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Rama: Difference between revisions
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| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Rāma}} | | Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Rāma}} | ||
| member_of = [[Dashavatara]] | | member_of = [[Dashavatara]] | ||
| god_of = {{hlist|The Ideal Man | | god_of = {{hlist|The Ideal Man<ref>{{Cite book|last=SATTAR|first=ARSHIA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmTgDwAAQBAJ&q=the+ideal+man+Rama&pg=PT13|title=Maryada: Searching for Dharma in the Ramayana|date=20 October 2020|publisher=[[HarperCollins|HarperCollins Publishers]], [[India]]|isbn=978-93-5357-713-1|language=en}}</ref> |Embodiment of [[Dharma]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Dharma Personified |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 August 2011|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/dharma-personified/article2328340.ece|access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>}} | ||
| affiliation = {{unbulleted list|Seventh [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]|[[Brahman]] ([[Vaishnavism]])|[[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]}} | | affiliation = {{unbulleted list|Seventh [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]|[[Brahman]] ([[Vaishnavism]])|[[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]}} | ||
| parents = {{unbulleted list|[[Dasharatha]] (father)|[[Kausalya|Kaushalya]] (mother)|[[Kaikeyi]] (step-mother)|[[Sumitra]] (step-mother)}} | | parents = {{unbulleted list|[[Dasharatha]] (father)|[[Kausalya|Kaushalya]] (mother)|[[Kaikeyi]] (step-mother)|[[Sumitra]] (step-mother)}} | ||
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| children = {{unbulleted list|[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] (son)|[[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] (son)}} | | children = {{unbulleted list|[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] (son)|[[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] (son)}} | ||
| dynasty = [[Raghuvaṃśa (dynasty)|Raghuvamsha]]-[[Solar Dynasty|Suryavamsha]] | | dynasty = [[Raghuvaṃśa (dynasty)|Raghuvamsha]]-[[Solar Dynasty|Suryavamsha]] | ||
| predecessor = [[Dasharatha | | predecessor = [[Dasharatha]] | ||
| gender = Male | | gender = Male | ||
| successor = [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] | | successor = [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] | ||
| mantra = ''[[Jai Shri Ram]]''<br>''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Rama]]'' | | mantra = ''[[Jai Shri Ram]]''<br>''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Rama]]'' | ||
| weapons = Dhanush(Bow) | |||
| army = [[Vanaras]], Ayodhyan Army | |||
}}{{Infobox royalty | }}{{Infobox royalty | ||
| name = [[Dashavatara]] Sequence | | name = [[Dashavatara]] Sequence | ||
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[[File:Ayodhya Nagri.jpg|thumb|300px|Gold carving depiction of the legendary [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] at the [[Ajmer Jain temple]]]] | [[File:Ayodhya Nagri.jpg|thumb|300px|Gold carving depiction of the legendary [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] at the [[Ajmer Jain temple]]]] | ||
The ancient epic ''Ramayana'' states in the ''Balakhanda'' that Rama and his brothers were born to Kaushalya and Dasharatha in [[Ayodhya]], a city on the banks of [[Sarayu|Sarayu River]].<ref name="Guruge1991p51"/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/ShrimadValmikiRamayan-SanskritTextWithHindiTranslation-DpSharma10/ShrimadValmikiRamayan-SktHindi-DpSharmaVol01-BalaKanda1927#page/n177/mode/2up ''Valmiki Ramayana''], ''Bala Kanda''</ref> The Jain versions of the ''Ramayana'', such as the ''Paumacariya'' (literally deeds of Padma) by Vimalasuri, also mention the details of the early life of Rama. The Jain texts are dated variously, but generally pre-500 CE, most likely sometime within the first five centuries of the common era.<ref name="cort313">{{cite book|author=Cort|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8|pages=313 note 9}}</ref> [[Moriz Winternitz]] states that the ''Valmiki Ramayana'' was already famous before it was recast in the Jain ''Paumacariya'' poem, dated to the second half of the 1st century CE, which pre-dates a similar retelling found in the ''Buddha-carita'' of Asvagosa, dated to the beginning of the 2nd century CE or prior.<ref>{{cite book|first=Moriz|last=Winternitz|author-link=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA491|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|isbn=81-208-0264-0|year=1981|pages=491–492}}</ref> | The ancient epic ''Ramayana'' states in the ''Balakhanda'' that Rama and his brothers were born to Kaushalya and Dasharatha in [[Ayodhya]], a city on the banks of [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu River]].