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{{Short description|Warrior title of the Hindu Thiyya community}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{About||the film|Chekavar (film)}}
{{About||the film|Chekavar (film)}}
'''Chekavar''' (Also known as ''Chekon'' or ''Chevakar'', ''Cekavar'') were a [[warrior]] surname in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] of [[Kerala]]. The Chekavar are a common title of the [[Hindu]] Thiyya community.<ref name="23ff"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yhHEAAAQBAJ&dq=chegon&pg=PT137|title=Mapping the History of Ayurveda : Culture, Hegemony and the Rhetoric of Diversity|last=P.|first=Girija, K|year=2021|isbn=978-1-000-48139-6}}</ref><ref name="Nisha">{{cite book|last=Edward Balfour (1862)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeA0AQAAMAAJ&q=Teer&pg=PA274|year=1977|title=The encyclopedia Asiatics, Comprising india Subcontinent Eastern and Southern Asia: H. Jangtang|page=274}}</ref><ref name="kkkksg"/><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tQ8oAAAAMAAJ&q=k.+k.+n+kurup+tiyya&dq=k.+k.+n+kurup+tiyya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi26-CQrMn6AhUyHLcAHRzvCeY4ChDoAXoECAkQAw#tiyya</ref><ref name="rjy"/><ref name="cheg"/> Many Thiyya families today trace their roots to this Chekavar lineage.<ref name="cheg">{{cite book|last=Ullekh.N.p|year=2018|title=Kannur:inside India's Bloodiest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WR1eDwAAQBAJ&dq=chekavar+tiyya&pg=PT62|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited, 2018|page=201|isbn=9789353051051}}</ref>
[[File:Wedding at ‘Puthooram Veedu’.jpg|thumb|Painting depicting informal childhood marriage ceremony between [[Unniyarcha]] and [[Chandu Chekavar]].]]
'''Chekavar''' (Also known as ''Chekon'' or ''Chevakar'', ''Cekavar'') were the [[warrior]]s belonging to [[Hindu]] [[Tiyyar |Thiyyar]] community in [[Malabar District|Malabar]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yhHEAAAQBAJ&dq=chegon&pg=PT137|title=Mapping the History of Ayurveda : Culture, Hegemony and the Rhetoric of Diversity|last=P.|first=Girija, K|year=2021|isbn=978-1-000-48139-6}}</ref><ref name="kkkksg"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ8oAAAAMAAJ&q=k.+k.+n+kurup+tiyya | title=History of the Tellicherry Factory, 1683-1794 | last1=Kurup | first1=K. K. N. | year=1985 }}</ref>


==Warrior role==
==Influence==
Exceptionally talented Thiyyar practitioners of [[Kalaripayattu]] were given the title ''chekavan'' or ''chekon'', and each local ruler had his own militia of chekons. The chekons were lined up for combats and duels, representing the rulers in disputes. In short, they were warriors who fought and died for the rulers, protecting their life and property. Some of the Chekavar families migrated from Malabar to Southern parts of [[Kerala]] at the invitation of kings, to train soldiers and lead war. Chekavar formed the army of the [[Chera Empire]].<ref name="23ff"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/seventh-sense-night-shyamalan-is-from-africa/articleshow/11493926.cms | title=Seventh sense: Night Shyamalan is from Africa &#124; Chennai News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484270v1.full | title=Genetic affinities and adaptation of the South West coast populations of India | date=16 March 2022 | last1=Kumar | first1=Lomous | last2=Chowdhari | first2=Anuhya | last3=Sequeira | first3=Jaison J. | last4=Mustak | first4=Mohammed S. | last5=Banerjee | first5=Moinak | last6=Thangaraj | first6=Kumarasamy }}</ref>
[[N. Prabhakaran]] challenges the notion that the Kadathanadan and Chekavar martial traditions have influenced the political violence in [[Kannur]], arguing that the practice of kalaripayattu does not foster violent behaviour or drive the region's history of political killings.<ref>{{cite web |title=വടക്കൻ മനസ്സ്: കണ്ണൂരിലെ രാഷ്ട്രീയ കൊലപാതകങ്ങളുടെ കഥ പറയുമ്പോൾ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/n-prabhakaran-writes-about-political-murders-in-kannur-district-vadakkan-manasu-book-excerpt-1.9846498 |website=Mathrubhumi |author=N. Prabhakaran |date=2024-05-18 |access-date=2025-06-09 |language=ml}}</ref>
 
