Hun invasion of India: Difference between revisions

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Line 22: Line 22:
{{See also|Sasanian–Kushan Wars|Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars}}
{{See also|Sasanian–Kushan Wars|Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars}}
The [[Kushans]] defeated the [[Sasanian]] monarch [[Shapur II]]. Later, during the years of 388 to 450, the Sasanian-Kidarite Wars have come about.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |language=en|page=31}}</ref> After [[Yazdegerd II]] quelled a rebellion. He marched against the [[Hepthalites]], which resulted to his defeat. From their base at [[Herat]] in [[Afghanistan]], the [[Hunas]] ([[Hepthalites]]) had already invaded [[Persia]] and started moving southwards to the northwestern frontiers as they intrude upon the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta Empire's]] territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Karl J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&dq=samudragupta+conquered+afghanistan&pg=PA24 |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |date=2015-05-20 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |language=en|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Buddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqI5AQAAIAAJ |title=Studies in Indian History and Civilization |date=1962 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en|pages=316–317}}</ref>
The [[Kushans]] defeated the [[Sasanian]] monarch [[Shapur II]]. Later, during the years of 388 to 450, the Sasanian-Kidarite Wars have come about.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |language=en|page=31}}</ref> After [[Yazdegerd II]] quelled a rebellion. He marched against the [[Hepthalites]], which resulted to his defeat. From their base at [[Herat]] in [[Afghanistan]], the [[Hunas]] ([[Hepthalites]]) had already invaded [[Persia]] and started moving southwards to the northwestern frontiers as they intrude upon the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta Empire's]] territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Karl J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&dq=samudragupta+conquered+afghanistan&pg=PA24 |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |date=2015-05-20 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |language=en|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Buddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqI5AQAAIAAJ |title=Studies in Indian History and Civilization |date=1962 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en|pages=316–317}}</ref>
== Skandagupta's wars against the invaders ==
During Skandagupta's period, the [[Indo-Hephthalites]] (known as the White Huns or [[Huna people|Hunas]]) invaded [[India]] from the northwest, advancing as far as the [[Indus River]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=73}}
[[File:Kakandi Script.jpg|thumb|Madra inscription on the [[Kahaum pillar]]]]
===Battle of the Indus river (458 A.D.)===
{{See also|Battle of the Indus River (458)}}
During the Hun invasion, a battle along the [[Indus river]] took place which resulted in [[Skandagupta]] checking the advances of the [[Hunas]], along with heavy losses for the [[Hunas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=William Bayne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |last2=Yarshater |first2=Ehsan |date=1968 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20092-9 |language=en|page=214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ss5drgEACAAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century |date=2007 |publisher=Miegunyiah Press |isbn=978-0-522-85336-0 |language=en|page=471}}</ref>{{efn|"In their second attempt, which took place in the initial years of the reign of [[Skandagupta]], these barbarians shook the foundation of the empire, though somehow [[Skandagupta]] ultimately succeeded in checking the tide of their progress." {{sfnp|S. R. Goyal|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ]280–281}}}}
{{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300
| align    = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Bhitari pillar of Skandagupta
| image1  = Bhitari pillar of Skandagupta.jpg