<ref name="Guruge1991p51"/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/ShrimadValmikiRamayan-SanskritTextWithHindiTranslation-DpSharma10/ShrimadValmikiRamayan-SktHindi-DpSharmaVol01-BalaKanda1927#page/n177/mode/2up ''Valmiki Ramayana''], ''Bala Kanda''</ref> The Jain versions of the ''Ramayana'', such as the ''Paumacariya'' (literally deeds of Padma) by Vimalasuri, also mention the details of the early life of Rama. The Jain texts are dated variously, but generally pre-500 CE, most likely sometime within the first five centuries of the common era.<ref name="cort313">{{cite book|author=Cort|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8|pages=313 note 9}}</ref> [[Moriz Winternitz]] states that the ''Valmiki Ramayana'' was already famous before it was recast in the Jain ''Paumacariya'' poem, dated to the second half of the 1st century CE, which pre-dates a similar retelling found in the ''Buddha-carita'' of Asvagosa, dated to the beginning of the 2nd century CE or prior.<ref>{{cite book|first=Moriz|last=Winternitz|author-link=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA491|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|isbn=81-208-0264-0|year=1981|pages=491–492}}</ref> | ||
[[Dasharatha]] was the king of [[Kosala]], and a part of the [[solar dynasty]] of [[Iksvaku]]s. His mother's name [[Kausalya|Kaushalya]] literally implies that she was from Kosala. The kingdom of Kosala is also mentioned in [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jain literature|Jain texts]], as one of the sixteen ''[[Mahajanapadas|Maha janapadas]]'' of [[ancient India]], and as an important center of pilgrimage for Jains and Buddhists.<ref name="Guruge1991p51">{{cite book|author=A. W. P. Guruge |title=The Society of the Ramayana |url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116402264364 |url-access=registration |year=1991|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-265-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/trent_0116402264364/page/51 51]–54}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Cort|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8|pages=160–162, 196, 314 note 14, 318 notes 57–58}}, Quote (p. 314): "(...) Kosala was the kingdom centered on Ayodhya, in what is now east-central Uttar Pradesh."</ref> However, there is a scholarly dispute whether the modern Ayodhya is indeed the same as the Ayodhya and Kosala mentioned in the ''Ramayana'' and other ancient Indian texts.<ref name=veer157>{{cite book|author=Peter van der Veer|title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&pg=PA157|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08256-4|pages=157–162}}</ref>{{refn|group=lower-greek|Kosala is mentioned in many Buddhist texts and travel memoirs. The Buddha idol of Kosala is important in the Theravada Buddhism tradition, and one that is described by the 7th-century Chinese pilgrim Xuanzhang. He states in his memoir that the statue stands in the capital of Kosala then called Shravasti, midst ruins of a large monastery. He also states that he brought back to China two replicas of the Buddha, one of the Kosala icon of Udayana and another the Prasenajit icon of Prasenajit.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Cort|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8|pages=194–200, 318 notes 57–58}}</ref>}} | [[Dasharatha]] was the king of [[Kosala]], and a part of the [[solar dynasty]] of [[Iksvaku]]s. His mother's name [[Kausalya|Kaushalya]] literally implies that she was from Kosala. The kingdom of Kosala is also mentioned in [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jain literature|Jain texts]], as one of the sixteen ''[[Mahajanapadas|Maha janapadas]]'' of [[ancient India]], and as an important center of pilgrimage for Jains and Buddhists.<ref name="Guruge1991p51">{{cite book|author=A. W. P. Guruge |title=The Society of the Ramayana |url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116402264364 |url-access=registration |year=1991|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-265-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/trent_0116402264364/page/51 51]–54}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Cort|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8|pages=160–162, 196, 314 note 14, 318 notes 57–58}}, Quote (p. 314): "(...) Kosala was the kingdom centered on Ayodhya, in what is now east-central Uttar Pradesh."</ref> However, there is a scholarly dispute whether the modern Ayodhya is indeed the same as the Ayodhya and Kosala mentioned in the ''Ramayana'' and other ancient Indian texts.<ref name=veer157>{{cite book|author=Peter van der Veer|title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&pg=PA157|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08256-4|pages=157–162}}</ref>{{refn|group=lower-greek|Kosala is mentioned in many Buddhist texts and travel memoirs. The Buddha idol of Kosala is important in the Theravada Buddhism tradition, and one that is described by the 7th-century Chinese pilgrim Xuanzhang. He states in his memoir that the statue stands in the capital of Kosala then called Shravasti, midst ruins of a large monastery. He also states that he brought back to China two replicas of the Buddha, one of the Kosala icon of Udayana and another the Prasenajit icon of Prasenajit.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Cort|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8|pages=194–200, 318 notes 57–58}}</ref>}} | ||
