Pervez Musharraf: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|President of Pakistan from 2001 to 2022}}

{{Use British English|date=October 2022}}

| birth_place        = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small| (Now, [[India]])}}

[[General (Pakistan)|General]] '''Pervez Musharraf''' {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Tamgha-e-Basalat|TBt]]}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|پرویز مشرف}}|Parvez Muśharraf}}; born 11 August 1943) is a former Pakistani politician and [[General (Pakistan)|four-star general]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] who became the tenth [[president of Pakistan]] after the successful [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military takeover of the federal government]] in 1999. He also served as the 10th [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] from 1998 to 2001 and the 7th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] from 1998 to 2007.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Ahmed |title=Pakistan in the Brink |date=2012 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=9781846145858 |pages=6, 21, 31, 35-38, 42, 52, 147, 165, 172, 185, 199, 205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jang.com.pk/roman/news/6112-Syed-Pervez-Musharrafkon-hain|title=Syed Pervez Musharraf kon hain ? &#124; Daily Jang|website=jang.com.pk|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826114748/https://jang.com.pk/roman/news/6112-Syed-Pervez-Musharrafkon-hain|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC Pakistan, 2008">{{cite news|last1=Dummett|first1=Mark|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|access-date=5 January 2015|work=Work and report completed by BBC correspondent for Pakistan Mark Dummett|agency=BBC Pakistan|publisher=BBC Pakistan, 2008|date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929222334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|archive-date=29 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

