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{{Short description|Terrorist incidents in Delhi, India}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox civilian attack | {{Infobox civilian attack | ||
| title = 1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India | | title = 1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India | ||
| location = [[Delhi]], India | | location = [[Delhi]], India | ||
| date = {{start date|29 | | date = {{start date|1994|09|29|df=yes}}–{{end date|1994|10|19|df=yes}} | ||
| weapons = [[Firearms]] ([[gun]]s) | | weapons = [[Firearms]] ([[gun]]s) | ||
| victims = 4 | | victims = 4 | ||
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}} | }} | ||
The '''1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India''' were the abductions of four foreign tourists in [[Delhi]], India, between 29 September and 20 October 1994, by terrorists. The kidnappings were perpetrated by the anti-Indian terrorist group [[Harkat ul-Ansar|Harkat-ul-Ansar]] (HuA),{{Efn|Harkat-ul-Ansar was the merger of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] in 1993. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen had split from Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami 1985 but re-united, they split again in 1998. [[Jaish-e-Muhammad]] was formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen by [[Masood Azhar]] in 2000.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/harakat-ul-mujahedeen Harakat-ul-Mujahedeen]. [[Center for International Security and Cooperation]]. [[Foreign Service Institute]]. [[Stanford University]].</ref>|name=groups}} under the pseudonym of Al-Hadid, | The '''1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India''' were the abductions of four foreign tourists in [[Delhi]], India, between 29 September and 20 October 1994, by terrorists. The kidnappings were perpetrated by the anti-Indian terrorist group [[Harkat ul-Ansar|Harkat-ul-Ansar]] (HuA),{{Efn|Harkat-ul-Ansar was the merger of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] in 1993. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen had split from Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami 1985 but re-united, they split again in 1998. [[Jaish-e-Muhammad]] was formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen by [[Masood Azhar]] in 2000.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/harakat-ul-mujahedeen Harakat-ul-Mujahedeen]. [[Center for International Security and Cooperation]]. [[Foreign Service Institute]]. [[Stanford University]].</ref>|name=groups}} under the pseudonym of Al-Hadid, led by [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] to secure the release of HuA leaders. Sheikh was caught and ultimately imprisoned at the [[Tihar Jail]] in Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/ahmed-omar-saeed-sheikh |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=[[Counter Extremism Project]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Saroj Kumar |date=2020 |title=Ilyas Kashmiri through the Prism of HuJI, HuA, HuM, JeM, Brigade 313 and al Qaeda |url=https://www.academia.edu/44824474/Ilyas_Kashmiri_through_the_Prism_of_HuJI_HuA_HuM_JeM_Brigade_313_and_al_Qaeda |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> The abductees included three British citizens, Myles Croston, Paul Rideout, and Rhys Partridge, and one American, Béla Nuss; all of them were rescued unharmed by the police.<ref name="McGinty">McGinty, Stephen. ''The Scotsman'', 16 July 2002. {{cite news |date=16 July 2002 |title=The English Islamic Terrorist. |work=The Scotsman |location=Edinburgh |url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1204&id=763812002 |url-status=live |access-date=22 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050919151256/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1204&id=763812002 |archive-date=19 September 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |author-link=Celia W. Dugger |date=8 February 2002 |title=A NATION CHALLENGED: A SUSPECT; Confession in 1994 Case Evokes Pearl Abduction |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/08/world/a-nation-challenged-a-suspect-confession-in-1994-case-evokes-pearl-abduction.html?sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> | ||
HuA would also perpetrate the [[1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir]] where most of the hostages were killed with one being beheaded.<ref name=":2" /> Sheikh was released (along with Harkat leader [[Masood Azhar]] and [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]]) in 1999 in exchange for hostages of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] which had been hijacked by fellow Harkat members. He would go on to kidnap and allegedly murder [[Daniel Pearl]] in 2002. | HuA would also perpetrate the [[1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir]] where most of the hostages were killed with one being beheaded.<ref name=":2" /> Sheikh was released (along with Harkat leader [[Masood Azhar]] and [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]]) in 1999 in exchange for hostages of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] which had been hijacked by fellow Harkat members. He would go on to kidnap and allegedly murder [[Daniel Pearl]] in 2002. | ||