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[[File:Lord Rama Raj Tilak Ramayana.jpg|thumb|200px|Rama Raj Tilak from Ramayana]] | [[File:Lord Rama Raj Tilak Ramayana.jpg|thumb|200px|Rama Raj Tilak from Ramayana]] | ||
The return of Rama to Ayodhya was celebrated with his coronation. It is called ''Rama pattabhisheka'', and his rule itself as ''Rama rajya'' described to be a just and fair rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ramashraya Sharma|title=A Socio-political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Vo0OJtO6DQC&pg=PA2 |year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0078-6|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gregory Claeys|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&pg=PA240 |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-82842-0|pages=240–241}}</ref> It is believed by many that when Rama returned people celebrated their happiness with ''[[Diya (lamp)|diyas]]'' (lamps), and the festival of [[Diwali]] is connected with Rama's return.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnuAAAAIAAJ|title=Self-realization Magazine|date=1971|publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship|pages=[https://books.google. | The return of Rama to Ayodhya was celebrated with his coronation. It is called ''Rama pattabhisheka'', and his rule itself as ''Rama rajya'' described to be a just and fair rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ramashraya Sharma|title=A Socio-political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Vo0OJtO6DQC&pg=PA2 |year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0078-6|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gregory Claeys|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&pg=PA240 |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-82842-0|pages=240–241}}</ref> It is believed by many that when Rama returned people celebrated their happiness with ''[[Diya (lamp)|diyas]]'' (lamps), and the festival of [[Diwali]] is connected with Rama's return.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnuAAAAIAAJ|title=Self-realization Magazine|date=1971|publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnuAAAAIAAJ&q=is+diwali+connected+to+lord+rama+returned 50]|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Upon Rama's accession as king, rumors emerge that Sita may have gone willingly when she was with Ravana; Sita protests that her capture was forced. Rama responds to public gossip by renouncing his wife and asking her to undergo a test before ''Agni'' (fire). She does and passes the test. Rama and Sita live happily together in Ayodhya, have twin sons named Luv and Kush, in the ''Ramayana'' and other major texts.<ref name=hindery99/> However, in some revisions, the story is different and tragic, with Sita dying of sorrow for her husband not trusting her, making Sita a moral heroine and leaving the reader with moral questions about Rama.{{Sfn|Hindery|1978|p=100}}<ref name = "Hess2001"/> In these revisions, the death of Sita leads Rama to drown himself. Through death, he joins her in afterlife.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frye|first=Northrope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV-zCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|title=Northrop Frye's Uncollected Prose|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4426-4972-9|location=[[Toronto]], [[Canada]]|page=191}}</ref> Depiction of Rama dying by drowning himself and then emerging in the sky as a six-armed incarnate of the lord [[Vishnu]] is found in the Burmese version of Rama's life story called ''Thiri Rama''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rooney|first=Dawn F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiCEDgAAQBAJ|title=The Thiri Rama: Finding Ramayana in Myanmar|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-315-31395-5|page=49-51}}</ref> | Upon Rama's accession as king, rumors emerge that Sita may have gone willingly when she was with Ravana; Sita protests that her capture was forced. Rama responds to public gossip by renouncing his wife and asking her to undergo a test before ''Agni'' (fire). She does and passes the test. Rama and Sita live happily together in Ayodhya, have twin sons named Luv and Kush, in the ''Ramayana'' and other major texts.<ref name=hindery99/> However, in some revisions, the story is different and tragic, with Sita dying of sorrow for her husband not trusting her, making Sita a moral heroine and leaving the reader with moral questions about Rama.{{Sfn|Hindery|1978|p=100}}<ref name = "Hess2001"/> In these revisions, the death of Sita leads Rama to drown himself. Through death, he joins her in afterlife.