Musharraf pushed for [[social liberalism]] under his [[Enlightened moderation|enlightened moderation program]] and promoted [[Economic liberalisation in Pakistan|economic liberalisation]], while he also banned [[trade union]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/939190/labour-leaders-urge-musharraf-to-quit|title=Labour leaders urge Musharraf to quit|date=10 March 2008|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001402/http://www.dawn.com/news/939190/labour-leaders-urge-musharraf-to-quit|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Musharraf's presidency coincided with a rise of overall [[GDP|gross domestic product]] by around 50%; in the same period, domestic savings declined, and [[economic inequality]] rose at a rapid rate. Musharraf's government has also been accused of human rights abuses,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/271347/the-economy-under-pervez-musharraf|title=The economy under Pervez Musharraf|date=17 October 2007|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925020133/http://www.dawn.com/news/271347/the-economy-under-pervez-musharraf|archive-date=25 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/20584/the-myth-of-musharrafs-economic-boom-needs-to-die/|title=The myth of Musharraf's 'economic boom' needs to die|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218101243/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/20584/the-myth-of-musharrafs-economic-boom-needs-to-die/|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/23/pakistan-hold-musharraf-accountable-abuses|title=Pakistan: Hold Musharraf Accountable for Abuses|date=23 March 2013|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021020143/https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/23/pakistan-hold-musharraf-accountable-abuses|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and he survived a number of assassination attempts during his presidency. When Aziz departed as prime minister, and after approving the [[Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|suspension]] of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|judicature]] in 2007, Musharraf's position weakened dramatically.<ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" /> Tendering his resignation to avoid impeachment in 2008, Musharraf emigrated to [[London]] in a self-imposed exile.<ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" /> His legacy as leader is mixed; he saw the emergence of a more assertive middle class, but an open disregard for civilian institutions greatly weakened democracy in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html|title=Musharraf Wins Vote, but Court Will Have Final Say|last=Gall|first=Carlotta|date=6 October 2007|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035349/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Musharraf returned to Pakistan in 2013 to participate in that year's [[2013 Pakistani general election|general election]], but was disqualified from participating after the country's [[Court system of Pakistan|high courts]] issued [[arrest warrant]]s for him and Aziz for their alleged involvement in the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto|assassinations]] of [[Nawab Akbar Bugti]] and [[Benazir Bhutto]].<ref name="3news.co.nz">{{Cite news|title=Musharraf disqualified from Pakistan election|date=17 April 2013|newspaper=3 News|location=New Zealand|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Musharraf-disqualified-from-Pakistan-election/tabid/417/articleID/294580/Default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417043912/http://www.3news.co.nz/Musharraf-disqualified-from-Pakistan-election/tabid/417/articleID/294580/Default.aspx|archive-date=17 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> Upon [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif's]] re-election in 2013, he initiated [[high treason]] charges against Musharraf for implementing emergency rule and suspending the constitution in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Pakistan's former ruler Musharraf was sentenced to death, and what it means|author=Madiha Afzal|date=19 December 2019|work=Order From Chaos: Foreign Policy in a Troubled World|publisher=Brookings Institution|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/12/19/why-pakistans-former-ruler-musharraf-was-sentenced-to-death-and-what-it-means/|quote=Sharif had signaled his intent to bring high treason charges against Musharraf in June 2013, right after he came into power...and in 2013, Sharif's government brought charges of high treason against him for imposing the 2007 emergency.}}</ref> The case against Musharraf continued after Sharif's removal from office in 2017, the same year in which Musharraf was declared an "absconder" in the Bhutto assassination case by virtue of moving to [[Dubai]].<ref name="absconder">{{cite news|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-assassination-case-verdict-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-4822298/|title= Benazir Bhutto assassination case: Two senior cops sentenced to 17 years in jail, five acquitted; Pervez Musharraf declared absconder|newspaper= [[The Indian Express]]|date= 31 August 2017|access-date= 1 September 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203614/http://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-assassination-case-verdict-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-4822298/|archive-date= 1 September 2017|url-status= live}}</ref> In 2019, Musharraf was [[capital punishment|sentenced to death]] [[Trial in absentia|in absentia]] for the treason charges,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-court-sentences-pervez-musharraf-to-death-for-treason/articleshow/72825753.cms?from=mdr|title=Pakistan court sentences Pervez Musharraf to death for treason|date=17 December 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219014152/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-court-sentences-pervez-musharraf-to-death-for-treason/articleshow/72825753.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=19 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharraf-sentenced-to-death-in-high-treason-case-news-agency-ani-quoting-pakistan-media-2150081|title=Pervez Musharraf Sentenced To Death In High Treason Case: Pak Media|website=NDTV.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075607/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharraf-sentenced-to-death-in-high-treason-case-news-agency-ani-quoting-pakistan-media-2150081|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-fugitive-leader-profile-191204104433416.html|title=Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan's fugitive ex-leader: Profile|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075608/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-fugitive-leader-profile-191204104433416.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> although the death sentence was later annulled by the Lahore High Court.<ref name="High Court annuls">{{cite news |title=Lahore High Court annuls Musharraf's death sentence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/lahore-high-court-annuls-musharrafs-death-sentence/article30557948.ece |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=13 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Musharraf's family moved to [[Ankara, Turkey|Ankara]] in 1949, when his father became part of a diplomatic deputation from Pakistan to Turkey.<ref name="ajamidog" /><ref name="CNNprofile">{{cite news |title=Pakistan's Self-appointed Democratic Leader |publisher=CNN |date=4 May 2003 |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-10/world/musharraf.biog_1_sehba-musharraf-chief-of-army-staff-indo-pakistan-war?_s=PM:asiapcf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403225221/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-10/world/musharraf.biog_1_sehba-musharraf-chief-of-army-staff-indo-pakistan-war?_s=PM%3Aasiapcf |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He learned to speak [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref name="worth">Worth, Richard. "Time of Trials". Pervez Musharraf. New York: Chelsea House, 2007. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IVBtrZrxuDcC&pg=PA32 pp. 32–39] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVBtrZrxuDcC&pg=PA32 |date=1 January 2022}} {{ISBN|1438104723}}</ref><ref name="chitkara">Chitkara, M. G. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr5IoddTKb8C&pg=PA135 Pervez Bonaparte Musharraf] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr5IoddTKb8C&pg=PA135 |date=1 January 2022}}". Indo-Pak Relations: Challenges before New Millennium. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub., 2001. pp. 135–36 {{ISBN|8176482722}}</ref> He had a dog named Whiskey that gave him a "lifelong love for dogs".<ref name="ajamidog" /> He played sports in his youth.<ref name="duggerbio" /><ref name="factbox1" /> In 1956, he left Turkey<ref name="ajamidog" /><ref name="CNNprofile" /> and returned to Pakistan in 1957<ref name="worth"/> where he attended [[Saint Patrick's High School, Karachi|Saint Patrick's School]] in Karachi and was accepted at the [[Forman Christian College University]] in Lahore.<ref name="ajamidog" /><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/06/20/musharraf.biog/ "General Pervez Musharraf, President and Chief Executive of Pakistan"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022153101/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/06/20/musharraf.biog/ |date=22 October 2022}}. CNN (28 June 2001).</ref><ref>Adil, Adnan. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3850039.stm "Profile: Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112123005/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3850039.stm |date=12 November 2022}}. BBC News (29 June 2004).</ref> At Forman, Musharraf chose [[mathematics]] as a major in which he excelled academically, but later developed an interest in [[economics]].<ref>Musharraf Regime and Governance Crises. United States: Nova Science Publishers. p. 275. {{ISBN|1-59033-135-4}}. Retrieved 6 June 2012</ref>