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A violent insurgency had been going on in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] since 1989. Kidnappings of foreign tourists had been attempted by [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmiri Militants]], most notably the attempt to kidnap seven [[Israelis]] in 1991.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/world/kashmir-rebels-kill-israeli-tourist-marking-new-phase-in-conflict.html?exprod=permalink&sec=travel&partner=permalink Kashmir Rebels Kill Israeli Tourist, Marking New Phase in Conflict], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1991-06-28</ref> However, until this point the separatists had not kidnapped anybody outside of the disputed state.<ref name=nyt2>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/02/world/indian-police-free-3-britons-held-hostage.html?exprod=permalink&sec=travel&partner=permalink Indian Police Free 3 Britons Held Hostage], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1994-11-02</ref> | A violent insurgency had been going on in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] since 1989. Kidnappings of foreign tourists had been attempted by [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmiri Militants]], most notably the attempt to kidnap seven [[Israelis]] in 1991.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/world/kashmir-rebels-kill-israeli-tourist-marking-new-phase-in-conflict.html?exprod=permalink&sec=travel&partner=permalink Kashmir Rebels Kill Israeli Tourist, Marking New Phase in Conflict], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1991-06-28</ref> However, until this point the separatists had not kidnapped anybody outside of the disputed state.<ref name=nyt2>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/02/world/indian-police-free-3-britons-held-hostage.html?exprod=permalink&sec=travel&partner=permalink Indian Police Free 3 Britons Held Hostage], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1994-11-02</ref> | ||
Three of those kidnapped, Paul Benjamin Ridout and Christopher Miles Croston (both kidnapped on 16 October)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199410160004 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199410160004 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> and Rhys Partridge (Australian citizen of British heritage, kidnapped on 29 September),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199409290011 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199409290011 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> were from Great Britain and a fourth, Béla Nuss (kidnapped on 19 October),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199410190005 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199410190005 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> was an American from [[San Francisco, California]]; all were kidnapped | Three of those kidnapped, Paul Benjamin Ridout and Christopher Miles Croston (both kidnapped on 16 October)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199410160004 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199410160004 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> and Rhys Partridge (Australian citizen of British heritage, kidnapped on 29 September),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199409290011 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199409290011 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> were from Great Britain and a fourth, Béla Nuss (kidnapped on 19 October),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199410190005 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199410190005 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> was an American citizen of Hungarian heritage from [[San Francisco, California]]; all were kidnapped at gunpoint.<ref name=nyt1>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/01/world/3-britons-and-1-american-freed-from-kashmiri-militants-in-india.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink 3 Britons and 1 American Freed From Kashmiri Militants in India], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1994-11-01</ref> | ||
==Kidnapping== | ==Kidnapping== | ||
The tourists were all befriended by young British [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] who was a member of [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]]{{Efn|name=groups}} and pretending to be an Indian under the name "Rohit Sharma".<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2002/02/15/int4.htm Briton recalls brush with ‘reluctant kidnapper’], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 2002-02-15</ref> He told them that his uncle had died and left a village for him. He then invited them to visit the village with him. The three Britons were taken to a village near [[Saharanpur]] and kept captive there by his associates.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/08/world/a-nation-challenged-a-suspect-confession-in-1994-case-evokes-pearl-abduction.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink A NATION CHALLENGED: A SUSPECT; Confession in 1994 Case Evokes Pearl Abduction], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2002-02-08</ref> Béla Nuss was the last to be kidnapped and was kept in [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] just outside Delhi.