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frye|first=Northrope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV-zCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|title=Northrop Frye's Uncollected Prose|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4426-4972-9|location=[[Toronto]], [[Canada]]|page=191}}</ref> Depiction of Rama dying by drowning himself and then emerging in the sky as a six-armed incarnate of the lord [[Vishnu]] is found in the Burmese version of Rama's life story called ''Thiri Rama''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rooney|first=Dawn F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiCEDgAAQBAJ|title=The Thiri Rama: Finding Ramayana in Myanmar|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-315-31395-5|page=49-51}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:A relief summary of Ramayana at Hindu temple cave 16 Ellora India.jpg|thumb|left|The Rama story is carved into stone as an 8th-century relief artwork in the largest Shiva temple of the [[Ellora Caves]], suggesting its importance to the Indian society by then.<ref name=vatsyayan335>{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|editor=Mandakranta Bose|title=The Ramayana Revisited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ar2Qfr-UeQC&pg=PA339 |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516832-7|pages=335–339}}</ref>]] | [[File:A relief summary of Ramayana at Hindu temple cave 16 Ellora India.jpg|thumb|left|The Rama story is carved into stone as an 8th-century relief artwork in the largest Shiva temple of the [[Ellora Caves]], suggesting its importance to the Indian society by then.<ref name=vatsyayan335>{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|editor=Mandakranta Bose|title=The Ramayana Revisited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ar2Qfr-UeQC&pg=PA339 |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516832-7|pages=335–339}}</ref>]] | ||
In some Hindu texts, Rama is stated to have lived in the ''[[Treta Yuga]]''{{Sfn|Menon|2008|pp=10-11}} that their authors estimate existed before about 5,000 BCE. A few other researchers place Rama to have more plausibly lived around 1250 BCE,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/was-ram-born-in-ayodhya/articleshow/77380259.cms|title=Was Ram born in Ayodhya|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|website=mumbaimirror| date=8 August 2020}}</ref> based on regnal lists of Kuru and Vrishni leaders which if given more realistic reign lengths would place Bharat and Satwata, contemporaries of Rama, around that period. Archaeologist [[Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia|H. S. Sankalia]], who specialised in Proto- and Ancient Indian history, find such figures to be "pure speculation" and dates various incidents of | In some Hindu texts, Rama is stated to have lived in the ''[[Treta Yuga]]''{{Sfn|Menon|2008|pp=10-11}} that their authors estimate existed before about 5,000 BCE. A few other researchers place Rama to have more plausibly lived around 1250 BCE,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/was-ram-born-in-ayodhya/articleshow/77380259.cms|title=Was Ram born in Ayodhya|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|website=mumbaimirror| date=8 August 2020}}</ref> based on regnal lists of Kuru and Vrishni leaders which if given more realistic reign lengths would place Bharat and Satwata, contemporaries of Rama, around that period. Archaeologist [[Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia|H. S. Sankalia]], who specialised in Proto- and Ancient Indian history, find such figures to be "pure speculation" and dates various incidents of the Ramayana to have taken place as early as 1,500 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhirajlal Sankalia|first=Hasmukhlal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgVkAAAAMAAJ|title=The Ramayana in historical perspective|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=1982|isbn=9-780-333-90390-2|location=[[India]] (branch)|pages=4–5, 51|author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Aspects of Indian History and Archaeology|page=205|author=Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia|year=1977|publisher=B. R. Publishing Corporation}}</ref> | ||
The composition of Rama's epic story, the ''[[Ramayana]]'', in its current form is usually dated between 7th and 4th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|date=2001a|publisher=Swarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-226-3|language=en|author-link=Swami Prameyananda}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift|first=Truman |last=Simanjuntak |page=361|year =2006}}</ref> According to John Brockington, a professor of Sanskrit at Oxford known for his publications on the ''Ramayana'', the original text was likely composed and transmitted orally in more ancient times, and modern scholars have suggested various centuries in the 1st millennium BCE. In Brockington's view, "based on the language, style and content of the work, a date of roughly the fifth century BCE is the most reasonable estimate".