Some of these heroes are remembered and worshipped even today through folk songs like [[Vadakkan Pattukal]]; for example, the 19th century [[Kuroolli Chekon]] who fought against the British is remembered through folk songs while the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]] hero Akathooty Chekavar,  [[Commander in chief|Commander-in-chief]] of the Chera army, was adopted into [[Theyyam]] forms and is worshipped as a war deity today.<ref name = "ezh38">Vishnumangalm Kumar, ''"Kuroolli Chekon: Charithram Thamaskaricha Kadathanadan Simham''" (Keralasabdam, 2007-9-2),Page 30-33, ISBN 96220924</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/26155392-theyyaprapancham | title=Theyyaprapancham }}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
''Chekavar'' is derived from the Sanskrit words ''Sevakar'', ''Sevakan'' or ''Sevaka'', which mean soldiers in service or soldiers in royal service.<ref name="mathew">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TuPeXFP0WgC&pg=PA30|title=Communal Road to a Secular Kerala |page=30|first=George |last=Mathew|year=1989 |publisher=Concept Pub.Co, 1989|isbn=81-7022-282-6}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA27|title= Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia |page=27|first=Bardwell L. |last=Smith|publisher=BRILL |year=1976|isbn=90-04-04510-4}}</ref> [[Hermann Gundert|Hermann Gundert's]] English-Malayalam Dictionary, defines the term as soldiers and warrior.<ref>{{cite book |title=Malayalam-English Dictionary |first=Herman |last=Gundert |orig-year=1872 |edition=3rd |publisher=Sahythia Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham, Kerala |year=2000}}</ref>
''Chekavar'' is derived from the Sanskrit words ''Sevakar'', ''Sevakan'' or ''Sevaka'', which mean soldiers in service or [[soldier]]s in royal service.<ref name="mathew">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TuPeXFP0WgC&pg=PA30|title=Communal Road to a Secular Kerala |page=30|first=George |last=Mathew|year=1989 |publisher=Concept Pub.Co, 1989|isbn=81-7022-282-6}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA27|title= Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia |page=27|first=Bardwell L. |last=Smith|publisher=BRILL |year=1976|isbn=90-04-04510-4}}</ref>
 