<ref>[http://www.harpers.org/archive/2002/01/0079027 My big adventure], ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', January 2002</ref> The kidnappers demanded that the Indian government free ten militants imprisoned in [[ | The tourists were all befriended by young British [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] who was a member of [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]]{{Efn|name=groups}} and pretending to be an Indian under the name "Rohit Sharma".<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2002/02/15/int4.htm Briton recalls brush with ‘reluctant kidnapper’], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 2002-02-15</ref> He told them that his uncle had died and left a village for him. He then invited them to visit the village with him. The three Britons were taken to a village near [[Saharanpur]] and kept captive there by his associates.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/08/world/a-nation-challenged-a-suspect-confession-in-1994-case-evokes-pearl-abduction.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink A NATION CHALLENGED: A SUSPECT; Confession in 1994 Case Evokes Pearl Abduction], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2002-02-08</ref> Béla Nuss was the last to be kidnapped and was kept in [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] just outside Delhi.<ref>[http://www.harpers.org/archive/2002/01/0079027 My big adventure], ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', January 2002</ref> The kidnappers demanded that the Indian government free ten militants imprisoned in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]] and threatened to behead their captives if the demand was not met.<ref name=nyt2/> | ||
==Rescue== | ==Rescue== | ||
Béla Nuss was freed on 31 October by the police, while investigating a robbery, police came across the house where | Béla Nuss was freed on 31 October by the police, while investigating a robbery, police came across the house where she was being kept captive. After information given to the police by Nuss about other hostages being held, police staked out the house, captured one of the drivers, and the interrogation of two terrorists, later arrested at the site, led them to the village of Saharanpur, where the Britons were being held captive. Omar Saeed was also captured and wounded when he had returned to the Ghaziabad house to talk to Nuss after being informed that he had stopped eating four days before. Two policemen and a militant were killed in a pre-dawn shoot-out at the second location on 1 November. All the tourists were freed unhurt.<ref name=nyt1/> | ||
==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
Three Pakistani militants belonging to [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]]{{Efn|name=groups}} were given death sentences and three others life sentences by a Delhi court in April 2002 for their roles in the kidnapping, while Sheikh's charges had been dropped in exchange for his release.<ref>{{cite news |url= | Three Pakistani militants belonging to [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]]{{Efn|name=groups}} were given death sentences and three others life sentences by a Delhi court in April 2002 for their roles in the kidnapping, while Sheikh's charges had been dropped in exchange for his release.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-Harkat-militants-awarded-death-sentence/articleshow/8176584.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023061755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-27/india/27138652_1_life-imprisonment-pakistani-militants-foreign-tourists |url-status=live |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=3 Harkat militants awarded death sentence |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 April 2002 |access-date=4 January 2020 |author=PTI |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/04/28/stories/2002042801050800.htm |title=3 Pakistanis sentenced to death |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712021457/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/04/28/stories/2002042801050800.htm |archive-date=12 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 April 2002 |access-date=4 January 2020 |url-status=usurped |via=Hinuonnet}}</ref> | ||
[[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] was incarcerated in [[Tihar Jail]] and stayed in prison till December 1999 when he was released in exchange for the passengers aboard hijacked [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020216/main4.htm |title=Tihar — base of Islamic radicals? |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=16 February 2002 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> He subsequently was alleged to be involved in the murder of [[Daniel Pearl]]. He was sentenced to death on 14 July 2002 in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/15pak.htm |title=Omar Sheikh sentenced to death in Pearl murder case |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=15 July 2002 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> Under CIA interrogation [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammad]] confessed to being the one who personally wielded the blade that killed Daniel Pearl.