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{{Other uses|Mathura (disambiguation)}} | {{Other uses|Mathura (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}} | {{EngvarB|date=October 2019}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --> | | native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --> | ||
| native_name_lang = | | native_name_lang = | ||
| settlement_type = City | | settlement_type = City | ||
| official_name = Mathura | | official_name = Mathura | ||
| image_skyline = {{multiple image | | image_skyline = {{multiple image | ||
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| subdivision_type = Country | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
| subdivision_type1 = State | | subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]] | ||
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | ||
| subdivision_type2 = District | | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] | ||
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]] | | subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]] | ||
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]] | |||
| subdivision_name3 = [[Agra division|Agra]] | | subdivision_name3 = [[Agra division|Agra]] | ||
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]] | | government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]] | ||
| governing_body = Mathura-Vrindavan Municipal Corporation | | governing_body = Mathura-Vrindavan Municipal Corporation | ||
| leader_title = Mayor<ref>{{ | | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | ||
| leader_name = Vinod Agarwal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etnownews.com/news/live-mathura-vrindavan-mayor-election-result-2023-counting-news-online-latest-updates-vinod-agarwal-bjp-raja-mohtasim-ahmed-bsp-liveblog-100204223|title=BJP's mayoral candidate from Mathura Vinod Agarwal wins|work=ET Now News|date=13 May 2023 |accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref> | |||
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | | leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | ||
| leader_title1 = [[District collector (India)|District Magistrate and Collector]] | | leader_title1 = [[District collector (India)|District Magistrate and Collector]] | ||
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'''Mathura''' ({{audio|Mathura.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a city and the administrative headquarters of [[Mathura district]] in the [[states and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located approximately {{convert|57.6|km}} north of [[Agra]], and {{convert|146|km}} south-east of [[Delhi]]; about {{convert|14.5|km}} from the town of [[Vrindavan]], and {{convert|22|km}} from [[Govardhan]]. In ancient times, Mathura was an [[economic]] hub, located at the junction of important [[caravan (travellers)|caravan]] routes. The [[2011 Census of India]] estimated the population of Mathura at 441,894. | '''Mathura''' ({{audio|Mathura.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a city and the administrative headquarters of [[Mathura district]] in the [[states and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located approximately {{convert|57.6|km}} north of [[Agra]], and {{convert|146|km}} south-east of [[Delhi]]; about {{convert|14.5|km}} from the town of [[Vrindavan]], and {{convert|22|km}} from [[Govardhan]]. In ancient times, Mathura was an [[economic]] hub, located at the junction of important [[caravan (travellers)|caravan]] routes. The [[2011 Census of India]] estimated the population of Mathura at 441,894. | ||
In [[Hinduism]], Mathura is birthplace of [[Krishna]], which is located at the [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]].<ref name=Prasad>{{cite book|last=Prasad|first=Dev|author-link=Dev Prasad|title=Krishna: A Journey through the Lands & Legends of Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0_5caqiUH0C&pg=PT22|year=2015|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-170-7|page=22}}</ref> It is one of the [[Sapta Puri]], the seven cities considered holy by [[Hindus]], also called | In [[Hinduism]], Mathura is the birthplace of [[Krishna]], which is located at the [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]].<ref name=Prasad>{{cite book|last=Prasad|first=Dev|author-link=Dev Prasad|title=Krishna: A Journey through the Lands & Legends of Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0_5caqiUH0C&pg=PT22|year=2015|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-170-7|page=22}}</ref> It is one of the [[Sapta Puri]], the seven cities considered holy by [[Hindus]], also is called Mokshyadayni Tirth. The [[Kesava Deo Temple]] was built in ancient times on the site of Krishna's birthplace (an underground [[prison]]). Mathura was the capital of the kingdom of [[Surasena]], ruled by [[Kamsa]], the maternal uncle of Krishna. Mathura is part of the [[Krishna]] circuit (Mathura, Vrindavan, [[Barsana]], [[Govardhan]], [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra|Kurukshetra]], [[Dwarka]] and [[Bhalka]]). [[Janmashtami]] is grandly celebrated in Mathura every year. | ||
