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{{short description|Famine in North India in | {{short description|Famine in North India in 1783–1784}} | ||
{{Infobox famine | {{Infobox famine | ||
| name = Chalisa famine | | name = Chalisa famine | ||
| country = [[ | | country = [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] | ||
| period = | | period = 1783–1784 | ||
| total_deaths = | | total_deaths = between 11 to 20 million | ||
| death_rate = | | death_rate = | ||
| preceded = | | preceded = | ||
| succeeded = | | succeeded = | ||
}} | |causes=[[drought]]}} | ||
[[File:India1765.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of India (1765) shows [[Awadh|Oudh]], the [[Doab]] (the region in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] between the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna River|Jumna]] rivers), [[Rohilkhand]], the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century|Delhi territories]], eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]] and [[Kashmir]], all affected by the ''Chalisa'' famine.]] | |||
The '''Chalisa famine''' of 1783–1784 in the [[Indian subcontinent]] followed unusual [[El Niño]] events that began in 1780 and caused droughts throughout the region.<ref name=grove-elnino-80>{{Harvnb|Grove|2007|p=80}}</ref> ''Chalisa'' (literally, "of the fortieth" in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) refers to the [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar year 1840 (1783).<ref>{{Harvnb|Bayly|2002|p=503}}</ref> The famine affected many parts of [[North India]], especially the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century|Delhi territories]], present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], Eastern and Western [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]], and [[Kashmir]], then all ruled by different Indian rulers.<ref name=igi-III-502>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=502}}</ref> The ''Chalisa'' was preceded by a famine in the previous year, 1782–1783, in South India, including [[Chennai|Madras City]] and surrounding areas (under [[British East India Company]] rule) and in the extended [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (under the rule of [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]). | |||
Together the two famines may have depopulated many regions of India, including, for example, 17 percent of the villages in the [[Sirkali]] region of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name=grove-elnino-80/> 60 percent of the villages in the middle [[Doab]] of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Bayly|2002|p=90}}</ref> and over 30 per cent of the villages in the regions around Delhi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stokes|1975|pp=508–509}}</ref> It is thought that up to 11 million people may have died in the two famines.<ref name=grove-elnino-80/> | |||
Together the two famines may have depopulated many regions of India, including, for example, 17 | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 29: | Line 28: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
*{{Citation | last = Bayly | first = C. A. | author-link=Christopher Bayly|title = Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870 |year = 2002 | publisher = Delhi: Oxford University Press. | *{{Citation | last = Bayly | first = C. A. | author-link=Christopher Bayly|title = Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870 |year = 2002 | publisher = Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 530 | isbn = 0-19-566345-4}} | ||
*{{Citation | last = Grove | first = Richard H. | title = The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History | journal = The Medieval History Journal | year = 2007 | volume = 10 | issue = 1&2 | pages = 75–98 | doi = 10.1177/097194580701000203| hdl = 1885/51009 | hdl-access = free }} | *{{Citation | last = Grove | first = Richard H. | title = The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History | journal = The Medieval History Journal | year = 2007 | volume = 10 | issue = 1&2 | pages = 75–98 | doi = 10.1177/097194580701000203| hdl = 1885/51009 | hdl-access = free }} | ||
*{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III | *{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III | ||
| title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502 | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in | | title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502 | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. | year = 1907}} | ||
*{{Citation | last = Stokes | first = Eric | author-link=Eric Stokes (historian)|title = Agrarian Society and the Pax Britannica in Northern India in the Early Nineteenth Century | year = 1975 | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 505–528 | jstor = 312079 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00012877}} | *{{Citation | last = Stokes | first = Eric | author-link=Eric Stokes (historian)|title = Agrarian Society and the Pax Britannica in Northern India in the Early Nineteenth Century | year = 1975 | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 505–528 | jstor = 312079 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00012877| s2cid = 145085255 }} | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
*{{Citation | last1 = Arnold | first1 = David | last2 = Moore | first2 = R. I. | title = Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past) | year = 1991 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell. | *{{Citation | last1 = Arnold | first1 = David | last2 = Moore | first2 = R. I. | title = Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past) | year = 1991 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164 | isbn = 0-631-15119-2}} | ||