==Origin==
[[Hero stone]]s found in Kerala depict Chekavar engaged in combat, often on behalf of a lord. On the stones, Chekavar are generally depicted by an image of an armed man along with a Shiva [[Linga]].{{cn|date=May 2021}} Hero stones were traditionally erected during the Sangam period to commemorate men who had fallen in battle or cattle raids.<ref name="chekaSang01">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py50jfBsv_kC&q=cevakan&pg=PA113 |title=Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition |chapter=Domesticity and Difference/Women and Men: Religious Life in Medieval Tamil Nadu |page=113|first=Leslie C. |last=Orr |editor-first=Tracy |editor-last=Pintchman|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-517706-0|access-date=2008-12-13}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The [[Thiyyas]] community was a warrior caste<ref name="warrior">{{cite book|last=James John|year=2020|title=The Portuguese and the Socio-Cultural Changes in Kerala: 1498-1663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39HVDwAAQBAJ&dq=tiyyas+warrior&pg=PT130|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000078718}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Madras (Indian State)|year=1911|title=Selections from the Records of the Madras Government|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjpuAAAAMAAJ&q=chegos+madras|publisher=Government Press|page=210}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Binu John Mailaparambil|year=2011|title=Lords of the Sea: The Ali Rajas of Cannanore and the Political Economy of Malabar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_p-Odiq4tsC&dq=tiyya+military&pg=PA36|publisher=Brill|page=36|isbn=9789004180215}}</ref>  that inhabited present day Malabar and [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13569783.2014.895619?cookieSet=1 {{Bare URL inline|date=September 2022}}</ref> They had their own style of martial arts, although it was influenced by the martial arts of the Chera Empire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dick Luuijendijk|year=2008|title=Kalarippayatt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hISikpYZ9hYC&dq=tiyya+cekor&pg=PA48|publisher=lulu|page=48|isbn=9781409226260}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jenniffer G.Wollok|year=2011|title=Rethinking Chivalry and Courtly Love|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orTn7RpmyZIC&dq=thiyyas+martial+arts&pg=PA250|publisher=ABC publishing|page=250|isbn=9780275984885}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Folk-Lore|title=Folk-Lore|year = 1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMvjAAAAMAAJ&q=tiyya+cekavar|page=96}}</ref> Jacob Canter Visscher's Letters from Malabar says: 'They may be justly entitled soldiers, as by virtue of their descent they must always bear arms. In spite of the fact that Thiyyas were also practitioners of payatt and had a unavoidable presence in the militia of the ruler, they were allowed in the military services.'<ref name="23ff"/><ref name="Nisha"/> In civil war or rebellion, the Chekavars were bound to take up arms for the sovereign; and some princes employed them as soldiers, if they had not a sufficient force of Nairs.<ref name="Nisha"/>
Jacob Canter Visscher's ''Letters from Malabar'' notes about the employment of [[Nairs]] as soldiers: "They [Nairs] may be justly entitled born soldiers, as by virtue of their descent they must always bear arms." Quoting Visscher in ''Jumbos and Jumping Devils'' (2020), Nisha P. R. stated that "In spite of the fact that [[Thiyyas]] were also supreme practitioners of ''payatt'' and had a unavoidable presence in the militia of the ruler, they were not allowed in the military services".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jumbos_and_Jumping_Devils/My8DEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT45&printsec=frontcover|title = Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus|page=45|isbn = 9780190992071|last1 = Nisha|first1 = P. R.|date = 12 June 2020}}</ref>
[[Hendrik van Rheede]], governor of [[Dutch Malabar]] between 1669 and 1676, wrote about Chekavar in ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'': "[Chekavas] are bound to war and arms. The Chekavars usually serve to teach nayros [nair] in the fencing in kalari school".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIZHDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+silgos%28chegos%29usually+serve+to+teach+nayros+in+the+fencing+school&pg=RA1-PA8|title = Hendrik Adriaan van Reed Tot Drakestein 1636-1691 and Hortus, Malabaricus|isbn = 9781351441070|last1 = Heniger|first1 = J.|year = 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/seventh-sense-night-shyamalan-is-from-africa/articleshow/11493926.cms | title=Seventh sense: Night Shyamalan is from Africa &#124; Chennai News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>


According to Indudara Menon, "The songs of the Vatakkan pattu (northern ballads) are about a clan of martial Chekavars who were Thiyyas and masters of the martial arts".<ref name="rjy">{{cite book|last=Indudhara Menon|year=2018|title=Hereditary Physicians of Kerala: Traditional Medicine and Ayurveda in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xouADwAAQBAJ&dq=chekavar+Tiyya&pg=PT77|publisher=Taylor & Francis, 2018|isbn=9780429663123}}</ref> According to David Levinson, "The Chekavar families played an important role in the practice of [[Kalaripayattu]] in the [[Malabar District]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=David Levinson, Karen Christensen|year=1996|title=Encyclopedia of World sport:from Ancient times to the present vol.3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMoUAQAAIAAJ&q=Tiyyas|publisher=ABC|page=615|isbn=9780874368192}}</ref><ref name="23ff"/><ref>{{cite book|last=David Waterhouse|year=1998|title=Dance of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRKCAAAAMAAJ&q=chekavar+tiyya|page=167|isbn=9781895214154}}</ref>
[[Hendrik van Rheede]], former governor of [[Dutch Malabar]], in his memorandum of 1677 notes about the existence of a fencing training: "[...] the tree-climbers, otherwise called ''silgos'', who are also bound to war and arms. These people usually serve to teach the ''nayros'' in the fencing school; further their occupation is to tap the coconut tree [...]".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Hendrik_Adriaan_Van_Reed_Tot_Drakestein/rIZHDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA50&printsec=frontcover|title = Hendrik Adriaan van Reed Tot Drakestein 1636-1691 and Hortus, Malabaricus|page=50|isbn = 9781351441070|last1 = Heniger|first1 = J.|year = 2017}}</ref>