Mathura has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the [[Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana]] scheme of Government of India.<ref name=holycity/> | Mathura has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the [[Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana]] scheme of Government of India.<ref name=holycity/> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Traditionally it is believed that it was founded by [[Shatrughna | Traditionally it is believed that it was founded by [[Shatrughna]] after killing [[Yadava]] [[Lavana]] at the site of Madhuvana. According to [[Ramayana]] it was founded by [[Madhu]] (a man of the [[Yadu|Yadu tribe]]). Later on Madhu's son [[Lavanasura]] was defeated by Satrughana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Prakash Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSW8az3Q_dEC |title=Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-053-2 |language=en}}</ref> Madhu says all the territory of Mathura belongs to [[Abhiras]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Institute |first=Bhandarkar Oriental Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-ksAQAAMAAJ |title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona |date=1917 |publisher=The Institute |language=en}}</ref>{{see also|Mathura art}} | ||
[[File:Edwin Lord Weeks - Along the Ghats, Mathura.jpg|thumb|Along the Ghats of Mathura ( | [[File:Edwin Lord Weeks - Along the Ghats, Mathura.jpg|thumb|Along the Ghats of Mathura ({{Circa|1880}})]] | ||
[[File:Kankali Tila (Jaini mound).jpg|thumb|General view of the excavations in January 1889 at Kankali Tila, Mathura]] | [[File:Kankali Tila (Jaini mound).jpg|thumb|General view of the excavations in January 1889 at Kankali Tila, Mathura]] | ||
[[File:*Bindrabun -Vrindavan-. Gate of Shet Lukhmeechund's Temple; a photo by Eugene Clutterbuck Impey, 1860's.jpg|thumb|upright|Gate of Shet Lukhmeechund's Temple, a photo by Eugene Clutterbuck Impey, 1860s.]] | [[File:*Bindrabun -Vrindavan-. Gate of Shet Lukhmeechund's Temple; a photo by Eugene Clutterbuck Impey, 1860's.jpg|thumb|upright|Gate of Shet Lukhmeechund's Temple, a photo by Eugene Clutterbuck Impey, 1860s.]] | ||
[[File:Kanishka enhanced.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Kanishka I]], second century CE, [[Mathura Museum]].]] | [[File:Kanishka enhanced.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Kanishka I]], second century CE, [[Mathura Museum]].]] | ||
[[File:KITLV 87971 - Unknown - Sculpture of a woman at Mathura in British India - 1897.tif|thumb|upright|Sculpture of woman from ancient Braj-Mathura ca. second century CE.]] | [[File:KITLV 87971 - Unknown - Sculpture of a woman at Mathura in British India - 1897.tif|thumb|upright|Sculpture of woman from ancient Braj-Mathura ca. second century CE.]] | ||
Mathura, which lies at the centre of the cultural region of [[Braj]]<ref name="LuciaMichelutti1">{{cite web | url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf | title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town | publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science University of London | work=PhD Thesis Social Anthropology | date=2002 | access-date=20 May 2015 | author=Lucia Michelutti | pages=49}}</ref> has an ancient history and is also believed to be the homeland and birthplace of Krishna, who belonged to the [[Yadu]] dynasty. According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] plaque at the [[Mathura Museum]],<ref name=Britishlibrary>{{cite book|author=Frederic Salmon Growse|title=Mathura: A District Memoir|url=https://archive.org/details/mathurdistrictme00grow/page/n3|year= 1874|publisher= | Mathura, which lies at the centre of the cultural region of [[Braj]]<ref name="LuciaMichelutti1">{{cite web | url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf | title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town | publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science University of London | work=PhD Thesis Social Anthropology | date=2002 | access-date=20 May 2015 | author=Lucia Michelutti | pages=49}}</ref> has an ancient history and is also believed to be the homeland and birthplace of Krishna, who belonged to the [[Yadu]] dynasty. According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] plaque at the [[Mathura Museum]],<ref name=Britishlibrary>{{cite book|author=Frederic Salmon Growse|author-link=Frederic Salmon Growse|title=Mathura: A District Memoir|url=https://archive.org/details/mathurdistrictme00grow/page/n3|year= 1874|publisher= Government Press}}</ref> the city is mentioned in the oldest Indian epic, the ''Ramayana''. In the epic, the [[Ikshwaku]] prince Shatrughna slays a demon called Lavanasura and claims the land. Afterwards, the place came to be known as [[Madhuvan]] as it was thickly wooded, then Madhupura and later Mathura.