New Zealand: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}

   |9.0% [[Pacific Islander|Pacific peoples]]

| sovereignty_type      = Independence

| established_event1    = [[Treaty of Waitangi]]

| population_estimate_rank = 121st

| population_census      = 4,699,755<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-population-and-dwelling-counts|title=2018 Census population and dwelling counts|publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]|date=23 September 2019|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $261 billion<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= 11 October 2022}}</ref>

| GDP_PPP_year          = 2022

| GDP_PPP_per_capita    = {{increase}} $50,851<ref name=IMF />

| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $242 billion<ref name="IMF"/>

| GDP_nominal_year      = 2022

| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $47,278<ref name="IMF" />

| Gini_year              = 2019

| Gini_change            = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->

| Gini                  = 33.9<!--number only-->

| Gini_ref              = <ref>{{cite web |title=Household income and housing-cost statistics: Year ended June 2019

|url= https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Household-income-and-housing-cost-statistics/Download-data-corrected/household-income-and-housing-cost-statistics-year-ended-june-2019-corrected-21-feb-2020.xlsx |format=[[XLSX]] |at=Table 9 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200224040109/https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Household-income-and-housing-cost-statistics/Download-data-corrected/household-income-and-housing-cost-statistics-year-ended-june-2019-corrected-21-feb-2020.xlsx |archive-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

|publisher=New Zealand Government |url= https://www.digital.govt.nz/standards-and-guidance/design-and-ux/content-design-guidance/numbers/

'''New Zealand''' ({{lang-mi|[[Aotearoa]]}} {{IPA-mi|aɔˈtɛaɾɔa|}}) is an [[island country]] in the southwestern [[Pacific Ocean]]. It consists of two main landmasses—the [[North Island]] ({{lang|mi|Te Ika-a-Māui}}) and the [[South Island]] ({{lang|mi|Te Waipounamu}})—and over 700 [[List of islands of New Zealand|smaller islands]]. It is the [[List of island countries|sixth-largest island country]] by area, covering {{convert|268021|km2|-2}}. New Zealand is about {{convert|2000|km|mi|-2}} east of [[Australia]] across the [[Tasman Sea]] and {{convert|1000|km|mi|-2}} south of the islands of [[New Caledonia]], [[Fiji]], and [[Tonga]]. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the [[Southern Alps]], owe much to [[tectonic uplift]] and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's [[Capital of New Zealand|capital city]] is [[Wellington]], and its most populous city is [[Auckland]].

A [[developed country]], New Zealand ranks 13th in the Human Development Index. The country was the first to introduce a [[minimum wage]], and the first to give [[Women's suffrage in New Zealand|women the right to vote]]. New Zealand underwent [[Rogernomics|major economic changes]] during the 1980s, which transformed it from a [[Protectionism|protectionist]] to a [[Economic liberalization|liberalised]] [[Free trade|free-trade]] economy. The service sector dominates the [[Economy of New Zealand|national economy]], followed by the industrial sector, and [[Agriculture in New Zealand|agriculture]]; international [[Tourism in New Zealand|tourism]] is also a significant source of revenue. Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]], while executive political power is exercised by the [[Cabinet of New Zealand|Cabinet]], led by the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|prime minister]], currently [[Chris Hipkins]]. [[Charles III]] is the [[Monarchy of New Zealand|country's king]] and is represented by the [[Governor-General of New Zealand|governor-general]]. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 [[Regions of New Zealand|regional councils]] and 67 [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|territorial authorities]] for local government purposes. The [[Realm of New Zealand]] also includes [[Tokelau]] (a [[dependent territory]]); the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]] (self-governing states in [[Associated state|free association]] with New Zealand); and the [[Ross Dependency]], which is New Zealand's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|territorial claim in Antarctica]].

The first European visitor to New Zealand, Dutch explorer [[Abel Tasman]], named the islands ''Staten Land'', believing they were part of the {{lang|nl|[[Isla de los Estados|Staten Landt]]}} that [[Jacob Le Maire]] had sighted off the southern end of South America.<ref name="StatenLandt">{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilson |chapter=European discovery of New Zealand – Tasman's achievement |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3 |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t2-body-d1-d1.html |title=The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 44. Chapter 1, Discovery and Settlement |first=John |last=Bathgate |publisher=NZETC |quote=He named the country Staaten Land, in honour of the States-General of Holland, in the belief that it was part of the great southern continent. |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> [[Hendrik Brouwer]] proved that the South American land was a small island in 1643, and Dutch [[cartographers]] subsequently renamed Tasman's discovery {{lang|la|Nova Zeelandia}} from [[New Latin|Latin]], after the [[Seventeen Provinces|Dutch province]] of [[Zeeland]].<ref name="StatenLandt" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Mackay |first=Duncan |chapter=The Search for the Southern Land |date=1986 |editor-last=Fraser |editor-first=B. |title=The New Zealand Book of Events |location=Auckland |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing|Reed Methuen]] |pages=52–54}}</ref> This name was later [[Anglicisation|anglicised]] to ''New Zealand''.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/stream/b24850366#page/n6/mode/1up |page=iii |first=James |last=Wood |title=The Nuttall Encyclopaedia: Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge |publisher=[[Frederick Warne & Co]] |date=1900 |location=London and New York |access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Names">{{cite book |first=Malcolm |last=McKinnon |author-link=Malcolm McKinnon |chapter=Place names – Naming the country and the main islands |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=November 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/1 |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref>