In 1961, at the age of 18,<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Musharraf entered the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] at [[Kakul]].<ref name="factbox1">[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistani-politics-musharraf-idUKMOL84968820080818 "FACTBOX – Facts about Pakistani Leader Pervez Musharraf"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018080905/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/08/18/uk-pakistani-politics-musharraf-idUKMOL84968820080818 |date=18 October 2022}}. Reuters (18 August 2008).</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A on What's Happening in Pakistan |date=5 November 2007 |publisher=MSNBC |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21641531/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/qa-whats-happening-pakistan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224043021/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21641531/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/qa-whats-happening-pakistan/|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> During his college years at PMA and initial joint military testings, Musharraf shared a [[Dormitory|room]] with [[Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi|PQ Mehdi]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] and [[Abdul Aziz Mirza]] of the [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] (both reached four-star assignments and served with Musharraf later on) and after giving the exams and entrance interviews, all three cadets went to watch a world-acclaimed Urdu film, ''[[The Day Shall Dawn|Savera]]'' (lit. ''Dawn''), with his inter-services and college friends, Musharraf recalls, ''[[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|In the Line of Fire]]'', published in 2006.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)">{{cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|location=Pakistan|isbn=074-3283449|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush/page/40 40]–60|url=https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush|url-access=registration|edition=1|access-date=17 May 2012|date=25 September 2022}}</ref> With his friends, Musharraf passed the standardise, physical, psychological, and officer-training exams, he also took discussions involving the [[socioeconomics]] issues; all three were interviewed by joint military officers who were designated as Commandants.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> The next day, Musharraf along with PQ Mehdi and Mirza, reported to PMA and they were selected for their respective training in their arms of commission.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/>

Finally, in 1964, Musharraf graduated with a [[Bachelor's degree]] in his class of 29th PMA Long Course together with [[Ali Kuli Khan]] and his lifelong friend Abdul Aziz Mirza.<ref name="nytsoldier"/> He was commissioned in the [[Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery|artillery regiment]] as second lieutenant and posted near the [[India-Pakistan Border|Indo-Pakistan]] border.<ref name="nytsoldier">Crossette, Barbara. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/13/world/coup-pakistan-man-soldier-s-soldier-not-political-general-pervez-musharraf.html "Coup in Pakistan – Man in the News; A Soldier's Soldier, Not a Political General"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728104340/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/13/world/coup-pakistan-man-soldier-s-soldier-not-political-general-pervez-musharraf.html |date=28 July 2022}}. ''The New York Times'' (13 October 1999).</ref><ref name="straits"/> During this time in the artillery regiment, Musharraf maintained his close friendship and contact with Mirza through letters and telephones even in difficult times when Mirza, after joining the [[Special Service Group Navy|Navy Special Service Group]], was stationed in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] as a [[military advisor]] to [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)|Eastern Corps]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/>

His first battlefield experience was with an artillery regiment during the intense fighting for the [[Khemkaran]] sector in the [[Second Kashmir War]].<ref>Schmetzer, Uli. [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-10-13/news/9910130142_1_indo-pakistan-special-services-group-gen-pervaiz-musharraf "Coup Leader Is Hawkish Toward India"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125184228/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-10-13/news/9910130142_1_indo-pakistan-special-services-group-gen-pervaiz-musharraf |date=25 January 2022}}. ''Chicago Tribune''. Battle of Asal Uttar (13 October 1999).</ref> He also participated in the Lahore and [[Sialkot]] war zones during the conflict.<ref name="chitkara"/> During the war, Musharraf developed a reputation for sticking to his post under shellfire.<ref name="bbcfour"/> He received the [[Imtiazi Sanad]] medal for gallantry.<ref name="CNNprofile" /><ref name="factbox1" />