<ref name=p1>Pargiter, F.E. (1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.170.</ref> The most important pilgrimage site in Mathura was Katra ('market place'), now referred to as [[Krishna]] Janmasthan ('the birthplace of Krishna'). Excavations at the site revealed pottery and terracotta dating to the sixth century BCE, the remains of a large [[Buddhist]] complex, including a monastery called Yasha Vihara of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period, as well as [[Jainism|Jain]] sculptures of the same era.<ref>{{cite book |author=Meenakshi Jain |date=2019 |title=Flight of Deities and Rebirth of Temples: Episodes from Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAQNxQEACAAJ |publisher=Aryan Books International |page=66 |isbn=978-8173056192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://mathura.nic.in/history/|access-date=12 January 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
===Ancient history=== | ===Ancient history=== | ||
Archaeological excavations at Mathura show the gradual growth of a village into an important city during the [[Vedic age]]. The earliest period belonged to the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (1100–500 BCE), followed by the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture (700–200 BCE). Mathura derived its importance as a center of trade due to its location where the [[Grand Trunk Road|northern trade route]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] met with the routes to [[Malwa]] (central India) and the [[Western India|west coast]].<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA281|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=281, 336}}</ref> Archaeologists have discovered a fragment of Mathura red sandstone from [[Rakhigarhi]] - a site of [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley civilization]] dated to third millennium BCE - which was used as a grindstone; red sandstone was also a popular material for [[Art of Mathura|historic period sculptures]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=S.gautam|first1=Mantabya|last2=Law|first2=Randall|last3=Garge|first3=Tejas|title=Initial Geologic Provenience Studies of Stone and Metal Artefacts from Rakhigarhi|url=https://www.academia.edu/10827842|language=en}}</ref> | Archaeological excavations at Mathura show the gradual growth of a village into an important city during the [[Vedic age]]. The earliest period belonged to the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (1100–500 BCE), followed by the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture (700–200 BCE). Mathura derived its importance as a center of trade due to its location where the [[Grand Trunk Road|northern trade route]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] met with the routes to [[Malwa]] (central India) and the [[Western India|west coast]].<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA281|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=281, 336}}</ref> Archaeologists have discovered a fragment of Mathura red sandstone from [[Rakhigarhi]] - a site of [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley civilization]] dated to third millennium BCE - which was used as a grindstone; red sandstone was also a popular material for [[Art of Mathura|historic period sculptures]].<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |last1=S.gautam|first1=Mantabya|last2=Law|first2=Randall|last3=Garge|first3=Tejas|title=Initial Geologic Provenience Studies of Stone and Metal Artefacts from Rakhigarhi|url=https://www.academia.edu/10827842|language=en}}</ref> | ||