{{lang|mi|[[Aotearoa]]}} (pronounced {{IPA-mi|aɔˈtɛaɾɔa|}} in Māori and {{IPAc-en|ˌ|aʊ|t|ɛəˈr|oʊ|.|ə}} in English; often translated as 'land of the long white cloud'){{sfn|King|2003|p=41}} is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole country before the arrival of Europeans; {{lang|mi|Aotearoa}} originally referred to just the [[North Island]].{{sfn|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|p=72}} Māori had several traditional names for the two main islands, including {{lang|mi|Te Ika-a-Māui}} ("the fish of {{lang|mi|italic=no|[[Māui (Māori mythology)|Māui]]}}") for the North Island and {{lang|mi|Te Waipounamu}} ("the waters of [[Pounamu|greenstone]]") or {{lang|mi|Te Waka o Aoraki}} ("the canoe of {{lang|mi|italic=no|[[Aoraki]]}}") for the [[South Island]].{{sfn|Mein Smith|2005|p=6}} Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island), and South ([[Stewart Island / Rakiura|Stewart Island / {{lang|mi|italic=no|nocat=y|Rakiura}}]]).<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Brunner |author-link=Thomas Brunner |url= http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/BruJour-fig-BruJour_P001a.html |title=The Great Journey: An expedition to explore the interior of the Middle Island, New Zealand, 1846-8 |publisher=[[Royal Geographical Society]] |date=1851}}</ref> In 1830, mapmakers began to use "North" and "South" on their maps to distinguish the two largest islands, and by 1907, this was the accepted norm.<ref name="Names" /> The [[New Zealand Geographic Board]] discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as ''North Island'' or {{lang|mi|Te Ika-a-Māui}}, and ''South Island'' or {{lang|mi|Te Waipounamu}}.<ref name="Williamson2013">{{cite press release |first=Maurice |last=Williamson |title=Names of NZ's two main islands formalised |date=10 October 2013 |publisher=New Zealand Government |url= http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/names-nz%E2%80%99s-two-main-islands-formalised |access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref> For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.<ref name="Williamson2013" /> Similarly the Māori and English names for the whole country are sometimes used together (''Aotearoa New Zealand'');<ref>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Health|date=24 June 2021|title=COVID-19: Elimination strategy for Aotearoa New Zealand|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-response-planning/covid-19-elimination-strategy-aotearoa-new-zealand|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Larner|first1=Wendy|date=31 May 2021|title=COVID-19 in Aotearoa New Zealand|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand|volume=51|issue=sup1|pages=S1–S3|doi=10.1080/03036758.2021.1908208|doi-access=free}}</ref> however, this has no official recognition.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Using 'Aotearoa' and 'New Zealand' together 'as it should be' - Jacinda Ardern|language=en|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2019/12/using-aotearoa-and-new-zealand-together-as-it-should-be-jacinda-ardern.html|date=17 December 2019|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>  

[[File:Polynesian Migration.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Māori people]] descend from [[Polynesians]] whose ancestors emigrated from [[Taiwan]] to [[Melanesia]] between 3000 and 1000&nbsp;[[Common Era|BCE]] and then travelled east, reaching the [[Society Islands]] {{circa|1000 CE}}. After a pause of 200 to 300 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Atholl |author1-link=Atholl Anderson |last2=Spriggs |first2=Matthew |date=1993 |title=Late colonization of East Polynesia |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=67 |issue=255 |pages=200–217 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00045324 |s2cid=162638670 |issn=1745-1744}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacomb |first1=Chris |last2=Anderson |first2=Atholl |author2-link=Atholl Anderson |last3=Higham |first3=Thomas |date=1999 |title=Dating the first New Zealanders: The chronology of Wairau Bar |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=73 |issue=280 |pages=420–427 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00088360 |s2cid=161058755 |issn=1745-1744}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=J. M. |last2=Hunt |first2=T. L. |last3=Lipo |first3=C. P. |last4=Anderson |first4=A. J. |title=High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia |doi=10.1073/pnas.1015876108 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1815–20 |date=2010 |pmid=21187404 |pmc=3033267 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.1815W|doi-access=free }}</ref> |alt=One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to [[Hawai'i]]. A second set start in southern Asia and end in [[Melanesia]].]]New Zealand was the last major landmass settled by humans. The story of [[Kupe]] as the first human to set foot on the New Zealand archipelago, accredited to by most Māori iwi, is considered credible by historians; he is generally believed to have existed historically.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kupe |url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/10732 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=[[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]]}}</ref> Most histories claim that in a time approximately 40 generations ago (between 900 and 1200 AD),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kupe |url=https://archive.hokulea.com/ike/moolelo/kupe.html |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=archive.hokulea.com}}</ref> The more specific reasons for Kupe's semi-legendary journey, and the migration of Māori in general, is contested. It is thought by some historians that [[Hawaiki]] and other Polynesian islands were experiencing considerable internal conflict at that time, which is thought to have caused an exodus from them. Some historians contest that this was because of the fallout from the [[1257 Samalas eruption]], which caused crop devastation globally and possibly helped trigger the [[Little Ice Age]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=2: Tangata Whenua |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/the-aotearoa-history-show/story/2018716783/2-tangata-whenua |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10347866 {{bare URL inline|date=April 2023}}</ref>  

