Jammu: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|City in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

| settlement_type        = City

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| pushpin_map            = India Jammu and Kashmir#India#Asia

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| pushpin_label_position = right

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| coordinates           = {{coord|32.73|N|74.87|E|display=inline,title}}

| subdivision_type1      = [[Country]]

| subdivision_type2      = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]

| subdivision_name1      = {{flag|India}}

| subdivision_name2      = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]

|title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> [[Dogri]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill |language=en |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> [[Urdu]],<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=23 January 2019 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> English

'''Jammu''' {{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}} is the [[winter capital]] of the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is the headquarters and the largest city in [[Jammu district]] of the union territory. Lying on the banks of the river [[Tawi River|Tawi]], the city of Jammu, with an area of {{cvt|240|sqkm}},<ref name='JMC'/> is surrounded by the [[Himalayas]] in the north and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|northern-plains]] in the south. Jammu is the second most populous city of the union territory. Two battles have been fought in the city: the [[Battle of Jammu|first]] in 1712<ref name="jammu">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=485|author= Jacques, Tony|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref> and the [[Battle of Jammu (1808)|second]] in 1808.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}}

 

Known as the ''City of Temples'' for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines, Jammu is the most visited place in the union territory. Jammu city shares its borders with the neighbouring [[Samba district]].

According to local tradition, Jammu is named after its founder, Raja [[Jambu Lochan|Jambulochan]], who is believed to have ruled the area in the 9th century.<ref name="foundation">{{cite news | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/priya-sethi-lays-foundation-stone-of-statue-of-jambu-lochan/ | title=Priya Sethi lays foundation stone of statue of Jambu Lochan | work=Daily Excelsior | date=1 August 2016 | access-date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> The local tradition holds the city to be 3000 years old but this is not supported by historians.{{sfn|Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State|1980|p=9}}

According to ''[[Tarikh-i-Azmi]]'', Jammu came into existence around 900 CE. The state of ''Durgara'' (modern forms "Duggar" and "[[Dogra]])") is also attested from around this time.{{sfn|Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State|1980|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals|1998|p=6}} The capital of the Durgara state at that time is believed to have been Vallapura (identified with modern [[Billawar]]). Its rulers are repeatedly mentioned in Kalhana's ''[[Rajatarangini]]''.{{sfn|Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir|1994|p=184}} Babbapura (modern Babor) is another state mentioned in ''Rajatarangini'', some of whose rulers occur in the ''Vamshavali'' (family chronicles) of later Jammu rulers. These rulers are believed to have enjoyed almost independent status and allied themselves with the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultans of Delhi]]. Raja Bhim Dev is prominently mentioned in the Delhi chronicles as a supporter of [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarah Shah]] ({{reign|1421|1434}}).{{sfn|Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals|1998|pp=6–7}}

Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of [[Timur]] ({{reign|1370|1406}}), who invaded Delhi in 1398 and returned to Samarkand via Jammu. In the Mughal chronicles of [[Babur]] in the early 16th century, Jammu is mentioned as a powerful state in the Punjab hills. It is said to have been ruled by Manhas Rajputs. Emperor [[Akbar]] brought the hill kingdoms of the region under Mughal suzerainty, but the kings enjoyed considerable political autonomy. In addition to Jammu, other kingdoms of the region such as [[Kishtwar]] and [[Rajauri]] were also prominently mentioned. It is evident that the Mughal empire treated these hill chiefs as allies and partners in the empire.{{sfn|Jigar Mohammad, Raja Ranjit Dev's Inclusive Policies|2010|pp=40–42}}

[[File:Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|right|Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir]]

[[File:Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961).jpg|thumb|right|Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961)]]

After the decline of the Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev of the ''Jamuwal'' (''[[Jamwal]]'') family asserted its supremacy among all the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor Raja [[Ranjit Dev]] (r.&nbsp;1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states.{{sfn|Jeratha, Dogra Legends of Art & Culture|1998|p=187}}{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=10}} Ranjit Dev promoted religious freedom and security, which attracted many craftsmen and traders to settle in Jammu, contributing to its economic prosperity.{{sfn|Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|pp=94–95}}

Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab (''[[misls]]'') gained ascendency, and Jammu began to be contested by the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi]], [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiya]] and [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakia]] ''misls''. Around 1770, the Bhangi ''misl'' attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, Ranjit Dev's successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia chief Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over the surrounding country.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=10–12}} In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the [[Sikh Empire]] by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the son of Mahan Singh.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=15–16}}

In 1818 Raja Kishore Singh Father of Raja [[Gulab Singh]] was appointed and anointed the ruler of Jammu Principality hence started the Jamwal Dynasty, aka [[Dogra dynasty]], which came to rule the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under British suzerainty. The rulers built large temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes and many more. A 43&nbsp;km long [[Jammu–Sialkot line|railway line]] connecting Jammu with [[Sialkot]] was laid in 1897<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_055.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 49 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

Jammu city has a railway station called [[Jammu Tawi]] (station code JAT) that is connected with major cities of India. The old [[Jammu–Sialkot line|railway link]] to Sialkot was suspended by Pakistan in September 1947, and Jammu had no rail services until 1971, when the [[Indian Railways]] laid the [[Pathankot]]-Jammu Tawi [[Broad Gauge]] line. The new Jammu Tawi station was opened in October 1972 and is an origination point for Express trains.

With the commencement of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]], all trains to the [[Kashmir Valley]] will pass through Jammu Tawi. A part of the Jammu–Baramulla project has been executed and the track has been extended to [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]. [[Jalandhar]] - [[Pathankot]] - Jammu Tawi section has been doubled and electrified.