By the sixth century BCE Mathura became the capital of the [[Surasena|Surasena Kingdom]].<ref name=ImpGazetteer /> The city was later ruled by the [[Maurya]] empire (fourth to second centuries BCE). [[Megasthenes]], writing in the early third century BCE, mentions Mathura as a great city under the name Μέθορα (''Méthora'').<ref>Megasthenes, fragment 23 "The Surasenians, an Indian tribe, with two great cities, Methora and Clisobora; the navigable river [[Iomanes]] flows through their territory" quoted in [[Arrian]] Indica 8.5. Also "The river Jomanes ([[Yamuna]]) flows through the Palibothri into the Ganges between the towns Methora and Carisobora." in [http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm FRAGM. LVI. Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8–23. 11.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080315/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm |date=10 December 2008 }}</ref> It seems it never was under the direct control of the following [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] dynasty (2nd century BCE) as not a single archaeological remain of a Shunga presence were ever found in Mathura.<ref name="Rhie"/> | By the sixth century BCE Mathura became the capital of the [[Surasena|Surasena Kingdom]].<ref name=ImpGazetteer /> The city was later ruled by the [[Maurya]] empire (fourth to second centuries BCE). [[Megasthenes]], writing in the early third century BCE, mentions Mathura as a great city under the name Μέθορα (''Méthora'').<ref>Megasthenes, fragment 23 "The Surasenians, an Indian tribe, with two great cities, Methora and Clisobora; the navigable river [[Iomanes]] flows through their territory" quoted in [[Arrian]] Indica 8.5. Also "The river Jomanes ([[Yamuna]]) flows through the Palibothri into the Ganges between the towns Methora and Carisobora." in [http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm FRAGM. LVI. Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8–23. 11.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080315/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm |date=10 December 2008 }}</ref> It seems it never was under the direct control of the following [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] dynasty (2nd century BCE) as not a single archaeological remain of a Shunga presence were ever found in Mathura.<ref name="Rhie"/> | ||
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====Indo-Scythians==== | ====Indo-Scythians==== | ||
After a period of local rule, Mathura was conquered by the [[Indo-Scythians]] during the first century BCE. The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the "[[Northern Satraps]]", as opposed to the "[[Western Satraps]]" ruling in [[Gujarat]] and [[Malwa]]. However, Indo-Scythian control proved to be short lived, following the reign of the Indo-Scythian ''Mahakshatrapa'' ("Great Satrap") [[Rajuvula]], {{Circa|10}}–25 CE. The Mora Well inscription of Mahakshatrapa [[Rajuvula]], of the early decades of the first century CE, found in a village seven miles from Mathura, stated that images ''pratima(h)'' of the blessed (''bhagavatam'') five Vrishni heroes, were installed in a stone shrine of a person called Tosa.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |author=Meenakshi Jain |date=2019 |title=Flight of Deities and Rebirth of Temples: Episodes from Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAQNxQEACAAJ |publisher=Aryan Books International |page=64 |isbn=978-8173056192}}</ref> The heroes were identified from a passage in the [[Vayu Purana]] as Samkarsana, [[Vasudeva|Vasudev]], Pradyumna, Samba, and Aniruddha.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jitendra Nath Banerjea |date=1968 |title=Religion in Art and Archaeology: Vaishnavism and Saivism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVKGvgAACAAJ |publisher=University of Lucknow |pages=12–13}}</ref> The English translation of the inscription read:- | After a period of local rule, Mathura was conquered by the [[Indo-Scythians]] during the first century BCE. The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the "[[Northern Satraps]]", as opposed to the "[[Western Satraps]]" ruling in [[Gujarat]] and [[Malwa]]. However, Indo-Scythian control proved to be short lived, following the reign of the Indo-Scythian ''Mahakshatrapa'' ("Great Satrap") [[Rajuvula]], {{Circa|10}}–25 CE. The Mora Well inscription of Mahakshatrapa [[Rajuvula]], of the early decades of the first century CE, found in a village seven miles from Mathura, stated that images ''pratima(h)'' of the blessed (''bhagavatam'') five [[Vrishni heroes]], were installed in a stone shrine of a person called Tosa.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |author=Meenakshi Jain |date=2019 |title=Flight of Deities and Rebirth of Temples: Episodes from Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAQNxQEACAAJ |publisher=Aryan Books International |page=64 |isbn=978-8173056192}}</ref> The heroes were identified from a passage in the [[Vayu Purana]] as Samkarsana, [[Vasudeva|Vasudev]], Pradyumna, Samba, and Aniruddha.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jitendra Nath Banerjea |date=1968 |title=Religion in Art and Archaeology: Vaishnavism and Saivism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVKGvgAACAAJ |publisher=University of Lucknow |pages=12–13}}</ref> The English translation of the inscription read:- | ||