<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Brockington|author2=Mary Brockington|title=The Other Ramayana Women: Regional Rejection and Response |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgQzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-39063-3|pages=3–6}}</ref> | The composition of Rama's epic story, the ''[[Ramayana]]'', in its current form is usually dated between 7th and 4th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|date=2001a|publisher=Swarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-226-3|language=en|author-link=Swami Prameyananda}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift|first=Truman |last=Simanjuntak |page=361|year =2006}}</ref> According to John Brockington, a professor of Sanskrit at Oxford known for his publications on the ''Ramayana'', the original text was likely composed and transmitted orally in more ancient times, and modern scholars have suggested various centuries in the 1st millennium BCE. In Brockington's view, "based on the language, style and content of the work, a date of roughly the fifth century BCE is the most reasonable estimate".<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Brockington|author2=Mary Brockington|title=The Other Ramayana Women: Regional Rejection and Response |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgQzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-39063-3|pages=3–6}}</ref> | ||
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*''Ramavataram or Kamba-Ramayanam'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by the poet [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]]. (12th century) | *''Ramavataram or Kamba-Ramayanam'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by the poet [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]]. (12th century) | ||
*[[Saptakanda Ramayana]] in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] by poet [[Madhava Kandali]]. (14th century) | *[[Saptakanda Ramayana]] in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] by poet [[Madhava Kandali]]. (14th century) | ||
*''[[Krittivasi Ramayan]]'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by poet [[Krittibas Ojha]]. (15th century) | *''[[Krittivasi Ramayan|Krittivasi Ramayana]]'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by poet [[Krittibas Ojha]]. (15th century) | ||
*''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' in [[Hindi]] by sant [[Tulsidas]]. (16th-century) | *''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' in [[Hindi]] by sant [[Tulsidas]]. (16th-century) | ||
*''Pampa Ramayana'', ''Torave Ramayana'' by Kumara Valmiki and ''[[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]]'' by [[Kuvempu]] in [[Kannada]]; | *''Pampa Ramayana'', ''Torave Ramayana'' by Kumara Valmiki and ''[[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]]'' by [[Kuvempu]] in [[Kannada]]; | ||
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The ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' text consists of six books. The first book presents Rama's frustration with the nature of life, human suffering and disdain for the world. The second describes, through the character of Rama, the desire for liberation and the nature of those who seek such liberation. The third and fourth books assert that liberation comes through a spiritual life, one that requires self-effort, and present cosmology and metaphysical theories of existence embedded in stories.<ref name="Chapple1984-xii"/> These two books are known for emphasising free will and human creative power.<ref name="Chapple1984-xii"/><ref>Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-04779-1}}, pages 252–253</ref> The fifth book discusses meditation and its powers in liberating the individual, while the last book describes the state of an enlightened and blissful Rama.<ref name="Chapple1984-xii">{{Harvnb|Chapple|1984|pp=xi–xii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valmiki |title=The Concise Yoga Vāsiṣṭha |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-87395-955-8 |location=Albany |translator-last=Venkatesananda |translator-first=S}}</ref> | The ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' text consists of six books. The first book presents Rama's frustration with the nature of life, human suffering and disdain for the world. The second describes, through the character of Rama, the desire for liberation and the nature of those who seek such liberation. The third and fourth books assert that liberation comes through a spiritual life, one that requires self-effort, and present cosmology and metaphysical theories of existence embedded in stories.<ref name="Chapple1984-xii"/> These two books are known for emphasising free will and human creative power.<ref name="Chapple1984-xii"/><ref>Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-04779-1}}, pages 252–253</ref> The fifth book discusses meditation and its powers in liberating the individual, while the last book describes the state of an enlightened and blissful Rama.<ref name="Chapple1984-xii">{{Harvnb|Chapple|1984|pp=xi–xii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valmiki |title=The Concise Yoga Vāsiṣṭha |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-87395-955-8 |location=Albany |translator-last=Venkatesananda |translator-first=S}}</ref> | ||