*{{Citation | last = Dutt | first = Romesh Chunder | title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | orig-year = 1900| year = 2005 | publisher = London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation) | isbn = 1-4021-5115-2}} | *{{Citation | last = Dutt | first = Romesh Chunder | title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | orig-year = 1900| year = 2005 | publisher = London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation) | isbn = 1-4021-5115-2}} | ||
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Time | *{{Citation | editor-last = Dyson | editor-first = Time | title = India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society | year = 1989 | publisher = Riverdale MD: The Riverdale Company. Pp. ix, 296}} | ||
*{{Citation | last = Famine Commission | year = 1880 | title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I | publisher = Calcutta}} | *{{Citation | last = Famine Commission | year = 1880 | title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I | publisher = Calcutta}} | ||
*{{Citation | last = Ghose | first = Ajit Kumar | title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent | year = 1982 | journal = Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–389}} | *{{Citation | last = Ghose | first = Ajit Kumar | title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent | year = 1982 | journal = Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–389| doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 | pmid = 11620403 }} | ||
*{{Citation | last = Government of India | year = 1867 | title = Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II | publisher = Calcutta}} | *{{Citation | last = Government of India | year = 1867 | title = Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II | publisher = Calcutta}} | ||
{{Famine in India}} | |||
{{coord missing|India}} | {{coord missing|India}} | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
[[Category:1784 in India]] | [[Category:1784 in India]] | ||
[[Category:1783 disasters]] | [[Category:1783 disasters]] | ||
[[Category:1780s natural disasters]] | |||
[[Category:1784 disasters]] | [[Category:1784 disasters]] | ||
[[Category:18th-century health disasters]] | [[Category:18th-century health disasters]] | ||
[[Category:18th-century famines]] | [[Category:18th-century famines]] | ||
[[Category:18th-century disasters in India]] | |||
[[Category:18th-century droughts]] | |||
Latest revision as of 14:43, 29 March 2026
| Chalisa famine | |
|---|---|
| Country | India and Pakistan |
| Period | 1783–1784 |
| Total deaths | between 11 to 20 million |
The Chalisa famine of 1783–1784 in the Indian subcontinent followed unusual El Niño events that began in 1780 and caused droughts throughout the region.[1] Chalisa (literally, "of the fortieth" in Hindustani) refers to the Vikram Samvat calendar year 1840 (1783).[2] The famine affected many parts of North India, especially the Delhi territories, present-day Uttar Pradesh, Eastern and Western Punjab, Rajputana, and Kashmir, then all ruled by different Indian rulers.[3] The Chalisa was preceded by a famine in the previous year, 1782–1783, in South India, including Madras City and surrounding areas (under British East India Company rule) and in the extended Kingdom of Mysore (under the rule of Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan).
Together the two famines may have depopulated many regions of India, including, for example, 17 percent of the villages in the Sirkali region of present-day Tamil Nadu,[1] 60 percent of the villages in the middle Doab of present-day Uttar Pradesh,[4] and over 30 per cent of the villages in the regions around Delhi.[5] It is thought that up to 11 million people may have died in the two famines.[1]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Timeline of major famines in India during British rule (1765 to 1947)
- Famines, Epidemics, and Public Health in the British Raj
- Company rule in India
- Famine in India
- Drought in India
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Grove 2007, p. 80
- ↑ Bayly 2002, p. 503
- ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907, p. 502
- ↑ Bayly 2002, p. 90
- ↑ Stokes 1975, pp. 508–509
References[edit | edit source]
- Bayly, C. A. (2002), Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 530, ISBN 0-19-566345-4
- Grove, Richard H. (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1&2): 75–98, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203, hdl:1885/51009
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
- Stokes, Eric (1975), "Agrarian Society and the Pax Britannica in Northern India in the Early Nineteenth Century", Modern Asian Studies, 9 (4): 505–528, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00012877, JSTOR 312079, S2CID 145085255
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Arnold, David; Moore, R. I. (1991), Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past), Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164, ISBN 0-631-15119-2
- Dutt, Romesh Chunder (2005) [1900], Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation), ISBN 1-4021-5115-2
- Dyson, Time, ed. (1989), India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society, Riverdale MD: The Riverdale Company. Pp. ix, 296
- Famine Commission (1880), Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I, Calcutta
- Ghose, Ajit Kumar (1982), "Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent", Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 34 (2): 368–389, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557, PMID 11620403
- Government of India (1867), Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II, Calcutta