{{Blockquote|. . . of the son of mahakṣatrapa Rāṃjūvula, svāmi . . . The images of the holy paṃcavīras of the Vṛṣṇis is... the stone shrine... whom the magnificent matchless stone house of Toṣā was erected and maintained... five objects of adoration made of stone, radiant, as it were with highest beauty...<ref>{{cite book |author=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla |date=2007 |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtqvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 |publisher=BRILL |pages=260–261 |isbn=978-9004155374}}</ref>}} | {{Blockquote|. . . of the son of mahakṣatrapa Rāṃjūvula, svāmi . . . The images of the holy paṃcavīras of the Vṛṣṇis is... the stone shrine... whom the magnificent matchless stone house of Toṣā was erected and maintained... five objects of adoration made of stone, radiant, as it were with highest beauty...<ref>{{cite book |author=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla |date=2007 |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtqvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 |publisher=BRILL |pages=260–261 |isbn=978-9004155374}}</ref>}} | ||
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====Harsha Empire==== | ====Harsha Empire==== | ||
[[Xuanzang]], who visited the city in 634 CE, mentions it as Mot'ulo, recording that it contained twenty Buddhist monasteries and | [[Xuanzang]], who visited the city in 634 CE, mentions it as Mot'ulo, recording that it contained twenty Buddhist monasteries and many Hindu temples.<ref name=rongxi103>Li Rongxi (1996), ''The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions'', Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 103–108</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Muttra|volume=19|pages=101–102}} (Mathura)</ref> Later, he went east to [[Thanesar]], [[Jalandhar]] in the eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]], before climbing up to visit predominantly [[Theravada]] monasteries in the [[Kulu valley]] and turning southward again to [[Bairat]] and then Mathura, on the [[Yamuna river]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hsüan Tsang |volume=13 |page=844 |first1=Henry |last1=Yule |first2=Robert Kennaway |last2=Douglas}}</ref> | ||
===Medieval History and Islamic Invasions=== | ===Medieval History and Islamic Invasions=== | ||
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There are many places of historic and religious importance in Mathura and its neighbouring towns.<ref name=holycity>{{cite news |title=Mathura: Mathura gets five more 'teerth sthals' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/mathura-gets-five-more-teerth-sthals/articleshow/63434923.cms |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=24 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> | There are many places of historic and religious importance in Mathura and its neighbouring towns.<ref name=holycity>{{cite news |title=Mathura: Mathura gets five more 'teerth sthals' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/mathura-gets-five-more-teerth-sthals/articleshow/63434923.cms |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=24 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
[[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]] is an important group of temples built around what is considered to be the birthplace of [[Krishna]].<ref name=Avatar>{{cite book|last=Krishna|first=Nanditha|title=The Book of Avatars and Divinities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfV5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99|year=2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India|isbn=9780143446880}}</ref><ref name="Vemsani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names|last=Vemsani|first=Lavanya|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=140–141}}</ref> The temple complex contains Keshav Deva temple, Garbha Griha shrine, Bhagavata Bhavan and the Rangabhoomi where the final battle between Krishna and [[Kans]] took place.<ref name=Janm>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/devotees-throng-krishna-janmbhumi-in-ups-mathura-on-occasion-of-janmashtami/videoshow/70819935.cms|title=Devotees throng 'Krishna Janmbhumi' in UP's Mathura on occasion of 'Janmashtami'|first1=ANI | 24|last1=Aug 2019|first2=07:07 Pm|last2=Ist|via=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name=Prasad/><ref name=Britishlibrary/><ref name=Avatar/> | [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]] is an important group of temples built around what is considered to be the birthplace of [[Krishna]].