<ref>{{cite news |last=Burger |first=Timothy J. |last2=Zagorin |first2=Adam |title=Fingering Danny Pearl's Killer |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1545441,00.html |magazine=[[time.com]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |access-date=27 September 2014 |date=12 October 2006}}</ref> | [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] was incarcerated in [[Tihar Jail]] and stayed in prison till December 1999 when he was released in exchange for the passengers aboard hijacked [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020216/main4.htm |title=Tihar — base of Islamic radicals? |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=16 February 2002 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> He subsequently was alleged to be involved in the murder of [[Daniel Pearl]]. He was sentenced to death on 14 July 2002 in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/15pak.htm |title=Omar Sheikh sentenced to death in Pearl murder case |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=15 July 2002 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> Under [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] interrogation [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammad]] confessed to being the one who personally wielded the blade that killed Daniel Pearl.<ref>{{cite news |last=Burger |first=Timothy J. |last2=Zagorin |first2=Adam |title=Fingering Danny Pearl's Killer |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1545441,00.html |magazine=[[time.com]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |access-date=27 September 2014 |date=12 October 2006}}</ref> | ||
== In popular culture == | == In popular culture == | ||
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== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir]] | *[[1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1804710.stm Profile: Omar Saeed Sheikh], [[BBC]], 2002-07-16 | *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1804710.stm Profile: Omar Saeed Sheikh], [[BBC]], 2002-07-16 | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kidnapping of western tourists in India}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Kidnapping of western tourists in India}} | ||
[[Category:1994 crimes in India]] | [[Category:1994 crimes in India]] | ||
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 1994]] | [[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 1994]] | ||
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[[Category:1990s in Delhi]] | [[Category:1990s in Delhi]] | ||
[[Category:October 1994 crimes]] | [[Category:October 1994 crimes]] | ||
[[Category:October 1994 | [[Category:October 1994 in India]] | ||
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]] | [[Category:Kashmir conflict]] | ||
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]] | [[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]] | ||
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[[Category:Rao administration]] | [[Category:Rao administration]] | ||
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]] | [[Category:Kidnappings in India]] | ||
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 1990s]] | |||
[[Category:Hostage taking in India]] | [[Category:Hostage taking in India]] | ||
[[Category:Attacks on tourists in India]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:20, 11 April 2025
| 1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India | |
|---|---|
| Location | Delhi, India |
| Date | 29 September 1994–19 October 1994 |
| Weapons | Firearms (guns) |
| Victims | 4 |
| Perpetrators | Harkat-ul-Ansar (Al-Hadid), including Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh |
The 1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India were the abductions of four foreign tourists in Delhi, India, between 29 September and 20 October 1994, by terrorists. The kidnappings were perpetrated by the anti-Indian terrorist group Harkat-ul-Ansar (HuA),[lower-alpha 1] under the pseudonym of Al-Hadid, led by Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh to secure the release of HuA leaders. Sheikh was caught and ultimately imprisoned at the Tihar Jail in Delhi.[2][3] The abductees included three British citizens, Myles Croston, Paul Rideout, and Rhys Partridge, and one American, Béla Nuss; all of them were rescued unharmed by the police.[4][5]
HuA would also perpetrate the 1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir where most of the hostages were killed with one being beheaded.[3] Sheikh was released (along with Harkat leader Masood Azhar and Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar) in 1999 in exchange for hostages of Indian Airlines Flight 814 which had been hijacked by fellow Harkat members. He would go on to kidnap and allegedly murder Daniel Pearl in 2002.
Background[edit | edit source]
A violent insurgency had been going on in Jammu and Kashmir since 1989. Kidnappings of foreign tourists had been attempted by Kashmiri Militants, most notably the attempt to kidnap seven Israelis in 1991.[6] However, until this point the separatists had not kidnapped anybody outside of the disputed state.[7]
Three of those kidnapped, Paul Benjamin Ridout and Christopher Miles Croston (both kidnapped on 16 October)[8] and Rhys Partridge (Australian citizen of British heritage, kidnapped on 29 September),[9] were from Great Britain and a fourth, Béla Nuss (kidnapped on 19 October),[10] was an American citizen of Hungarian heritage from San Francisco, California; all were kidnapped at gunpoint.[11]
Kidnapping[edit | edit source]