| image2  = Bhitari pillar.jpg
| footer=The Bhitari pillar of [[Skandagupta]]
}}
The Bhitari pillar inscription states that [[Skandagupta]] defeated the [[Hunas]]:{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=73}}
{{quote|([[Skandagupta]]), "by whose two arms the earth was shaken, when he, the creator (of a disturbance like that) of a terrible whirlpool, joined in close conflict with the [[Huna people|Hûnas]]; . . . . . . among enemies . . . . . . arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . proclaimed . . . . . . . . . . . . just as if it were the roaring of (the river) [[Ganges|Ganga]], making itself noticed in (their) ears." | [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta]] Line 15}}
=== Victory against the invaders ===
The date of the Huna invasion is not certain. The Bhitari inscription mentions it after describing the conflict with the Pushyamitras (or the ''Yudhyamitras''), which suggests that it happened later during Skandagupta's reign. However, a possible reference to this conflict in the Junagadh inscription suggests that it may have happened at the beginning of the Skandagupta's reign or during the reign of his father Kumaragupta. The Junagadh inscription, dated to the year 138 of the Gupta era (c. 457–458 CE) mentions Skandagupta's success against the invaders:{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=73–74}}
{{quote|...whose [Skandagupta's] fame, moreover, even [his] enemies, in the countries of the [[Mlecchas|mlechchhas]]... having their pride broken down to the very root, announce with the words "verily the victory has been achieved by him." | [[Junagadh]] inscription{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=73}} }}
The victory against the invaders happened in or before the year 136 of the Gupta era ({{Circa|455}}-456 CE), when Skandagupta ascended the throne and when he appointed Parnadatta as the governor of the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region, in which Junagadh is located. Since Skandagupta is not known to have fought against any other foreigners, these invaders were probably the Hunas. If this identification is correct, it is possible that as a prince, Skandagupta was sent to check the Huna invasion at the frontier, and Kumaragupta died in the capital while this conflict was happening; Skandagupta returned to the capital and overcame rebels or rival claimants to ascend the throne.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=73–74}}
A sentence in the [[Sanskrit]] text ''Chandra-Vyakarana'' ({{Circa|7th century}}) states ''Ajayad-Gupto Hunan'', literally, "The Gupta conquered the Hunas". This may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas, although an alternative reading by scholar [[K. P. Jayaswal]] has "Jato" instead of "Gupto".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=74}} A story in the ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (11th century) states that the legendary king [[Vikramaditya]] ascended the throne after his father Mahendraditya abdicated it, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the invaders. Since Mahendraditya was a title of Kumaragupta, and Vikramaditya that of [[Skandagupta]], this may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the [[Hunas]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=75}} Mahendraditya was the title of [[Kumaragupta I|Kumaragupta]], in fact it seems that he sent his army under [[Skandagupta]] to check the progress of the invaders (which included the hoardes of the [[Hunas]]/[[Hepthalites]], [[Persians]]/[[Sasanians]] and [[Kidarites]]/[[Kushanas]]) who invaded the northwestern frontiers and territory of the [[Gupta Empire]], eventually, the wars and invasion were repelled by [[Skandagupta]].{{efn|"[[Kumaragupta I|Kumāragupta I.]], had taken up the title Mahendrāditya and the fact seems to have been that during the latter part of his reign, the north-western frontiers of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta empire]] was invaded by horde after horde of barbarians, consisting of [[Hunas|Hūṇas]], [[Sassanians]], and [[Kuṣāṇas]]. [[Kumaragupta I|Kumāragupta I.]], sent his army under [[Skandagupta]] to check the progress of the invaders."