Khalid Yahya|last2=Blankinship|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries.|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2164901|journal=The American Historical Review|date=1992|issn=0002-8762|pages=910|volume=97|issue=3|doi=10.2307/2164901|first=Michael H.|last=Fisher|first2=Andre|last2=Wink|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | Although Arab sources do not mention details of the campaigns, they are recorded in [[India|Indian]] sources which mentioned some victories over the [[Arab]] forces and their expeditions. Al-Hakam ibn Abu al-Aas ventured to Indias coastline from Sindh utilizing the [[Early Caliphate navy|Caliphate navy]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Researching the History of the Indian Ocean World|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv224twcb.7|publisher=Ohio University Press|work=Connecting Continents|date=2018-06-07|access-date=2025-11-29|pages=92–120|first=EDWARD A.|last=ALPERS}}</ref> The [[Navsari]] inscription attributed to [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin]] of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] claimed victory over Arab forces after stating that they had arrived to Navsari and defeating the rulers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Language_of_History/rOcSEAAAQBAJ?hl=en|publisher=Columbia University Press|date=2021-01-05|isbn=978-0-231-55195-3|language=en|first=Audrey|last=Truschke}}</ref> Since these conquests had been lost under Tamim Zayd, and since the Muslims had again reached the southeastern corner of Gujarat by 739 AD, we must conclude that Al-Hakam or his lieutenants had indeed reconquered these territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blankinship |first=Khalid Yahya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC&q=end+of+jihad+state+by+blankenship+pdf+download |title=The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads |date=1994-06-28 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9683-1 |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref> Al-Hakam died in battle while fighting the [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtra]] in present-day Gujarat in 740 AD, putting an end to his expedition.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The End of the jihād state: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/605483|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1996|issn=0003-0279|pages=795|volume=116|issue=4|doi=10.2307/605483|first=Matthew S.|last=Gordon|first2=Khalid Yahya|last2=Blankinship|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries.|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2164901|journal=The American Historical Review|date=1992|issn=0002-8762|pages=910|volume=97|issue=3|doi=10.2307/2164901|first=Michael H.|last=Fisher|first2=Andre|last2=Wink|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ||
==Campaign== | |||
==References == | ==References == | ||
Revision as of 15:20, 6 September 2026
| Indian campaign of Al hakam | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Umayyad campaigns in India | |||||||
 The region in which the arab campgain took place | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Umayyad Caliphate |
Chavda dynasty Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty Chalukyas of Navasarika Kachchh Kingdom Saindhava Gurjaras of Lata Maitraka dynasty | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Al-Hakam ibn Awana † |
Pushyadeva Dhavala Unknown chavda king † Jayabhata IV Siladitya IV Pulakeshin Nagabhata I | ||||||
Although Arab sources do not mention details of the campaigns, they are recorded in Indian sources which mentioned some victories over the Arab forces and their expeditions. Al-Hakam ibn Abu al-Aas ventured to Indias coastline from Sindh utilizing the Caliphate navy.[1] The Navsari inscription attributed to Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin of the Chalukya dynasty claimed victory over Arab forces after stating that they had arrived to Navsari and defeating the rulers.[2] Since these conquests had been lost under Tamim Zayd, and since the Muslims had again reached the southeastern corner of Gujarat by 739 AD, we must conclude that Al-Hakam or his lieutenants had indeed reconquered these territories.[3] Al-Hakam died in battle while fighting the Saurashtra in present-day Gujarat in 740 AD, putting an end to his expedition.[4][5]
Campaign
References
- ↑ ALPERS, EDWARD A. (2018-06-07), "Researching the History of the Indian Ocean World", Connecting Continents, Ohio University Press, pp. 92–120, retrieved 2025-11-29
- ↑ Truschke, Audrey (2021-01-05). The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55195-3.
- ↑ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994-06-28). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7914-9683-1.
- ↑ Gordon, Matthew S.; Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1996). "The End of the jihād state: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (4): 795. doi:10.2307/605483. ISSN 0003-0279.
- ↑ Fisher, Michael H.; Wink, Andre (1992). "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries". The American Historical Review. 97 (3): 910. doi:10.2307/2164901. ISSN 0002-8762.