According to historian [[A. Sreedhara Menon]]:{{quote|Northern songs are represented in Malabar where the [[Unniyarcha]] and [[Aromal Chekavar]]s of the Puthuram Veettil house are an important Thiyyar family known for their martial arts.<ref name="kkkksg"/>  The area of their activities comprised the medieval principalities of Kolathunad, Kadathanad and Kottayam.<ref name="kkkksg">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC|title=Kerala History and its Makers|publisher=D C Books|date=4 March 2011|isbn=978-81-264-3782-5|pages=82–86|language=en|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=Tiya&pg=PA316|title = Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|isbn = 9788126003655|last1 = Ayyappa Paniker|first1 = K.|year = 1997}}</ref><ref name="23ff">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=My8DEAAAQBAJ&q=Chekavan&pg=PT42|title = Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus|isbn = 9780190992071|last1 = Nisha|first1 = P. R.|date = 12 June 2020}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books/about/Institutions_and_Movements_in_Kerala_His.html?id=nvI9AAAAMAAJ</ref>}}
According to Indudharan Menon, "The songs of the Vatakkan pattu (northern ballads) are about a clan of martial Chekavars who were [[Ezhava|Tiyyas]] and masters of the martial arts".<ref name="rjy">{{cite book|last=Indudhara Menon|year=2018|title=Hereditary Physicians of Kerala: Traditional Medicine and Ayurveda in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xouADwAAQBAJ&dq=chekavar+Tiyya&pg=PT77|publisher=Taylor & Francis, 2018|isbn=9780429663123}}</ref> According to David Levinson and [[Karen Christensen]], "Kalarippayattu was traditionally practiced primarily by [[Nayars]], Kerala's martial caste, as well as by a special sub-caste among Kerala's [[Brahmans]], the Yatra Brahmans; lower-caste practitioners known as chekavar drawn from among special families of Tiyyas; Muslims (especially [[Sufis]] in northern Kerala); and Christians".<ref>{{cite book|first1=David|last1=Levinson|first2=Karen|last2=Christensen|year=1996|title=Encyclopedia of World sport:from Ancient times to the present vol.3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMoUAQAAIAAJ&q=Tiyyas|publisher=ABC|page=615|isbn=9780874368192}}</ref>


During the British rule, seeing their chivalric fighting skills which can be attributed to their Chekavar lineages, the British formed a separate regiment called the [[Thiyyar Regiment]] in the British Indian Army, with thousands of thiyyar soldiers, and officers raised among them.<ref>{{cite book |first=L. K. A. |last=Iyer |author-link=L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Mysore_Tribes_and_Castles/XGSuAwWHa0kC |title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes |volume=III |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal |year=1988 |orig-year=1930 |page=279 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Nagendra K. R. |last=Singh |url=https://google.com/books/edition/Global_Encyclopaedia_of_the_South_Indian/Xcpa_T-7oVQC |title=Global Encyclopedia of the South India Dalit's Ethnography |publisher=Global Vision |year=2006 |page=230 }}</ref>
According to historian [[A. Sreedhara Menon]], the [[Vadakkan Pattukal]] were composed in the 17th or 18th century. The stories centres around two main families, one belonging to the Thiyyas and the other to the Nairs. Heroes such as [[Aromal Chekavar]], [[Unniyarcha]], and Aromalunni belongs to the former. The events are set in the medieval principalities of [[Kolathunadu]], [[Kadathanadu]] and [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam]]. Menon further notes that Aromal is "said to be an immigrant from Ezhathunad ([[Sri Lanka]])".<ref name="kkkksg">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC|title=Kerala History and its Makers|publisher=DC Books|date=4 March 2011|isbn=978-81-264-3782-5|pages=82–86|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
*[[Aromal Chekavar]]
*[[Aromal Chekavar]]
*[[Unniyarcha]]
*[[Chandu Chekavar]]
*[[Chandu Chekavar]]
*[[Kuroolli Chekon]]
*[[Kathivanoor Veeran]]<ref>{{cite book|last=K. k. N Kurup|year=1989|title=Samooham Charithram Samskaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqVEAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB|publisher=Poorna Publication |page=73}}</ref>
*[[Kottackkal Kanaran Gurukkal]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCF6AAAAMAAJ&q=karnaran+chekavar|title=Indian Dance: The Ultimate Metaphor|first=Shanta Serbjeet|last=Singh|date=August 23, 2000|publisher=Ravi Kumar|isbn=9781878529657 |via=Google Books|page=243}}</ref>
*[[Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Thiyyar warriors]]
[[Category:Thiyyar warriors]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
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Latest revision as of 22:54, 19 February 2026

For the film, see Chekavar (film).
Painting depicting informal childhood marriage ceremony between Unniyarcha and Chandu Chekavar.