''Yoga Vasistha'' is considered one of the most important texts of the [[Vedantic]] philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tigunait|first=Rajmani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gukW2iojhrQC&q=The+Himalayan+Masters:+A+Living+Tradition|title=The Himalayan Masters: A Living Tradition|date=2002|publisher=[[Himalayan University|Himalayan Institute Press]]|isbn=978-0-89389-227-2|location=[[Itanagar]]|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gukW2iojhrQC | ''Yoga Vasistha'' is considered one of the most important texts of the [[Vedantic]] philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tigunait|first=Rajmani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gukW2iojhrQC&q=The+Himalayan+Masters:+A+Living+Tradition|title=The Himalayan Masters: A Living Tradition|date=2002|publisher=[[Himalayan University|Himalayan Institute Press]]|isbn=978-0-89389-227-2|location=[[Itanagar]]|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gukW2iojhrQC&dq=The+Himalayan+Masters:+A+Living+Tradition&pg=PA33 33]|language=en}}</ref> The text, states David Gordon White, served as a reference on [[Yoga]] for medieval era Advaita Vedanta scholars.<ref name="whiteysxvi">{{cite book|last=White|first=David Gordon|title=The "Yoga Sutra of Patanjali": A Biography|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-691-14377-4|pages=xvi–xvii, 51}}</ref> The Yoga Vasistha, according to White, was one of the popular texts on Yoga that dominated the Indian Yoga culture scene before the 12th century.<ref name=whiteysxvi/> | ||
===Other texts=== | ===Other texts=== | ||
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The day is marked by recital of Rama legends in temples, or reading of Rama stories at home. Some Vaishnava Hindus visit a temple, others pray within their home, and some participate in a [[bhajan]] or [[kirtan]] with music as a part of [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] and [[aarti]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104195645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-02/mysore/28056195_1_ramanavami-music-festival-temples-devotees Ramnavami]</ref> The community organises charitable events and volunteer meals. The festival is an occasion for moral reflection for many Hindus.<ref name=bbc/><ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=President and PM greet people as India observes Ram Navami today|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/president-and-pm-greet-people-as-india-observes-ram-navami-today/|work=IANS|date=8 April 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> Some mark this day by [[vrata]] (fasting) or a visit to a river for a dip.<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/|access-date=7 March 2021|website=[[Govt. of India]]}}</ref><ref name="dna8apr2014">{{Cite web|last=John|first=Josephine|date=8 April 2014|title=Hindus around the world celebrate Ram Navami today|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hindus-around-the-world-celebrate-ram-navami-today-1976344|access-date=7 March 2021|website=[[Zee News|DNA India]]|language=en}}</ref> | The day is marked by recital of Rama legends in temples, or reading of Rama stories at home. Some Vaishnava Hindus visit a temple, others pray within their home, and some participate in a [[bhajan]] or [[kirtan]] with music as a part of [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] and [[aarti]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104195645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-02/mysore/28056195_1_ramanavami-music-festival-temples-devotees Ramnavami]</ref> The community organises charitable events and volunteer meals. The festival is an occasion for moral reflection for many Hindus.<ref name=bbc/><ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=President and PM greet people as India observes Ram Navami today|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/president-and-pm-greet-people-as-india-observes-ram-navami-today/|work=IANS|date=8 April 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> Some mark this day by [[vrata]] (fasting) or a visit to a river for a dip.<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/|access-date=7 March 2021|website=[[Govt. of India]]}}</ref><ref name="dna8apr2014">{{Cite web|last=John|first=Josephine|date=8 April 2014|title=Hindus around the world celebrate Ram Navami today|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hindus-around-the-world-celebrate-ram-navami-today-1976344|access-date=7 March 2021|website=[[Zee News|DNA India]]|language=en}}</ref> | ||