<ref name=Avatar>{{cite book|last=Krishna|first=Nanditha|title=The Book of Avatars and Divinities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfV5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99|year=2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India|isbn=9780143446880}}</ref><ref name="Vemsani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names|last=Vemsani|first=Lavanya|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=140–141}}</ref> The temple complex contains Keshav Deva temple, Garbha Griha shrine, Bhagavata Bhavan and the Rangabhoomi where the final battle between Krishna and [[Kans|Kamsa]] took place.<ref name=Janm>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/devotees-throng-krishna-janmbhumi-in-ups-mathura-on-occasion-of-janmashtami/videoshow/70819935.cms|title=Devotees throng 'Krishna Janmbhumi' in UP's Mathura on occasion of 'Janmashtami'|first1=ANI | 24|last1=Aug 2019|first2=07:07 Pm|last2=Ist|via=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name=Prasad/><ref name=Britishlibrary/><ref name=Avatar/> | ||
The [[Dwarkadheesh temple Mathura|Dwarkadheesh Temple]] is one of the largest temples in Mathura.<ref name=Prasad/> [[Vishram Ghat]] at the bank of river Yamuna is said to be the place were Krishna had rested after killing [[Kans]].<ref name=Prasad/> | The [[Dwarkadheesh temple Mathura|Dwarkadheesh Temple]] is one of the largest temples in Mathura.<ref name=Prasad/> [[Vishram Ghat]] at the bank of river Yamuna is said to be the place were Krishna had rested after killing [[Kans|Kamsa]].<ref name=Prasad/> | ||
Other notable Hindu religious sites and heritage locations includes the Gita Mandir,<ref name=Mathura1/> Govind Dev temple,<ref name=Mathura1/> [[ISKCON]] temple,<ref name=Prasad/> [[Kusum Sarovar]],<ref name=Mathura1>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Sonam |title=Mathura Temple – The Famous Temples of Mathura |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/religious-places/the-famous-temples-of-mathura/articleshow/68206149.cms |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref> [[Naam yog Sadhna Mandir]], Peepleshwar Mahadeo Temple<ref name="MathuraTT">{{Cite | Other notable Hindu religious sites and heritage locations includes the Gita Mandir,<ref name=Mathura1/> Govind Dev temple,<ref name=Mathura1/> [[ISKCON]] temple,<ref name=Prasad/> [[Kusum Sarovar]],<ref name=Mathura1>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Sonam |title=Mathura Temple – The Famous Temples of Mathura |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/religious-places/the-famous-temples-of-mathura/articleshow/68206149.cms |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref> [[Naam yog Sadhna Mandir]], Peepleshwar Mahadeo Temple<ref name="MathuraTT">{{Cite news|last1=Shah |first1=Arti|date= 18 May 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/mathura/travel-guide/exploring-5-ancient-temples-of-mathura/gs47615333.cms|title=Exploring 5 ancient temples of Mathura|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref>Lal, Kanwar(1961). ''Holy Cities of India'', Delhi : Asia Press, p.285.</ref> and Yum Yamuna Temple<ref name="MathuraTT"/> | ||
[[Kankali Tila]] brought forth many treasures of Jain art. The archaeological findings testify the existence of two Jain temples and stupas. Numerous Jain sculptures, [[Ayagapata]]s (tablet of homage),{{sfn|Das|1980|p=171}} pillars, crossbeams and lintels were found during archaeological excavations.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=16}} Some of the sculptures are provided with inscriptions that report on the contemporary society and organization of the Jain community. | [[Kankali Tila]] brought forth many treasures of Jain art. The archaeological findings testify the existence of two Jain temples and stupas. Numerous Jain sculptures, [[Ayagapata]]s (tablet of homage),{{sfn|Das|1980|p=171}} pillars, crossbeams and lintels were found during archaeological excavations.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=16}} Some of the sculptures are provided with inscriptions that report on the contemporary society and organization of the Jain community. | ||
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===Air=== | ===Air=== | ||