[[Radiocarbon dating]], evidence of [[deforestation]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McGlone |first1=M. |last2=Wilmshurst |doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00067-6 |first2=J. M. |title=Dating initial Maori environmental impact in New Zealand |journal=Quaternary International |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=5–16 |date=1999 |bibcode= 1999QuInt..59....5M}}</ref> and [[mitochondrial DNA]] variability within [[Māori people|Māori]] populations<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murray-McIntosh |first1=Rosalind P. |last2=Scrimshaw |first2=Brian J. |last3=Hatfield |first3=Peter J. |last4=Penny |first4=David |title=Testing migration patterns and estimating founding population size in Polynesia by using human mtDNA sequences |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=95 |issue=15 |pages=9047–52 |date=1998 |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.15.9047 |pmid=9671802 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.9047M |pmc=21200|doi-access=free }}</ref> suggest that Eastern [[Polynesians]] first settled the New Zealand archipelago between 1250 and 1300,{{sfn|Mein Smith|2005|p= 6}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=J. M. |last2=Anderson |first2=A. J. |last3=Higham |first3=T. F. G. |last4=Worthy |first4=T. H. |title=Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801507105 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=105 |issue=22 |pages=7676–80 |date=2008 |pmid=18523023 |pmc=2409139 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.7676W|doi-access=free }}</ref> although newer [[Archaeology of New Zealand|archaeological]] and genetic research points to a date no earlier than about 1280, with at least the main settlement period between about 1320 and 1350,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacomb |first1=Chris |last2=Holdaway |first2=Richard N. |last3=Allentoft |first3=Morten E. |last4=Bunce |first4=Michael |last5=Oskam |first5=Charlotte L. |last6=Walter |first6=Richard |last7=Brooks |first7=Emma |date=2014 |title=High-precision dating and ancient DNA profiling of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) eggshell documents a complex feature at Wairau Bar and refines the chronology of New Zealand settlement by Polynesians |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=50 |pages=24–30 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.023 |url= http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23310/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walters |first1=Richard |last2=Buckley |first2=Hallie |last3=Jacomb |first3=Chris |last4=Matisoo-Smith |first4=Elizabeth |title=Mass Migration and the Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=351–376 |doi=10.1007/s10963-017-9110-y |date=7 October 2017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> consistent with evidence based on [[Whakapapa|genealogical traditions]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberton |first=J. B. W. |date=1956 |title=Genealogies as a basis for Maori chronology |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |url= http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_65_1956/Volume_65,_No._1/Genealogies_as_a_basis_for_Maori_chronology,_by_J._B._W._Roberton,_p_45%9654/p1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Te Hurinui |first=Pei |date=1958 |title=Maori genealogies |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=162–165 |url= http://jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_67_1958/Volume_67%2C_No._2/Maori_genealogies%2C_by_Pei_Te_Hurinui%2C_p_162-165/p1}}</ref> This represented a culmination in a long series of voyages through the Pacific islands.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1126/science.1166083 |last1= Moodley |first1=Y. |last2=Linz |first2=B. |last3=Yamaoka |first3=Y. |last4=Windsor |first4=H. M. |last5=Breurec |first5=S. |last6=Wu |first6=J.-Y. |last7=Maady |first7=A. |last8=Bernhöft |first8=S. |last9=Thiberge |first9=J.-M. |last10=Phuanukoonnon |first10=S. |last11=Jobb |first11=G. |last12=Siba |first12=P. |last13=Graham |first13=D. Y. |last14=Marshall |first14=B. J. |last15=Achtman |first15=M. |display-authors=3 |title=The Peopling of the Pacific from a Bacterial Perspective |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=323 |issue=5913 |pages=527–530 |date=2009 |pmid=19164753 |pmc=2827536 |bibcode=2009Sci...323..527M}}</ref> It is the broad consensus of historians that the settlement of New Zealand by [[Polynesian people|Eastern Polynesians]] was planned and deliberate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walter |first1=Richard |last2=Buckley |first2=Hallie |last3=Jacomb |first3=Chris |last4=Matisoo-Smith |first4=Elizabeth |date=1 December 2017 |title=Mass Migration and the Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-017-9110-y |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=351–376 |doi=10.1007/s10963-017-9110-y |s2cid=254743326 |issn=1573-7802}}</ref> Over the centuries that followed, the Polynesian settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population formed different {{lang|mi|[[iwi]]|italics=no}} (tribes) and {{lang|mi|[[hapū]]|italics=no}} (subtribes) which would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and sometimes fight against each other.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ballara |first1=Angela |author1-link=Angela Ballara |title=Iwi: The Dynamics of Māori Tribal Organisation from c. 1769 to c. 1945 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Victoria University Press]] |location=Wellington |isbn=9780864733283 |edition=1st}}</ref> At some point, a group of Māori migrated to {{lang|mi|Rēkohu}}, now known as the [[Chatham Islands]], where they developed their distinct [[Moriori]] culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Ross |chapter=Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence |date=1994 |editor-last=Sutton |editor-first=Douglas |title=The Origins of the First New Zealanders |location=Auckland |publisher=[[Auckland University Press]] |pages=123–135}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/4 |chapter=The impact of new arrivals |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |last=Davis |first=Denise |date=September 2007 |access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862 in the [[Moriori genocide]], largely because of [[Taranaki (iwi)|Taranaki]] Māori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862, only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Denise |last1=Davis |first2=Māui |last2=Solomon |chapter=Moriori – The impact of new arrivals |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/moriori/4 |access-date= 23 March 2011}}</ref>

In a hostile 1642 encounter between [[Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri]] and Dutch explorer [[Abel Tasman]]'s crew,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mitchell|first1=Hillary|title=Te Tau Ihu|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-tau-ihu-tribes|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|access-date=15 September 2016|date=10 February 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Mein Smith|2005|p=23}} four of Tasman's crew members were killed, and at least one Māori was hit by [[canister shot]].<ref>{{cite book |page=82 |title=Two Worlds: First Meetings Between Maori and Europeans 1642–1772 |author-link=Anne Salmond |first=Anne |last=Salmond |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Auckland |isbn=0-670-83298-7 |date=1991}}</ref> Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769, when British explorer [[James Cook]] mapped almost the entire coastline.{{sfn|Mein Smith|2005|p=23}} Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and [[North America]]n [[History of whaling|whaling]], [[Seal hunting|sealing]], and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons, and other goods for timber, Māori food, artefacts, and water.{{sfn|King|2003|p=122}} The introduction of the potato and the [[musket]] transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fitzpatrick |first=John |date=2004 |title=Food, warfare and the impact of Atlantic capitalism in Aotearo/New Zealand |journal=Australasian Political Studies Association Conference: APSA 2004 Conference Papers |url= https://www.adelaide.edu.au/apsa/docs_papers/Others/Fitzpatrick.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142553/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/apsa/docs_papers/Others/Fitzpatrick.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> The resulting intertribal [[Musket Wars]] encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori.<ref>{{Cite book |first= Barry |last=Brailsford |title=Arrows of Plague |location=Wellington |date=1972 |page=35 |publisher=Hick Smith and Sons |isbn=0-456-01060-2}}</ref> From the early 19th century, Christian [[Missionary|missionaries]] began to settle New Zealand, eventually [[Religious conversion|converting]] most of the Māori population.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Brock |editor-first=Peggy |title=Indigenous Peoples and Religious Change |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic Publishers]] |chapter=Broken Tongues and Foreign Hearts |last=Wagstrom |first=Thor |location=Boston |date=2005 |isbn=978-90-04-13899-5 |pages=71 and 73}}</ref> The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.<ref>{{cite book |title=May the people live: a history of Māori health development 1900–1920 |first=Raeburn |last=Lange |publisher=[[Auckland University Press]] |date=1999 |isbn=978-1-86940-214-3 |page=18}}</ref>