The tourists were all befriended by young British Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh who was a member of Harkat-ul-Ansar[lower-alpha 1] and pretending to be an Indian under the name "Rohit Sharma".[12] He told them that his uncle had died and left a village for him. He then invited them to visit the village with him. The three Britons were taken to a village near Saharanpur and kept captive there by his associates.[13] Béla Nuss was the last to be kidnapped and was kept in Ghaziabad just outside Delhi.[14] The kidnappers demanded that the Indian government free ten militants imprisoned in Kashmir and threatened to behead their captives if the demand was not met.[7]
Rescue[edit | edit source]
Béla Nuss was freed on 31 October by the police, while investigating a robbery, police came across the house where she was being kept captive. After information given to the police by Nuss about other hostages being held, police staked out the house, captured one of the drivers, and the interrogation of two terrorists, later arrested at the site, led them to the village of Saharanpur, where the Britons were being held captive. Omar Saeed was also captured and wounded when he had returned to the Ghaziabad house to talk to Nuss after being informed that he had stopped eating four days before. Two policemen and a militant were killed in a pre-dawn shoot-out at the second location on 1 November. All the tourists were freed unhurt.[11]
Aftermath[edit | edit source]
Three Pakistani militants belonging to Harkat-ul-Ansar[lower-alpha 1] were given death sentences and three others life sentences by a Delhi court in April 2002 for their roles in the kidnapping, while Sheikh's charges had been dropped in exchange for his release.[15][16]
Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh was incarcerated in Tihar Jail and stayed in prison till December 1999 when he was released in exchange for the passengers aboard hijacked Indian Airlines Flight 814.[17] He subsequently was alleged to be involved in the murder of Daniel Pearl. He was sentenced to death on 14 July 2002 in Pakistan.[18] Under CIA interrogation Khalid Sheikh Mohammad confessed to being the one who personally wielded the blade that killed Daniel Pearl.[19]
In popular culture[edit | edit source]
The kidnapping was the subject of a 2008 episode of the television series, Kidnapped Abroad. The Indian film Omerta (2017 film) is based on this kidnapping and Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh.[20]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Harkat-ul-Ansar was the merger of Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen in 1993. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen had split from Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami 1985 but re-united, they split again in 1998. Jaish-e-Muhammad was formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen by Masood Azhar in 2000.[1]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Harakat-ul-Mujahedeen. Center for International Security and Cooperation. Foreign Service Institute. Stanford University.
- ↑ "Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh". Counter Extremism Project. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rath, Saroj Kumar (2020). "Ilyas Kashmiri through the Prism of HuJI, HuA, HuM, JeM, Brigade 313 and al Qaeda". SSRN Electronic Journal. ISSN 1556-5068.
- ↑ McGinty, Stephen. The Scotsman, 16 July 2002. "The English Islamic Terrorist". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. 16 July 2002. Archived from the original on 19 September 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
- ↑ Dugger, Celia W. (8 February 2002). "A NATION CHALLENGED: A SUSPECT; Confession in 1994 Case Evokes Pearl Abduction". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
- ↑ Kashmir Rebels Kill Israeli Tourist, Marking New Phase in Conflict, The New York Times, 1991-06-28
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Indian Police Free 3 Britons Held Hostage, The New York Times, 1994-11-02
- ↑ "Incident Summary for GTDID: 199410160004". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ↑ "Incident Summary for GTDID: 199409290011". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ↑ "Incident Summary for GTDID: 199410190005". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 3 Britons and 1 American Freed From Kashmiri Militants in India, The New York Times, 1994-11-01
- ↑ Briton recalls brush with ‘reluctant kidnapper’, Dawn, 2002-02-15
- ↑ A NATION CHALLENGED: A SUSPECT; Confession in 1994 Case Evokes Pearl Abduction, The New York Times, 2002-02-08
- ↑ My big adventure, Harper's Magazine, January 2002
- ↑ PTI (27 April 2002). "3 Harkat militants awarded death sentence". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ↑ "3 Pakistanis sentenced to death". The Hindu. 28 April 2002. Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2020 – via Hinuonnet.
- ↑ "Tihar — base of Islamic radicals?". The Tribune. 16 February 2002. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ↑ "Omar Sheikh sentenced to death in Pearl murder case". Rediff.com. 15 July 2002. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ↑ Burger, Timothy J.; Zagorin, Adam (12 October 2006). "Fingering Danny Pearl's Killer". time.com. Time Inc. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
- ↑ "Omerta". ZEE5. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Profile: Omar Saeed Sheikh, BBC, 2002-07-16