Chekavar (Also known as Chekon or Chevakar, Cekavar) were the warriors belonging to Hindu Thiyyar community in Malabar of Kerala.[1][2][3]

Influence[edit | edit source]

N. Prabhakaran challenges the notion that the Kadathanadan and Chekavar martial traditions have influenced the political violence in Kannur, arguing that the practice of kalaripayattu does not foster violent behaviour or drive the region's history of political killings.[4]

Etymology[edit | edit source]

Chekavar is derived from the Sanskrit words Sevakar, Sevakan or Sevaka, which mean soldiers in service or soldiers in royal service.[5][6]

History[edit | edit source]

Jacob Canter Visscher's Letters from Malabar notes about the employment of Nairs as soldiers: "They [Nairs] may be justly entitled born soldiers, as by virtue of their descent they must always bear arms." Quoting Visscher in Jumbos and Jumping Devils (2020), Nisha P. R. stated that "In spite of the fact that Thiyyas were also supreme practitioners of payatt and had a unavoidable presence in the militia of the ruler, they were not allowed in the military services".[7]

Hendrik van Rheede, former governor of Dutch Malabar, in his memorandum of 1677 notes about the existence of a fencing training: "[...] the tree-climbers, otherwise called silgos, who are also bound to war and arms. These people usually serve to teach the nayros in the fencing school; further their occupation is to tap the coconut tree [...]".[8]

According to Indudharan Menon, "The songs of the Vatakkan pattu (northern ballads) are about a clan of martial Chekavars who were Tiyyas and masters of the martial arts".[9] According to David Levinson and Karen Christensen, "Kalarippayattu was traditionally practiced primarily by Nayars, Kerala's martial caste, as well as by a special sub-caste among Kerala's Brahmans, the Yatra Brahmans; lower-caste practitioners known as chekavar drawn from among special families of Tiyyas; Muslims (especially Sufis in northern Kerala); and Christians".[10]

According to historian A. Sreedhara Menon, the Vadakkan Pattukal were composed in the 17th or 18th century. The stories centres around two main families, one belonging to the Thiyyas and the other to the Nairs. Heroes such as Aromal Chekavar, Unniyarcha, and Aromalunni belongs to the former. The events are set in the medieval principalities of Kolathunadu, Kadathanadu and Kottayam. Menon further notes that Aromal is "said to be an immigrant from Ezhathunad (Sri Lanka)".[2]

Notable people[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ P., Girija, K (2021). Mapping the History of Ayurveda : Culture, Hegemony and the Rhetoric of Diversity. ISBN 978-1-000-48139-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Menon, A. Sreedhara (4 March 2011). Kerala History and its Makers. DC Books. pp. 82–86. ISBN 978-81-264-3782-5. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  3. ↑ Kurup, K. K. N. (1985). "History of the Tellicherry Factory, 1683-1794".
  4. ↑ N. Prabhakaran (18 May 2024). "വടക്കൻ മനസ്സ്: കണ്ണൂരിലെ രാഷ്ട്രീയ കൊലപാതകങ്ങളുടെ കഥ പറയുമ്പോൾ". Mathrubhumi (in മലയാളം). Retrieved 9 June 2025.
  5. ↑ Mathew, George (1989). Communal Road to a Secular Kerala. Concept Pub.Co, 1989. p. 30. ISBN 81-7022-282-6.
  6. ↑ Smith, Bardwell L. (1976). Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia. BRILL. p. 27. ISBN 90-04-04510-4.
  7. ↑ Nisha, P. R. (12 June 2020). Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus. p. 45. ISBN 9780190992071.
  8. ↑ Heniger, J. (2017). Hendrik Adriaan van Reed Tot Drakestein 1636-1691 and Hortus, Malabaricus. p. 50. ISBN 9781351441070.
  9. ↑ Indudhara Menon (2018). Hereditary Physicians of Kerala: Traditional Medicine and Ayurveda in Modern India. Taylor & Francis, 2018. ISBN 9780429663123.
  10. ↑ Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (1996). Encyclopedia of World sport:from Ancient times to the present vol.3. ABC. p. 615. ISBN 9780874368192.
  11. ↑ K. k. N Kurup (1989). Samooham Charithram Samskaram. Poorna Publication. p. 73.
  12. ↑ Singh, Shanta Serbjeet (23 August 2000). Indian Dance: The Ultimate Metaphor. Ravi Kumar. p. 243. ISBN 9781878529657 – via Google Books.
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