The [[Resident minister|British Government]] appointed [[James Busby]] as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832 following a petition from northern Māori.<ref name="Busby">{{cite book |chapter=Busby, James – Biography |first=Claudia |last=Orange |author-link=Claudia Orange |date=1990<!--Each article in this work is individually dated.--> |title=[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]], Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |editor1-first=W. H. |editor1-last=Oliver |editor1-link=W. H. Oliver |editor2-first=Claudia |editor2-last=Orange |editor3-first=Jock |editor3-last=Phillips |editor3-link=Jock Phillips |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1b54/busby-james |access-date=7 January 2011}}</ref> His duties were to protect British commerce, mediate between the unruly [[Pākehā settlers|Pākehā (European) settlers]] and Māori, and to apprehend escaped convicts.<ref name="Busby" /><ref>{{cite web |title=First British Resident comes ashore |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/james-busby-inaugurated-british-resident |website=NZHistory |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=19 October 2021 |language=en |date=24 December 2020}}</ref> In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by [[Charles de Thierry]], the nebulous [[United Tribes of New Zealand]] sent a [[Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand|Declaration of Independence]] to King [[William IV of the United Kingdom]] asking for protection.<ref name="Busby"/> Ongoing unrest, the proposed settlement of New Zealand by the [[New Zealand Company]] (which had already sent its first ship of surveyors to buy land from Māori) and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the [[Colonial Office]] to send Captain [[William Hobson]] to claim sovereignty for the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Sir George Gipps |first=Bernard John |last=Foster |title=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |orig-year=1966 |editor-first=Alexander Hare |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |date=April 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/gipps-sir-george/1 |via=TeAra.govt.nz |access-date=20 March 2021}}<!--This article has no equivalent in the new Te Ara encylopedia, as of 2021-03.--></ref> The [[Treaty of Waitangi]] was first signed in the [[Bay of Islands]] on 6 February 1840.<ref name="Wilson2009">{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilson |chapter=Nation and government – The origins of nationhood |orig-year=2005 |date=16 September 2016 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |editor-first=Jock |editor-last=Phillips |editor-link=Jock Phillips |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-1 |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in [[Wellington]]<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Settlement from 1840 to 1852 |author=<!--No individual author specified.--> |orig-year=1966 |title=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |editor-first=Alexander Hare |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |date=April 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/land-settlement/3 |via=TeAra.govt.nz |access-date=7 January 2011}}<!--This article has no exact equivalent in the new Te Ara encyclopedia, but there may be a more up-to-date-scholarship article there that covers this.--></ref> and French settlers purchasing land in [[Akaroa]],<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Akaroa, French Settlement At |first=Bernard John |last=Foster |orig-year=1966 |title=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |editor-first=Alexander Hare |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |date=April 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/akaroa-french-settlement-at/1 |via=TeAra.govt.nz |access-date=7 January 2011}}<!--This article has no exact equivalent in the new Te Ara encyclopedia, but there may be a more up-to-date-scholarship article there that covers this.--></ref> Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the treaty were still circulating throughout the country for Māori to sign.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Hobson, William – Biography |first=K. A. |last=Simpson |date=1990 |title=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |editor1-first=W. H. |editor1-last=Oliver |editor1-link=W. H. Oliver |editor2-first=Claudia |editor2-last=Orange |editor2-link=Claudia Orange |editor3-first=Jock |editor3-last=Phillips |editor3-link=Jock Phillips |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1h29/hobson-william |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> With the signing of the treaty and declaration of sovereignty, the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=History of immigration – British immigration and the New Zealand Company |first=Jock |last=Phillips |author-link=Jock Phillips |orig-year=2005 |date=1 August 2015 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |editor-first=Jock |editor-last=Phillips |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration/page-3 |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

[[File:1863 Meeting of Settlers and Maoris at Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A meeting of European and Māori inhabitants of [[Hawke's Bay Province]]. Engraving, 1863.|alt=Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people]]

In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King [[Edward VII]] proclaimed New Zealand a [[Dominion of New Zealand|Dominion]] within the [[British Empire]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 28058|date= 10 September 1907|page= 6149|title=Proclamation}}</ref> reflecting its self-governing status.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dominion status – Becoming a dominion |url= https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/dominion-day/becoming-dominion |website=NZHistory |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=26 April 2017 |date=September 2014}}</ref> In 1947 the country [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947|adopted]] the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]], confirming that the [[British Parliament]] could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.<ref name="G and N" />

| total_width      = 320

| image1            = Prince Charles in Aotearoa (cropped).jpg

| caption1          = [[Charles III]], King of New Zealand

| image2            = Chris Hipkins Jan 2023 (cropped).jpg

| alt2             = A smiling man wearing a dark business suit and tie

| caption2         = [[Chris Hipkins]], Prime Minister of New Zealand

A [[Elections in New Zealand|parliamentary general election]] must be called no later than three years after the previous election.<ref>{{cite web |title=The electoral cycle |url= https://cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/6.2 |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |work=Cabinet Manual |access-date=30 April 2017|date=2008}}</ref> Almost all general elections between {{NZ election link year|1853}} and {{NZ election link year|1993}} were held under the [[first-past-the-post voting]] system.<ref name="road">{{cite web |title=First past the post – the road to MMP |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/fpp-to-mmp/first-past-the-post |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=September 2009 |access-date=9 January 2011}}</ref> Since the {{NZ election link|1996}}, a form of [[proportional representation]] called [[mixed-member proportional]] (MMP) has been used.<ref name="Economist factsheet" /> Under the MMP system, each person has two votes; one is for a candidate standing in the voter's [[New Zealand electorates|electorate]], and the other is for a party. Based on the 2018 census data, there are 72 electorates (which include seven [[Māori electorates]] in which only Māori can optionally vote),<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of electorates and electoral populations: 2018 Census |url= https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/number-of-electorates-and-electoral-populations-2018-census |work=Stats.Govt.nz |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=9 March 2021 |date=23 September 2019}}</ref> and the remaining 48 of the 120 seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, with the threshold that a party must win at least one electorate or 5% of the total party vote before it is eligible for a seat.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.elections.org.nz/voting-system/mmp-voting-system/sainte-lagu%C3%AB-allocation-formula |title=Sainte-Laguë allocation formula |publisher=[[Electoral Commission (New Zealand)|Electoral Commission]] |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130914170452/http://www.elections.org.nz/voting-system/mmp-voting-system/sainte-lagu%C3%AB-allocation-formula |archive-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Elections since the 1930s have been dominated by two political parties, [[New Zealand National Party|National]] and [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]].<ref name="road" /> Between March 2005 and August 2006, New Zealand became the first country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land&nbsp;– head of state, governor-general, prime minister, [[Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives|speaker]], and [[Chief Justice of New Zealand|chief justice]]&nbsp;– were occupied simultaneously by women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paxton |first1=Pamela |last2=Hughes |first2=Melanie M. |title=Women, Politics, and Power: A Global Perspective |date=2015 |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=978-1-48-337701-8 |page=107 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lf4QCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT107 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> The country has had three female prime ministers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Female political leaders have been smashing glass ceilings for ages |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/86217670/female-political-leaders-have-been-smashing-glass-ceilings-for-ages |access-date=19 July 2018 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=27 October 2017}}</ref> The current prime minister, since 25 January 2023, is [[Chris Hipkins]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Nick |title=Chris Hipkins sworn in as New Zealand's 41st prime minister |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-jacinda-ardern-new-zealand-pandemics-72063f627dca0a51e8019010b8d16f00 |access-date=25 January 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fragile States Index Heat Map |url= https://fragilestatesindex.org/analytics/fsi-heat-map/ |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=Fragile States Index}}</ref> {{As of|2017|post=,}} the country was ranked fourth in the strength of its democratic institutions,<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2017 |url= http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf |publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]] |access-date=9 December 2018 |page=5 |date=2018}}</ref> and first in government transparency and [[Corruption in New Zealand|lack of corruption]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 |url= https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |access-date=9 December 2018 |date=21 February 2018}}</ref> A 2017 [[Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|human rights report]] by the US Department of State noted that the New Zealand government generally [[Human rights in New Zealand|respected the rights]] of individuals, but voiced concerns regarding the social status of the Māori population.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand |url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=277105 |work=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=9 December 2018}}</ref> New Zealand ranks highly for civic participation in the political process, with 82% [[voter turnout]] during recent elections,<!--As of 2020 election--> compared to an [[OECD]] average of 69%.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand |url= http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/new-zealand/ |work=[[OECD Better Life Index]] |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