Jammu city is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. One of the most famous local [[Basmati rice]] is produced in the RS Pura area near Jammu, which is then processed in rice mills in Jammu. Apart from rice mills scattered all around Jammu, industrial estate at [[Bari Brahmana|Bari Brahamna]] has a large presence of industrial units manufacturing a variety of products right from carpets, electronic goods, electric goods.

|caption = Religion in Jammu City (2011)<ref name="Jammu City Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/jammu/jammu/jammu-mcorp-og-population.html|title=Jammu City Population|work=Census India|accessdate=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/3-jammu.html|title=Jammu City Population Census 2011-2019 &#124; Jammu and Kashmir|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

|color1 = Orange

As of 2011 census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=7318|publisher=[[Census of India]]|title=Jammu Municipal Corporation Demographics|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> the population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an average [[literacy]] rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had a population of 657,314.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-JammuKashmir.html|title=Jammu & Kashmir (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speak [[Dogri language|Dogri]],.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|title=Jammu and Kashmir|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to the [[Partition of India]], 30.4 per cent by the 1941 census.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wreford|first=R.G.|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5838/1/44535_1941_TAB.pdf|title=Jammu and Kashmir|work=[[1941 Census of India]]|pages=102,103}}</ref> During the [[1947 Jammu massacres]], which preceded and continued during the [[1947 Indo-Pakistani War|Pakistan tribal invasion of Kashmir]], many Muslims were killed and many driven away to Pakistan. The estimates of the number killed in the whole province vary between 20,000 and 100,000. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, allegedly orchestrated by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], and aided and abetted by the state forces and the [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]].<ref name="Bhasin">{{Cite news|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/|title=Jammu 1947|last=Ved Bhasin|author-link=Ved Bhasin|date=17 November 2015|newspaper=Kashmir Life|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=182, 183}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics|last1=Singh|first1=Amritjit|last2=Iyer|first2=Nalini|last3=Gairola|first3=Rahul K.|date=15 June 2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498531054|pages=149|language=en}}</ref> As a result of the violence and migration, by 1961, about 17.2 per cent of the population in the city of Jammu was Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kamili|first=H.M.|title=Jammu and Kashmir, District Census Handbook, 7, Jammu District|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5856/1/22166_1961_JAM.pdf|work=[[1961 Census of India]]|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Government|page=42}}</ref>{{sfn|Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|p=30}} The displaced Muslims took refuge in the [[Sialkot District]] and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politician [[Chaudhry Amir Hussain]], economist [[Mahbub ul Haq]], Air Marshal [[Asghar Khan]], journalist [[Khalid Hasan]] and singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] were from Jammu.{{sfn|Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|pp=3,&nbsp;31}} A large number of these refugees also returned and resettled in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=481}}: "Towards the middle of 1949, a movement for return started on a small scale which gained momentum by the end of 1950. A fair estimate of the returnees is about a hundred thousand. Sheikh Abdullah's Government re-settled them on their abandoned properties, advanced taqqavi loans and appointed a special staff to look after their problems."</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–50: An Account of Activities of First Three Years of Sheikh Abdullah's Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjHHO3z_1_wC |year=1951 |publisher=Printed at the Ranbir Government Press |page=90}}</ref>

Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily include [[Kashmiri Hindus]] who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus from [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir]] who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. As per the records approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India, out of them 26,319 families are settled in Jammu.

[[Rohingya people|Rohingyas]] who fled [[Rohingya conflict|Myanmar during 2016]] have also currently settled in Jammu.<ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/as-jammu-becomes-home-for-refugees-from-four-communities-state-govt-has-to-deal-with-complex-issue-of-rights-4980561.html |title=As Jammu becomes home for refugees from four communities, govt has to deal with complex issue of rights |last=Sharma |first=Arjun |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml |title=Paradise Lost - the Kashmiri Pandits |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Some believes the settlements of Rohingya Muslims have also raised security threats in Jammu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/demographic-changes-make-jammu-ticking-time-bomb/ |title=Demographic changes make Jammu a "Ticking Time Bomb" |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/columnists/rohingya-refugees--a-threat-to-jammu.html |title=Rohingya refugees: A threat to Jammu |last=Jain |first=Sandhya |access-date=21 March 2019 |work=The Pioneer |date=15 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/demographic-changes-in-assam-bengal-j-k-kerala-aided-rise-of-fundamentalist-forces-himanta-119021901313_1.html |title=Demographic changes in Assam, Bengal, J&K, Kerala aided rise of fundamentalist forces: Himanta |last=IANS |date=19 February 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> During the [[2018 Sunjuwan attack]], intelligence agencies had suspected involvement of Rohingya Muslims in the attack, but the involvement was not proved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/-illegal-settlement-of-rohingya-to-be-probed-by-security-agencies/724545.html |title='Illegal settlement' of Rohingya to be probed by security agencies |last=Sharma |first=Arteev |quote=After terror attack on the Sunjuwan military station in February last year, Rohingya again came under the radar of security agencies as their alleged role in assisting militants was probed. However, their involvement has not been established as yet.|date=6 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/examining-indias-stance-on-the-rohingya-crisis/ |title=Examining India's stance on the Rohingya crisis |last=Yhome |first=K. |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en-US |quote=In early February 2018, a terrorist attack on an army camp in Sunjuwan of Jammu city '''sparked a debate on the involvement of Rohingyas as many had settled around the camp.'''}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Bharti |last2=Dua |first2=Rohan |title=Sunjuwan Attack: After intelligence inputs, forces were told to be on alert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-intelligence-inputs-forces-were-told-to-be-on-alert/articleshow/62868233.cms |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=11 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

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