{{sfnp|R N Dandekar|1941|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iMpGAAAAIAAJ]99}}}}{{sfn|R N Dandekar|1941|pp=99–100}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Karl J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&dq=samudragupta+conquered+afghanistan&pg=PA24 |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |date=2015-05-20 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |language=en|page=25}}</ref><ref>"Soon after this triumph the [[Hepthalites]] moved southwards and crossing the [[Indus]] and swooped down upon the [[Gupta empire]] in 455 A.D. But [[Skandagupta]] beat them back, as we gather from the [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta|Bhitari inscription]]." {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqI5AQAAIAAJ|title=Studies in Indian History and Civilization|last=Prakash|first=Buddha|date=1962|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=317|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|"The wars of [[Skandagupta]] are laconically referred to in his Bhitari and Junāgarh inscriptions. The fourth verse of the Bhitari inscription refers to the coronation of [[Skandagupta]] after his victory over the [[Pushyamitras|Pusyamitras]], a variant reading being Yudhiyamitras, who are probably identical with the tribe of the [[Pushyamitras|Pusyamitras]] associated in the [[Vishnu Purana|Viṣnupurana]] with the region of [[Mekala]] near the source of the Narbudda. The seventh verse of this inscription refers to the "conquest of the earth" made by [[Skandagupta]] and the eighth verse relates to his victory over the [[Hunas]]. It appears that the [[Hunas|Hūnas]], [[Kidarites]] and Pahlavas jointly invaded northern [[India]] and were repelled by [[Skandagupta]]. In the Junagarh Rock inscription dated 136, 137, 138 GE they are referred to as [[Mlecchas]]. In the Bhitari epigraph, however, we have the mention of the [[Hunas]], which constituted a prominent element of the invaders. The result of the victory of [[Skandagupta]] was that his fame spread and his influence was felt in foreign countries including the [[Iran|Iranian]] settlements in the north west. It may be noted that [[Somadeva]] in his [[Kathasaritsagara|Kathasaritsāgara]] includes Nirmūka, the king of the [[Persians]], among the vassals of Vikramaditya, son of Mahendraditya, who as undoubtedly identical with [[Skandagupta|Skandagupta Vikramāditya]]. The vassalage of the [[Persian people|Persian]] king is a reminiscence of the victory of [[Skandagupta]] over the invaders mentioned above.
The [[Kidarites]] ([[Kushans|Kusanas]]) driven away from [[India]] by the young prince [[Skandagupta]] in the closing years of the reign of [[Kumaragupta I|Kumara gupta]] took refuge in the mountainous retreats of the north west. Some petty rulers of the [[Kidarite|Kidarite dynasty]], who were completely Hinduised, ruled over the north west including some parts of western [[Panjab]] Coins have revealed the existence of the kings Kṛtavirya, Sitaditya, Bhāsvan, Kuśala, Prakāśa and Sarvayaśas who used the title kidla. They adopted [[Hindu]] names and culture. Finally they merged in [[Hindu]] society. Some sections of the [[Kushans|Kusānas]] repaired to the valleys of [[Chitral]] and [[Gilgit]] about 475 AD and descended from there after the defeat of the [[Hunas]] in the sixth century and occupied some parts of [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]] on parts of which they kept their possession up to the ninth century. About 595 we hear of two powerful [[Kushan|Kuṣāna]] chiefs, Shog and Pariok. Pariok assassinated Wistam the uncle of [[Khosrow II|Khusrau II]] who was appointed the governor of [[Khurasan|Khurāsan]]."{{sfnp|Buddha Prakash|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BqI5AQAAIAAJ]375–377}}}}<ref>Line 12 of the [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta]] : "Who, when (his) father had attained the skies, conquered (his) enemies by the strength of (his) arm, and established again the ruined fortunes of (his) lineage; and then, crying "the victory has been achieved" betook himself to (his) mother, whose eyes were full of tears from joy, just as Krishna, when he had slain (his) enemies, betook himself to (his mother) Dêvakî"</ref>