During the period of the New Zealand colony, Britain was responsible for external trade and foreign relations.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Alexander |editor-last=McLintock |title=External Relations |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/history-constitutional/10 |access-date=7 January 2011 |date=April 2009 |orig-year=1966 |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand}}</ref> The 1923 and 1926 [[Imperial Conference]]s decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate its own political [[treaties]], and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. On 3 September 1939, New Zealand allied itself with Britain and [[Declaration of war|declared war]] on Germany with Prime Minister [[Michael Joseph Savage]] proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand."<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael Joseph Savage |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/michael-joseph-savage-biography |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=July 2010 |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref>[[File:E 003261 E Maoris in North Africa July 1941.jpg|thumb|[[Māori Battalion]] [[haka]] in Egypt, 1941|alt=A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance]]

Since 2012, New Zealnd has had a partnership arrangement with [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] under the Partnership Interoperability Initiative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relations with New Zealand |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52347.htm |website=NATO |access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Partnership arrangement signed with NATO |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/partnership-arrangement-signed-nato |website=Beehive.co.nz |publisher=NZ Govt |access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Scotcher |first1=Katie |title=New Zealand's relationship to Nato is getting stronger, expert says |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-zealands-relationship-to-nato-is-getting-stronger-expert-says/46LJXVTY4REX3OE6DGLADS54DA/ |access-date=3 April 2023 |work=New Zealand Herald |date=3 April 2023}}</ref>

| width            = 220

The South Island is the largest landmass of New Zealand. It is divided along its length by the [[Southern Alps]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The rise and fall of the Southern Alps |first=Glen |last= Coates |publisher=[[Canterbury University Press]] |date=2002|page=15|isbn=0-908812-93-0}}</ref> There are 18 peaks over {{convert|3000|m|ft}}, the highest of which is [[Aoraki / Mount Cook|{{lang|mi|nocat=yes|italic=no|Aoraki}} / Mount Cook]] at {{convert|3724|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Garden|2005|p=52}} [[Fiordland]]'s steep mountains and deep [[List of fiords of New Zealand|fiords]] record the extensive ice age glaciation of this southwestern corner of the South Island.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Grant |chapter=Southland places – Fiordland's coast |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/southland-places/10 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> The North Island is less mountainous but is [[Volcanology of New Zealand|marked by volcanism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Central North Island volcanoes |publisher=[[New Zealand Department of Conservation]] |access-date=14 January 2011 |url= http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/central-north-island-volcanoes/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101229222806/http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/central-north-island-volcanoes/ |archive-date=29 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The highly active [[Taupō Volcanic Zone]] has formed a large [[North Island Volcanic Plateau|volcanic plateau]], punctuated by the North Island's highest mountain, [[Mount Ruapehu]] ({{convert|2797|m}}). The plateau also hosts the country's largest lake, [[Lake Taupō]],<ref name=Walrond1 /> nestled in the [[caldera]] of one of the world's most active [[supervolcano]]es.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/activity/taupo/about.html |title=Taupō |publisher=[[GNS Science]] |access-date=2 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110324025353/http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/activity/taupo/about.html |archive-date=24 March 2011}}</ref> New Zealand is prone to [[List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand|earthquakes]] and [[Volcanism_of_New_Zealand|volcanic]] eruptions.

File:Emerald Lakes, New Zealand.jpg|The Emerald Lakes, [[Mt Tongariro]]

[[File:Christchurch Botanic Gardens in autumn.jpg|thumb|right|Autumn in [[Christchurch]]]]

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|[[Christchurch]]||{{Convert|23|C|F|abbr=on}}||{{Convert|12|C|F|0|abbr=on}}||{{Convert|11|C|F|abbr=on}}||{{Convert|2|C|F|abbr=on}}