Currently the city has no airport. The nearest airports are the [[Agra Airport]] (about 60 km away) and the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]] (about 160 km away) with major national and international air routes.The under-construction [[Jewar Airport]] in [[Greater Noida]] is approximately 75 km from Mathura and is expected to be country's largest airport when fully operational. Land has been earmarked, and construction is in progress near the [[Yamuna Expressway]], with plans to open in the next five years with regular flights to major national and international air routes in future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/251278/international-airport-now-mathura.html|title=International airport now at Mathura|date=22 May 2012|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/international-airport-in-agra-akhilesh-yadav-mathura-up-government-tourism-sp-124872-2012-12-20|title=Akhilesh's plan of an international airport in Agra may not take off|date=20 December 2012|first=Piyush |last=Srivsatava|work=India Today|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite | Currently the city has no airport. The nearest airports are the [[Agra Airport]] (about 60 km away) and the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]] (about 160 km away) with major national and international air routes.The under-construction [[Jewar Airport]] in [[Greater Noida]] is approximately 75 km from Mathura and is expected to be country's largest airport when fully operational. Land has been earmarked, and construction is in progress near the [[Yamuna Expressway]], with plans to open in the next five years with regular flights to major national and international air routes in future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/251278/international-airport-now-mathura.html|title=International airport now at Mathura|date=22 May 2012|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/international-airport-in-agra-akhilesh-yadav-mathura-up-government-tourism-sp-124872-2012-12-20|title=Akhilesh's plan of an international airport in Agra may not take off|date=20 December 2012|first=Piyush |last=Srivsatava|work=India Today|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Centre-invites-proposal-from-UP-for-airport-near-Mathura/articleshow/14040763.cms|title=Centre invites proposal from UP for airport near Mathura – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 June 2012 |access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> | ||
In 2012, the then civil aviation minister [[Ajit Singh (Indian politician)|Ajit Singh]] suggested Mathura's name for the site of a new greenfield international airport to the then chief minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Akhilesh Yadav]]. Mathura's name came to note when a group of ministers terminated the plan of building [[Taj International Airport]] at Agra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajit Singh asks Akhilesh Yadav to send proposal for airport at Mathura |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/ajit-singh-asks-akhilesh-yadav-to-send-proposal-for-airport-at-mathura/articleshow/14024690.cms |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 June 2012}}</ref> | In 2012, the then civil aviation minister [[Ajit Singh (Indian politician)|Ajit Singh]] suggested Mathura's name for the site of a new greenfield international airport to the then chief minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Akhilesh Yadav]]. Mathura's name came to note when a group of ministers terminated the plan of building [[Taj International Airport]] at Agra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajit Singh asks Akhilesh Yadav to send proposal for airport at Mathura |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/ajit-singh-asks-akhilesh-yadav-to-send-proposal-for-airport-at-mathura/articleshow/14024690.cms |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 June 2012}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=census2011>{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Uttar Pradesh|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_UP.html|work=2011 Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> | <ref name=census2011>{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Uttar Pradesh|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_UP.html|work=2011 Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
===Sources=== | ===Sources=== | ||
* Mathura-The Cultural Heritage. Edited by Doris Meth Srinivasan, published in 1989 by AIIS/Manohar. | * Mathura-The Cultural Heritage. Edited by Doris Meth Srinivasan, published in 1989 by AIIS/Manohar. | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/ma/madhuraa.htm Entry on Mathura in the Dictionary on Pali Proper Names] | * [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/ma/madhuraa.htm Entry on Mathura in the Dictionary on Pali Proper Names] | ||
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[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]] | [[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]] | ||
[[Category:Locations in Hindu mythology]] | [[Category:Locations in Hindu mythology]] | ||
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]] | [[Category:Ancient Indian cities]] | ||
[[Category:Krishna temples]] | [[Category:Krishna temples]] | ||
[[Category:Hinduism]] | [[Category:Hinduism]] | ||
[[Category:Krishna]] | [[Category:Krishna]] | ||