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(Created page with "{{Short description|One of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy}} {{italic title}} {{multiple image | align = right | caption_align = center | direction =vertical | header=Ājīvika | total_width=225 | image1 = Ajivika Monk in a Gandhara sculpture of the Mahaparinirvana.jpg | caption1 = An Ājīvika ascetic in a Gandhara sculpture of the Mahaparinirvana, circa 2nd-3rd century CE.<ref name="Balcerowicz1">{{cite book |last=Balcerowicz |first=Pi...") Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit nowiki added |
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===Biography of Makkhali Gosala=== | ===Biography of Makkhali Gosala=== | ||
[[File:Ajivika inscription on the Ashoka pillar, Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Ashoka]]'s [[Major Pillar Edicts|Seventh Pillar Edict]] mentions Ajivikas: ''"Some [[Mahamatra]]s were ordered by me to busy themselves with the affairs of the [[Samgha]]. Likewise others were ordered by me to busy themselves also with the Brahmanas (and) Ajivikas"'' (Line 25).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n292 132] |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |language=sa}}</ref | [[File:Ajivika inscription on the Ashoka pillar, Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Ashoka]]'s [[Major Pillar Edicts|Seventh Pillar Edict]] mentions Ajivikas: ''"Some [[Mahamatra]]s were ordered by me to busy themselves with the affairs of the [[Samgha]]. Likewise others were ordered by me to busy themselves also with the Brahmanas (and) Ajivikas"'' (Line 25).<ref name="philtar" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n292 132] |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |language=sa}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html The Edicts of King Ashoka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328144411/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |date=28 March 2014 }} Ven. S. Dhammika, Colorado State University Archive</ref> Photograph of the portion of the 7th Edict, in the [[Brahmi script]] on the [[Ashoka pillar]] of [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[New Delhi]] (3rd century BCE), with ''"Ājīvikesu"'' (𑀆𑀚𑀻𑀯𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀲𑀼) inscription.<ref name="archive.org" />]] | ||
Makkhali Gosala ([[Pali]]; Sanskrit ''Gośala Maskariputra'', c. 484 BCE) is generally considered as the founder of the Ājīvika movement.<ref name="james" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}} Some sources state that Gosala was only a leader of a large Ājīvika congregation of ascetics, but not the founder of the movement himself.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} The Swedish Indologist [[Jarl Charpentier]] and others suggest the Ājīvika tradition existed in India well before the birth of Makkhali Gosala, citing a variety of ancient Indian texts.<ref name="jarl" /> | Makkhali Gosala ([[Pali]]; Sanskrit ''Gośala Maskariputra'', c. 484 BCE) is generally considered as the founder of the Ājīvika movement.<ref name="james" />{{sfn|Basham|1951|loc=Chapter 1}} Some sources state that Gosala was only a leader of a large Ājīvika congregation of ascetics, but not the founder of the movement himself.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} The Swedish Indologist [[Jarl Charpentier]] and others suggest the Ājīvika tradition existed in India well before the birth of Makkhali Gosala, citing a variety of ancient Indian texts.<ref name="jarl" /> | ||
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==Reliability of sources== | ==Reliability of sources== | ||
Ājīvikas competed with and debated the scholars of Buddhism, Jainism and Vedic's. The Ājīvika movement is primarily known from historical references left behind in Jain and Buddhist sources, that may therefore be hostile to it.<ref name="philtar" /> It is unknown to what degree the available non-Ājīvika sources reflect the actual beliefs and practices of the Ājīvikas. Most of what is known about them was recorded in the literature of rival groups, modern scholars question the reliability of the secondary sources, and whether intentional distortions for dehumanization and criticism were introduced into the records.<ref name="barua">[https://archive.org/stream/ajivikas00barurich#page/10/mode/2up The Ajivikas] BM Barua, University of Calcutta, pages 10-17</ref | Ājīvikas competed with and debated the scholars of Buddhism, Jainism and Vedic's. The Ājīvika movement is primarily known from historical references left behind in Jain and Buddhist sources, that may therefore be hostile to it.<ref name="philtar" /> It is unknown to what degree the available non-Ājīvika sources reflect the actual beliefs and practices of the Ājīvikas. Most of what is known about them was recorded in the literature of rival groups, modern scholars question the reliability of the secondary sources, and whether intentional distortions for dehumanization and criticism were introduced into the records.<ref name="dundas" /><ref name="barua">[https://archive.org/stream/ajivikas00barurich#page/10/mode/2up The Ajivikas] BM Barua, University of Calcutta, pages 10-17</ref> | ||
More recent work by scholars suggests that the Ājīvika were perhaps misrepresented by Jain and Buddhist sources. | More recent work by scholars suggests that the Ājīvika were perhaps misrepresented by Jain and Buddhist sources. | ||