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Unemployment peaked just above 10% in 1991 and 1992,<ref name="unemployment">{{cite web |url= http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/paid-work/unemployment.html |title=Unemployment: the Social Report 2016 – Te pūrongo oranga tangata |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Social Development]] |access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> following the [[Black Monday (1987)#New Zealand|1987 share market crash]], but eventually fell to a record low (since 1986) of 3.7% in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).<ref name="unemployment" /> However, the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|global financial crisis]] that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/11/business/global/11nzrate.html |title=New Zealand Takes a Pause in Cutting Rates |date=10 June 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8120196.stm|title=New Zealand's slump longest ever |date=26 June 2009|work=BBC News |access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Household Labour Force Survey: December 2010 quarter – Media Release |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/work_income_and_spending/employment_and_unemployment/HouseholdLabourForceSurvey_MRDec10qtr.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110429174323/http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/work_income_and_spending/employment_and_unemployment/HouseholdLabourForceSurvey_MRDec10qtr.aspx |archive-date=29 April 2011 |first=Geoff |last=Bascand |date=February 2011 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref> Unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends but are consistently higher among youth. In the December 2014 quarter, the general unemployment rate was around 5.8%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 15.6%.<ref name="unemployment" /> New Zealand has experienced a series of "[[brain drain]]s" since the 1970s<ref>{{cite journal |last=Davenport |first=Sally |title=Panic and panacea: Brain drain and science and technology human capital policy |journal=Research Policy |volume=33 |date=2004 |issue=4 |pages=617–630 |doi=10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.006}}</ref> that still continue today.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sean |last=O'Hare |title=New Zealand brain-drain worst in world |date=September 2010 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7973220/New-Zealand-brain-drain-worst-in-world.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7973220/New-Zealand-brain-drain-worst-in-world.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Nearly one-quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quarter of NZ's brightest are gone |first=Simon |last=Collins|date=March 2005|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10114923}}</ref> In recent decades, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winkelmann |first=Rainer |title=The labour market performance of European immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s |date=2000 |journal=The International Migration Review |volume=33 |pages=33–58 |doi=10.2307/2676011 |jstor=2676011 |issue=1 |publisher=The Center for Migration Studies of New York}} Journal subscription required</ref>{{sfn|Bain|2006|p=44}} Today New Zealand's economy benefits from a high level of [[innovation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GII 2016 Report |publisher=[[Global Innovation Index]] |url= https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/userfiles/file/reportpdf/gii-full-report-2016-v1.pdf# |format=PDF |access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref>

[[Crown Research Institute]]s (CRIs) were formed in 1992 from existing government-owned research organisations. Their role is to research and develop new science, knowledge, products and services across the economic, environmental, social and cultural spectrum for the benefit of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crown Research Institutes |url= https://www.mbie.govt.nz/science-and-technology/science-and-innovation/agencies-policies-and-budget-initiatives/research-organisations/cri/ |work=MBIE.Govt.nz |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment]] |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> The total gross expenditure on [[research and development]] (R&D) as a proportion of GDP rose to 1.37% in 2018, up from 1.23% in 2015. New Zealand ranks 21st in the OECD for its gross R&D spending as a percentage of GDP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research and development (R&D) – Gross domestic spending on R&D – OECD Data |url= https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |access-date=14 April 2020 |date=2018}}</ref> New Zealand was ranked 24th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |website=WIPO |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2022 |isbn=9789280534320 |series=Global Innovation Index |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=2022-11-16|last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization }}</ref>

New Zealand's population today is concentrated to the north of the country, with around {{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|North Island regions|y}}|R}}/{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|New Zealand|y}}|R}}*100|1}}% of the population living in the North Island and {{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|South Island regions|y}}|R}}/{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|New Zealand|y}}|R}}*100|1}}% in the South Island as of {{NZ population data 2018|3=y|4=}}.{{NZ population data 2018|4=y}} During the 20th century, New Zealand's population [[Drift to the north|drifted north]]. In 1921, the country's [[Center of population|median centre of population]] was located in the Tasman Sea west of [[Levin, New Zealand|Levin]] in [[Manawatū-Whanganui]]; by 2017, it had moved {{Convert|280|km|abbr=on}} north to near [[Kawhia Harbour|Kawhia]] in Waikato.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2017|title=Three in four New Zealanders live in the North Island {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/three-in-four-new-zealanders-live-in-the-north-island|url-status=live|access-date=7 October 2021|website=www.stats.govt.nz}}</ref>

The [[median age]] of the New Zealand population at the 2018 census was 37.4 years,<ref>{{Cite web|title=2018 Census place summaries {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-place-summaries/new-zealand|access-date=9 September 2021|website=www.stats.govt.nz}}</ref> with life expectancy in 2017–2019 being 80.0 years for males and 83.5 years for females.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National and subnational period life tables: 2017–2019 {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/national-and-subnational-period-life-tables-2017-2019|access-date=9 September 2021|website=www.stats.govt.nz}}</ref> While New Zealand is experiencing [[sub-replacement fertility]], with a total fertility rate of 1.6 in 2020, the fertility rate is above the OECD average.<ref>{{Cite web|last=de Jong|first=Eleanor|date=18 February 2021|title=New Zealand birthrate sinks to its lowest ever|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/18/new-zealand-birthrate-sinks-to-its-lowest-ever|url-status=live|access-date=9 September 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Demography – Fertility rates – OECD Data|url=http://data.oecd.org/pop/fertility-rates.htm|access-date=9 September 2021|website=theOECD|language=en}}</ref> By 2050, the median age is projected to rise to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18% to 29%.<ref name="UNtwspop">{{cite web|date=2009|title=World Population Prospects|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf|access-date=29 August 2009|publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]]|version=2008 revision}}</ref> In 2016 the leading cause of death was [[cancer]] at 30.3%, followed by [[Coronary artery disease|ischaemic heart disease]] (14.9%) and [[cerebrovascular disease]] (7.4%).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mortality 2016 data tables|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/mortality-2016-data-tables|access-date=9 September 2021|website=Ministry of Health NZ|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, total expenditure on [[health care in New Zealand|health care]] (including private sector spending) is 9.2% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Health expenditure and financing |url= http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA |work=Stats.OECD.org |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |access-date=8 December 2017|date=2016}}</ref>

 