The important celebrations on this day take place at [[Ayodhya]], [[Sitamarhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitamarhi {{!}} India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sitamarhi|access-date=8 March 2021|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en|quote=A large Ramanavami fair, celebrating the birth of Lord Rama, is held in spring with considerable trade in pottery, spices, brass ware, and cotton cloth. A cattle fair held in Sitamarhi is the largest in Bihar state. The town is sacred as the birthplace of the goddess Sita (also called Janaki), the wife of Rama.}}</ref> [[Janakpurdham]] ([[Nepal]]), [[Bhadrachalam]], [[Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta]] and [[Rameswaram]]. Rathayatras, the chariot processions, also known as ''Shobha yatras'' of Rama, Sita, his brother [[Lakshmana]] and [[Hanuman]], are taken out at several places.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|title=BBC – Religions – Hinduism: Rama Navami|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/holydays/rama.shtml|access-date=7 March 2021|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest News, India News, Breaking News, Today's News Headlines Online|url=https://indianexpress.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407015100/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990325/ige25105.html|archive-date=7 April 2009|access-date=8 March 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=City News, Indian City Headlines, Latest City News, Metro City News|url=https://indianexpress.com/section/cities/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407143929/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47910|archive-date=7 April 2009|access-date=8 March 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> In Ayodhya, many take a dip in the sacred river [[Sarayu]] and then visit the Rama temple.<ref name="dna8apr2014"/> | The important celebrations on this day take place at [[Ayodhya]], [[Sitamarhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitamarhi {{!}} India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sitamarhi|access-date=8 March 2021|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en|quote=A large Ramanavami fair, celebrating the birth of Lord Rama, is held in spring with considerable trade in pottery, spices, brass ware, and cotton cloth. A cattle fair held in Sitamarhi is the largest in Bihar state. The town is sacred as the birthplace of the goddess Sita (also called Janaki), the wife of Rama.}}</ref> [[Janakpurdham]] ([[Nepal]]), [[Bhadrachalam]], [[Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta]] and [[Rameswaram]]. Rathayatras, the chariot processions, also known as ''Shobha yatras'' of Rama, Sita, his brother [[Lakshmana]] and [[Hanuman]], are taken out at several places.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|title=BBC – Religions – Hinduism: Rama Navami|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/holydays/rama.shtml|access-date=7 March 2021|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest News, India News, Breaking News, Today's News Headlines Online|url=https://indianexpress.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407015100/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990325/ige25105.html|archive-date=7 April 2009|access-date=8 March 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=City News, Indian City Headlines, Latest City News, Metro City News|url=https://indianexpress.com/section/cities/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407143929/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47910|archive-date=7 April 2009|access-date=8 March 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> In Ayodhya, many take a dip in the sacred river [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]] and then visit the Rama temple.<ref name="dna8apr2014"/> | ||
Rama Navami day also marks the end of the nine-day spring festival celebrated in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh called [[Vasanthotsavam|''Vasanthothsavam'']] (Festival of Spring), that starts with [[Ugadi]]. Some highlights of this day are ''Kalyanam'' (ceremonial wedding performed by temple priests) at [[Bhadrachalam]] on the banks of the river [[Godavari]] in [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]] district of [[Telangana]], preparing and sharing ''Panakam'' which is a sweet drink prepared with jaggery and pepper, a procession and Rama temple decorations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Satpathy|first=Kriti Saraswat|date=14 April 2016|title=Did you know these rituals of Ram Navami celebration in Karnataka?|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/did-you-know-these-rituals-of-ram-navami-celebration-in-karnataka-3234872/|access-date=6 March 2021|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> | Rama Navami day also marks the end of the nine-day spring festival celebrated in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh called [[Vasanthotsavam|''Vasanthothsavam'']] (Festival of Spring), that starts with [[Ugadi]]. Some highlights of this day are ''Kalyanam'' (ceremonial wedding performed by temple priests) at [[Bhadrachalam]] on the banks of the river [[Godavari]] in [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]] district of [[Telangana]], preparing and sharing ''Panakam'' which is a sweet drink prepared with jaggery and pepper, a procession and Rama temple decorations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Satpathy|first=Kriti Saraswat|date=14 April 2016|title=Did you know these rituals of Ram Navami celebration in Karnataka?|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/did-you-know-these-rituals-of-ram-navami-celebration-in-karnataka-3234872/|access-date=6 March 2021|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> | ||