Revision as of 12:27, 1 July 2025

Hun invasion of India
Part of Gupta–Hunnic Wars, Sasanian–Gupta conflicts and Gupta–Kushan conflicts
Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta.jpg
Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta
Date450s–460s[1] or 453–459[2]
Location
Northwestern frontiers and Northwest India
Result Gupta victory[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
Territorial
changes		 Gupta Empire imposed suzerainty over the Indus basin[lower-alpha 4]
Belligerents
Hepthalites
Kidarites (Kushans)
Sasanians		 Gupta Dynasty Flag.webp Gupta Empire
Commanders and leaders
3 unknown Hepthalite kings (POW) &  Executed (possibly)[7]
Nirmūka		 Gupta Dynasty Flag.webp Kumaragupta I
Gupta Dynasty Flag.webp Skandagupta
Strength
300,000 Hepthalite soldiers (possibly)[8] 200,000 men (possibly)[9]
Casualties and losses
Heavy losses for the Hepthalites[10] unknown

Skandagupta's war with the invaders were a series of invasions by the invading hoardes of Hunas, Kidarites (Kushans) and Sassanians (Pahlavas). They were eventually defeated and repelled by the young King, Skandagupta.

Prelude

See also: Sasanian–Kushan Wars and Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars

The Kushans defeated the Sasanian monarch Shapur II. Later, during the years of 388 to 450, the Sasanian-Kidarite Wars have come about.[11] After Yazdegerd II quelled a rebellion. He marched against the Hepthalites, which resulted to his defeat. From their base at Herat in Afghanistan, the Hunas (Hepthalites) had already invaded Persia and started moving southwards to the northwestern frontiers as they intrude upon the Gupta Empire's territory.[12][13]

Skandagupta's wars against the invaders

During Skandagupta's period, the Indo-Hephthalites (known as the White Huns or Hunas) invaded India from the northwest, advancing as far as the Indus River.[3]

Madra inscription on the Kahaum pillar

Battle of the Indus river (458 A.D.)

See also: Battle of the Indus River (458)

During the Hun invasion, a battle along the Indus river took place which resulted in Skandagupta checking the advances of the Hunas, along with heavy losses for the Hunas.[14][15][lower-alpha 5]

Bhitari pillar of Skandagupta
The Bhitari pillar of Skandagupta

The Bhitari pillar inscription states that Skandagupta defeated the Hunas:[3]

(Skandagupta), "by whose two arms the earth was shaken, when he, the creator (of a disturbance like that) of a terrible whirlpool, joined in close conflict with the Hûnas; . . . . . . among enemies . . . . . . arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . proclaimed . . . . . . . . . . . . just as if it were the roaring of (the river) Ganga, making itself noticed in (their) ears."

— Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta Line 15

Victory against the invaders

The date of the Huna invasion is not certain. The Bhitari inscription mentions it after describing the conflict with the Pushyamitras (or the Yudhyamitras), which suggests that it happened later during Skandagupta's reign. However, a possible reference to this conflict in the Junagadh inscription suggests that it may have happened at the beginning of the Skandagupta's reign or during the reign of his father Kumaragupta. The Junagadh inscription, dated to the year 138 of the Gupta era (c. 457–458 CE) mentions Skandagupta's success against the invaders:[17]

...whose [Skandagupta's] fame, moreover, even [his] enemies, in the countries of the mlechchhas... having their pride broken down to the very root, announce with the words "verily the victory has been achieved by him."

— Junagadh inscription[3]

The victory against the invaders happened in or before the year 136 of the Gupta era (c. 455-456 CE), when Skandagupta ascended the throne and when he appointed Parnadatta as the governor of the Saurashtra region, in which Junagadh is located. Since Skandagupta is not known to have fought against any other foreigners, these invaders were probably the Hunas. If this identification is correct, it is possible that as a prince, Skandagupta was sent to check the Huna invasion at the frontier, and Kumaragupta died in the capital while this conflict was happening; Skandagupta returned to the capital and overcame rebels or rival claimants to ascend the throne.[17]

A sentence in the Sanskrit text Chandra-Vyakarana (c. 7th century) states Ajayad-Gupto Hunan, literally, "The Gupta conquered the Hunas". This may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas, although an alternative reading by scholar K. P. Jayaswal has "Jato" instead of "Gupto".[18] A story in the Kathasaritsagara (11th century) states that the legendary king Vikramaditya ascended the throne after his father Mahendraditya abdicated it, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the invaders. Since Mahendraditya was a title of Kumaragupta, and Vikramaditya that of Skandagupta, this may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas.[19] Mahendraditya was the title of Kumaragupta, in fact it seems that he sent his army under Skandagupta to check the progress of the invaders (which included the hoardes of the Hunas/Hepthalites, Persians/Sasanians and Kidarites/Kushanas) who invaded the northwestern frontiers and territory of the Gupta Empire, eventually, the wars and invasion were repelled by Skandagupta.[lower-alpha 6][21][22][23][lower-alpha 7][25]