In the [[2018 New Zealand census|2018 census]], 71.8% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 16.5% as [[Māori people|Māori]]. Other major ethnic groups include [[Asian New Zealanders|Asian]] (15.3%) and Pacific peoples (9.0%), two-thirds of whom live in the [[Auckland Region]].{{refn|name="ethnicity"|group=n}}<ref name="Census2018_pdc" /> The population has become more multicultural and diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pool |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Pool |chapter=Population change – Key population trends |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/graph/28720/new-zealand-population-by-ethnicity-1840-2006 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=18 August 2017|date=May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220947/https://teara.govt.nz/en/graph/28720/new-zealand-population-by-ethnicity-1840-2006 |archive-date=18 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language ({{lang|mi|[[te reo Māori]]}}) in schools and workplaces, and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.<ref name="Māori language" /> It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,<ref>{{cite news |title=British influence ebbs as New Zealand takes to talking Māori |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/newzealand/1490814/British-influence-ebbs-as-New-Zealand-takes-to-talking-Maori.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/newzealand/1490814/British-influence-ebbs-as-New-Zealand-takes-to-talking-Maori.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |first=Nick |last=Squires |date=May 2005|work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=3 May 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,<ref>{{cite web |title=Waitangi Tribunal claim – Māori Language Week |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-language-week/waitangi-tribunal-claim |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=July 2010 |access-date=19 January 2011}}</ref> and is spoken by 4.0% of the population.<ref name="Census2018_pdc" />{{refn|In 2015, 55% of Māori adults (aged 15 years and over) reported knowledge of {{lang|mi|te reo Māori}}. Of these speakers, 64% use Māori at home and 50,000 can speak the language "very well" or "well".<ref name="tereoMaori">{{cite web |title=Ngā puna kōrero: Where Māori speak te reo – infographic |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/maori/te-kupenga/use-te-reo-infographic-english.aspx |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref>|group=n}} There are now Māori language-immersion schools and two television channels that broadcast predominantly in Māori.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11670518 |first=John |last=Drinnan |title='Maori' will remain in the name Maori Television |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |quote=According to 2015 figures supplied by Maori TV, its two channels broadcast an average of 72 per cent Māori language content – 59 per cent on the main channel and 99 per cent on Te Reo |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> [[List of dual place names in New Zealand|Many places]] have both their Māori and English names officially recognised.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0097/latest/DLM429090.html |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office]] |access-date=10 March 2019 |date=20 May 2014 |orig-year=1 October 1998}}</ref>

As recorded in the 2018 census,<ref name="Census2018_pdc" /> [[Samoan language|Samoan]] is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%), followed by "Northern Chinese" (including [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], 2.0%), [[Hindi]] (1.5%), and French (1.2%). [[New Zealand Sign Language]] was reported to be understood by 22,986 people (0.5%); it became one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2006 |title=New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2006/0018/latest/DLM372754.html |website=[[Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand)|Parliamentary Counsel Office]] |version=1 July 2022}}</ref>

Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority of children attending from the age of 5.<ref name="Education Stats">{{cite web |title=Education Statistics of New Zealand: 2009 |publisher=Education Counts |first=Olivia |last=Dench|date=July 2010 |url= http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/ECE/2507/80221 |access-date=19 January 2011}}</ref> There are 13 school years and attending [[State school|state (public) schools]] is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM177440.html |title=Education Act 1989 No 80|at=Section 3 |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office]] |date=1989 |access-date=5 January 2013}}</ref> New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%,<ref name="CIA" /> and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.<ref name="Education Stats" /> There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: [[University|universities]], colleges of education, [[Institute of technology#New Zealand|polytechnics]], specialist colleges, and [[wānanga]],<ref name="EducationAct1989">{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM183668.html |title=Education Act 1989 No 80 (as at 0<!-- no reformat -->1 February 2011), Public Act. Part 14: Establishment and disestablishment of tertiary institutions, Section 62: Establishment of institutions |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office]] |work=Education Act 1989 No 80 |date=1 February 2011 |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> in addition to private training establishments.<ref name="NZQA">{{cite web |title=Studying in New Zealand: Tertiary education |publisher=[[New Zealand Qualifications Authority]] |url= http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/studying-in-new-zealand/tertiary-education |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> In the adult population, 14.2% have a [[bachelor's degree]] or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification, and 22.4% have no formal qualification.<ref name="TertiaryEdStats">{{cite web |url= http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/excel_doc/0007/17836/Education_attainment_of_the_population.xls |format=xls |title=Educational attainment of the population |publisher=Education Counts |access-date=21 February 2008 |date=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081015143050/http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/excel_doc/0007/17836/Education_attainment_of_the_population.xls |archive-date=15 October 2008}}</ref> The OECD's [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh-best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Students Know and Can Do: Student Performance in Reading, Mathematics and Science 2010. |url= http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/12/46643496.pdf}} OECD. Retrieved 21 July 2012.</ref>

 

 

Early Māori adapted the tropically based east [[Polynesian culture]] in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (''[[whānau]]''), subtribes (''hapū'') and tribes (''iwi'') ruled by a chief (''[[rangatira]]''), whose position was subject to the community's approval.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=398}} The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,<ref>{{cite book |first=Terry |last=Hearn |chapter=English – Importance and influence |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=March 2009 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/english/ |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Conclusions – British and Irish immigration |url= http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/home-away-from-home/conclusions |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=March 2007 |access-date =21 January 2011}}</ref> particularly with the introduction of Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Stenhouse |chapter=Religion and society – Māori religion |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=November 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/religion-and-society/4 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of [[Cultural identity|their identity]], and Māori kinship roles resemble [[Hawaiian kinship|those of other Polynesian peoples]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Māori Social Structures |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Justice]] |url= http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/publications-archived/2001/he-hinatore-ki-te-ao-maori-a-glimpse-into-the-maori-world/part-1-traditional-maori-concepts/maori-social-structures|date=March 2001 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> More recently, [[Culture of the United States|American]], [[Culture of Australia|Australian]], [[Culture of Asia|Asian]] and other [[Culture of Europe|European cultures]] have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with [[Pasifika Festival|Pasifika]], the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands turn out for Pasifika Festival |url= http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/327424/thousands-turn-out-for-pasifika-festival |access-date=18 August 2017|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|date=25 March 2017}}</ref>

 