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===Temples=== | ===Temples=== | ||
{{Main|Category:Rama temples|l1 = List of Rama temples}} | {{Main|Category:Rama temples|l1 = List of Rama temples}} | ||
Temples dedicated to Rama are found all over India and in places where Indian migrant communities have resided. In most temples, the iconography of Rama is accompanied by that of his wife [[Sita]] and brother [[Lakshmana]].{{Sfn|Gupta|1991|p=[https:// | Temples dedicated to Rama are found all over India and in places where Indian migrant communities have resided. In most temples, the iconography of Rama is accompanied by that of his wife [[Sita]] and brother [[Lakshmana]].{{Sfn|Gupta|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XQjgAAAAMAAJ&q=why+Rama+always+drawn+with+sita+and+lakshman 36]}} In some instances, [[Hanuman]] is also included either near them or in the temple premises.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhat|first=Rama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMgclIr9aeEC&q=why+Rama+always+drawn+with+sita+and+lakshman&pg=PA79|title=The Divine Anjaneya: Story of Hanuman|date=2006i|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-41262-4|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMgclIr9aeEC&dq=why+Rama+always+drawn+with+sita+and+lakshman&pg=PA79 79]|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Hindu temples dedicated to Rama were built by early 5th century, according to copper plate inscription evidence, but these have not survived. The oldest surviving Rama temple is near [[Raipur]] (Chhattisgarh), called the Rajiva-locana temple at [[Rajim]] near the [[Mahanadi]] river. It is in a temple complex dedicated to Vishnu and dates back to the 7th-century with some restoration work done around 1145 CE based on epigraphical evidence.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. L. Brockington|title=The Sanskrit Epics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C |year=1998| publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10260-4|pages=471–472}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Meister | first=Michael W. | title=Prasada as Palace: Kutina Origins of the Nagara Temple | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=49 | issue=3/4 | year=1988 | pages=254–280 (Figure 21) | doi=10.2307/3250039 | jstor=3250039 }}</ref> The temple remains important to Rama devotees in the contemporary times, with devotees and monks gathering there on dates such as [[Rama Navami]].<ref name="Harle1994p207">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/148 148]–149, 207–208}}</ref> | Hindu temples dedicated to Rama were built by early 5th century, according to copper plate inscription evidence, but these have not survived. The oldest surviving Rama temple is near [[Raipur]] (Chhattisgarh), called the Rajiva-locana temple at [[Rajim]] near the [[Mahanadi]] river. It is in a temple complex dedicated to Vishnu and dates back to the 7th-century with some restoration work done around 1145 CE based on epigraphical evidence.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. L. Brockington|title=The Sanskrit Epics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C |year=1998| publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10260-4|pages=471–472}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Meister | first=Michael W. | title=Prasada as Palace: Kutina Origins of the Nagara Temple | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=49 | issue=3/4 | year=1988 | pages=254–280 (Figure 21) | doi=10.2307/3250039 | jstor=3250039 }}</ref> The temple remains important to Rama devotees in the contemporary times, with devotees and monks gathering there on dates such as [[Rama Navami]].<ref name="Harle1994p207">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/148 148]–149, 207–208}}</ref> | ||
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[[Category:Rama| ]] | [[Category:Rama| ]] | ||
[[Category:Ancient Indian culture]] | [[Category:Ancient Indian culture]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Indian monarchs]] | ||
[[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]] | [[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]] | ||
[[Category:Ayyavazhi mythology]] | [[Category:Ayyavazhi mythology]] | ||