  1. ↑ Schmidt, Karl J. (2015-05-20). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-317-47681-8.
  2. ↑ Bakker, Hans T. (2020-03-31). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. p. 31. ISBN 978-94-93194-06-9.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 R. C. Majumdar 1981, p. 73.
  4. ↑ R N Dandekar (1941), p. [1]100.
  5. ↑ Karl J. Schmidt (2015), p. [2]24.
  6. ↑ S. R. Goyal, p. [3]277.
  7. ↑ "The young son of Mahendrasena led his father's army of two hundred thousand men against the enemy whose soldiers numbered three hundred thousand. The prince however, broke the enemy army and won the battle. On his return his father crown him saying "henceforth rule the kingdom," and himself retired to religious life. For twelve years after this, the new king fought these foreign enemies, and ultimately captured and executed the three kings.' It has been suggested that this story gives an account of the fight between Skanda-Gupta and the Hūṇas (IHIJ. 36)." The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. G. Allen & Unwin. 1951. p. 27.
  8. ↑ "The young son of Mahendrasena led his father's army of two hundred thousand men against the enemy whose soldiers numbered three hundred thousand. The prince however, broke the enemy army and won the battle. On his return his father crown him saying "henceforth rule the kingdom," and himself retired to religious life. For twelve years after this, the new king fought these foreign enemies, and ultimately captured and executed the three kings.' It has been suggested that this story gives an account of the fight between Skanda-Gupta and the Hūṇas (IHIJ. 36)." The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. G. Allen & Unwin. 1951. p. 27.
  9. ↑ "The young son of Mahendrasena led his father's army of two hundred thousand men against the enemy whose soldiers numbered three hundred thousand. The prince however, broke the enemy army and won the battle. On his return his father crown him saying "henceforth rule the kingdom," and himself retired to religious life. For twelve years after this, the new king fought these foreign enemies, and ultimately captured and executed the three kings.' It has been suggested that this story gives an account of the fight between Skanda-Gupta and the Hūṇas (IHIJ. 36)." The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. G. Allen & Unwin. 1951. p. 27.
  10. ↑ " A decisive battle along the river inflicted heavy losses and checked the advance of the "White Huns." " Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Miegunyiah Press. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-522-85336-0.
  11. ↑ Bakker, Hans T. (2020-03-12). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. p. 31. ISBN 978-94-93194-00-7.
  12. ↑ Schmidt, Karl J. (2015-05-20). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-317-47681-8.
  13. ↑ Prakash, Buddha (1962). Studies in Indian History and Civilization. Shiva Lal Agarwala. pp. 316–317.
  14. ↑ Fisher, William Bayne; Yarshater, Ehsan (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9.
  15. ↑ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Miegunyiah Press. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-522-85336-0.
  16. ↑ S. R. Goyal, p. [4]280–281.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 R. C. Majumdar 1981, pp. 73–74.
  18. ↑ R. C. Majumdar 1981, p. 74.
  19. ↑ R. C. Majumdar 1981, p. 75.
  20. ↑ R N Dandekar (1941), p. [5]99.
  21. ↑ R N Dandekar 1941, pp. 99–100.
  22. ↑ Schmidt, Karl J. (2015-05-20). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-317-47681-8.
  23. ↑ "Soon after this triumph the Hepthalites moved southwards and crossing the Indus and swooped down upon the Gupta empire in 455 A.D. But Skandagupta beat them back, as we gather from the Bhitari inscription." Prakash, Buddha (1962). Studies in Indian History and Civilization. Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 317.
  24. ↑ Buddha Prakash, p. [6]375–377.
  25. ↑ Line 12 of the Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta : "Who, when (his) father had attained the skies, conquered (his) enemies by the strength of (his) arm, and established again the ruined fortunes of (his) lineage; and then, crying "the victory has been achieved" betook himself to (his) mother, whose eyes were full of tears from joy, just as Krishna, when he had slain (his) enemies, betook himself to (his mother) Dêvakî"


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hun_invasion_of_India&oldid=462832"