Public [[Radio in New Zealand|radio]] was introduced in New Zealand in 1922.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brian |first1=Pauling |chapter=Radio – The early years, 1921 to 1932 |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/radio/page-1 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=6 July 2017 |date=October 2014}}</ref> A state-owned [[Television in New Zealand|television service]] began in 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand's first official TV broadcast |url= https://nzhistory.govt.nz/first-official-tv-broadcast |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=December 2016 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.<ref name="NZ TV">{{cite book |first=Nancy |last=Swarbrick |chapter=Creative life – Film and broadcasting |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/5 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with many Australian and local shows.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horrocks |first1=Roger |title=A History of Television in New Zealand |url= https://www.nzonscreen.com/history |work=[[NZ On Screen]] |access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref> The number of [[List of New Zealand films|New Zealand films]] significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the [[New Zealand Film Commission]] started assisting local film-makers, and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement.<ref name="NZ TV" /> The highest-grossing New Zealand films are ''[[Hunt for the Wilderpeople]]'', ''[[Boy (2010 film)|Boy]]'', ''[[The World's Fastest Indian]]'', ''[[Whale Rider]]'', ''[[Once Were Warriors (film)|Once Were Warriors]]'' and ''[[The Piano]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flicks.co.nz/blog/list/top-10-highest-grossing-new-zealand-movies-ever/ |title=Top 10 Highest Grossing New Zealand Movies Ever|date=May 2016 |work=Flicks.co.nz |access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,<ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand Bends and 'Hobbit' Stays |first1=Michael |last1=Cieply |first2=Jeremy |last2= Rose |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/business/media/28hobbit.html |date=October 2010|work=The New York Times |access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> have encouraged some [[Film producer|producers]] to shoot very big-budget and well known productions in New Zealand, including ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]]'' film trilogies, ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|The Chronicles of Narnia]]'', ''[[King Kong (2005 film)|King Kong]]'', ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine|Wolverine]]'' and ''[[The Last Samurai]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Production Guide: Locations |work=Film New Zealand |url= http://www.filmnz.com/production-guide/locations.html |access-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101107112931/http://www.filmnz.com/production-guide/locations.html |archive-date=7 November 2010}}</ref> The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the [[Crown entity|state retains ownership]] of some television and radio stations.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Myllylahti |first1=Merja |title=JMAD New Zealand Media Ownership Report 2016 |pages=4–29 |publisher=[[Auckland University of Technology]] |date=December 2016 |url= http://www.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/704053/JMAD-Report-2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170521074651/http://www.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/704053/JMAD-Report-2016.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> Since 1994, [[Freedom House]] has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media {{as of|lc=y|2015|post=.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Scores and Status Data 1980–2015 |url= https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP2015%20Scores%20and%20Status%201980-2015.xls|work=Freedom of the Press 2015 |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>

New Zealand has competitive international teams in [[New Zealand national rugby union team|rugby union]], [[New Zealand national rugby league team|rugby league]], [[New Zealand national netball team|netball]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|cricket]], [[New Zealand men's national softball team|softball]], and [[Team New Zealand|sailing]]. New Zealand participated at the [[Summer Olympics]] in 1908 and 1912 as [[Australasia at the Olympics|a joint team with Australia]], before first participating [[New Zealand at the Olympics|on its own]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite web |title=NZ's first Olympic century |url= https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/olympics/overview |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=27 April 2017|date=August 2016}}</ref> The country has ranked highly on a medals-to-population ratio at recent Games.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/olympics.aspx |title=London 2012 Olympic Games: Medal strike rate – Final count (revised) |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rio 2016 Olympic Games: Medals per capita |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/olympics-2016.aspx |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=27 April 2017|date=30 August 2016}}</ref> The "All Blacks", the national rugby union team, are the most successful in the history of international rugby<ref>{{cite news |last=Kerr |first=James |title=The All Blacks guide to being successful (off the field) |date=14 November 2013 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/active/10427619/The-All-Blacks-guide-to-being-successful-off-the-field.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/active/10427619/The-All-Blacks-guide-to-being-successful-off-the-field.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and have won the [[Rugby World Cup|World Cup]] three times.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand |date=2019 |work=RugbyWorldCup.com |url= https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/teams/new-zealand |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Raw meat and vegetables|Ingredients to be prepared for a [[hāngi]]]]

The national cuisine has been described as [[Pacific Rim]], incorporating the native [[Māori cuisine]] and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia, and Asia.<ref name="cuisine">{{cite web |title=New Zealand Cuisine |work=New Zealand Tourism Guide |publisher=[[Tourism New Zealand]] |date=January 2016 |url= http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/nz/cuisine-and-dining |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> New Zealand yields produce from land and sea—most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Petrie |first1=Hazel |chapter=Kai Pākehā – Introduced foods |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/kai-pakeha-introduced-foods |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=27 June 2017 |date=November 2008}}</ref> Distinctive ingredients or dishes include [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], salmon, {{lang|mi|[[kōura]]}} (crayfish),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whaanga |first1=Mere |chapter=Mātaitai – Shellfish gathering |chapter-url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/mataitai-shellfish-gathering/page-6 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=June 2006 |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> [[Bluff oyster]]s, [[whitebait]], {{lang|mi|[[pāua]]}} (abalone), mussels, scallops, {{lang|mi|[[Paphies australis|pipi]]}} and {{lang|mi|[[tuatua]]}} (types of New Zealand shellfish),<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Shellfish |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/shellfish |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref> {{lang|mi|[[kūmara]]}} (sweet potato), [[kiwifruit]], [[tamarillo]], and [[Pavlova (cake)|pavlova]] (considered a national dessert).<ref>{{cite book |last=Burton |first=David |chapter=Cooking – Cooking methods |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cooking/page-2 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=September 2013 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="cuisine" /><!--Second source references ingredients--> A [[hāngī]] is a traditional Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven; still used for large groups on special occasions,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Satyanand |first1=Anand |title=Hangi for Prince William |url= https://gg.govt.nz/publications/hangi-prince-william |publisher=Office of the [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> such as ''[[tangihanga]]''.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Māori foods – kai Māori |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-foods-kai-maori/page-4 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |last1=Royal |first1=Charles |last2=Kaka-Scott |first2=Jenny |date=September 2013 |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

* {{cite book |editor-last=Bateman |editor-first=David |title=Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia |date=2005 |edition=6th |isbn=1-86953-601-0}}

* {{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Keith |author1-link=Keith Sinclair |last2=Dalziel |first2=Raewyn |author2-link=Raewyn Dalziel |title=A History of New Zealand |edition=revised |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-14-029875-8}}

* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-zealand/ "New Zealand"] entry in ''[[The World Factbook]]'', [[US Central Intelligence Agency]]

* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15357770 New Zealand news] from ''[[BBC News]]''

* [http://www.oecd.org/newzealand/ New Zealand] [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085330/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/newzealand.htm New Zealand], directory from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 7 June 2008)

* [http://www.metservice.co.nz/ New Zealand weather]