Musharraf was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] in 1974;<ref name="worth" /> and to [[colonel]] in 1978.<ref name="harmon">Harmon, Daniel E. "A Nation Under Military Rule". Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan. New York: Rosen Pub., 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lgJ03ubVAN0C&pg=PA45 pp. 44–47] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=lgJ03ubVAN0C&pg=PA45 |date=1 January 2022}} {{ISBN|1404219056}}</ref> As [[staff officer]] in the 1980s, he studied [[political science]] at the [[National Defense University, Islamabad|National Defense University]] (NDU), and then briefly tenured as [[assistant professor]] of [[war studies]] at the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] and then assistant professor of political science also at NDU.<ref name="nytsoldier" /><ref name="straits">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4k1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3934,108921&dq=musharraf+command+and+staff+college+quetta&hl=en "Pakistan's Chief Executive a Former Commando"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117041208/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4k1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3934,108921&dq=musharraf+command+and+staff+college+quetta&hl=en |date=17 November 2022}}. ''New Straits Times'' (16 October 1999).</ref><ref name="weaver" /> One of his professors at NDU was general [[Jehangir Karamat]] who served Musharraf's guidance counselor and instructor who had significant influence on Musharraf's philosophy and critical thinking.<ref name="Free Press 79">{{cite book |last=Musharraf |first=Pervez |title=In the Line of Fire |year=2006 |publisher=Free Press |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |isbn=0-7432-8344-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush/page/79 79] |url=https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush |url-access=registration |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> He did not play any significant role in Pakistan's [[proxy war]] in the 1979–1989 [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]].<ref name="weaver">Weaver, Mary Anne. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=9QELJpZuuswC&pg=PA25 General On Tightrope] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=9QELJpZuuswC&pg=PA25 |date=1 January 2022}}". Pakistan: in the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. pp. 25–31 {{ISBN|0374528861}}</ref> In 1987, he became a [[brigade commander]] of a new brigade of the SSG near [[Siachen Glacier]].<ref name="dixit" /> He was personally chosen by then-President and Chief of Army Staff general Zia-ul-Haq for this assignment due to Musharraf's wide experience in [[Mountain warfare|mountain]] and [[arctic warfare]].<ref name="Pentagon Press">{{cite book |last=John |first=Wilson |title=The General and Jihad |year=2002 |publisher=Pentagon Press |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=81-8274-158-0 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FROoqAp2QJsC&pg=PT45 |edition=1 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=FROoqAp2QJsC&pg=PT45 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 1987, Musharraf commanded an assault at [[Bilafond La]] before being pushed back.<ref name="dixit" />

Earlier in 1988–89, as Brigadier, Musharraf proposed the Kargil infiltration to Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] but she rebuffed the plan.<ref name="kapur">Kapur, S. Paul. "The Covert Nuclear Period". Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia. Singapore: NUS, 2009. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA118 pp. 117–18] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA118 |date=1 January 2022}} {{ISBN|9971694433}}</ref> In 1991–93, he secured a two-star promotion, elevating him to the rank of major general and held the command of [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|40th Division]] as its [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]], stationed in [[Okara Cantonment|Okara Military District]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]].<ref name="Pentagon Press"/> In 1993–95, Major-General Musharraf worked closely with the Chief of Army Staff as Director-General of Pakistan Army's Directorate General for the Military Operations (DGMO).<ref name="harmon"/>  During this time, Musharraf became close to engineering officer and director-general of ''[[ISI (Pakistan)|ISI]]'' lieutenant-general [[Javed Nasir]] and had worked with him while directing operations in [[Bosnian war]].<ref name="Pentagon Press"/><ref>Wilson John, pp209</ref> His political philosophy was influenced by Benazir Bhutto<ref name="War"/> who mentored him on various occasions, and Musharraf generally was close to Benazir Bhutto on military policy issues on India.<ref name="War"/> From 1993 to 1995, Musharraf repeatedly visited the United States as part of the delegation of Benazir Bhutto.<ref name="War">Journalist and author George Crile's book, ''[[Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History]]'' (Grove Press, New York, 2003)</ref> It was Maulana [[Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)|Fazal-ur-Rehman]] who lobbied for his promotion to Benazir Bhutto, and subsequently getting Musharraf's promotion papers approved by Benazir Bhutto, which eventually led to his appointment in Benazir Bhutto's key staff.<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=Apocalyptic realm: jihadists in South Asia |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=978-0300173789 |pages=200–210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9QqOMnCAq0C&pg=PA200 |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=b9QqOMnCAq0C&pg=PA200 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, Musharraf personally assisted Benazir Bhutto to have a secret meeting at the [[Embassy of Pakistan in Washington, D.C.|Pakistani Embassy]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with officials from the [[Mossad]] and a special envoy of Israeli premier [[Yitzhak Rabin]].<ref name="War"/> It was during this time Musharraf built an extremely cordial relationship with Shaukat Aziz who, at that time, was serving as the [[executive president]] of global financial services of the [[Citibank]].<ref name="War"/>

His last military field operations posting was in the [[Mangla]] region of the [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Kashmir Province]] in 1995 when Benazir Bhutto approved the promotion of Musharraf to three-star rank, [[Lieutenant-General]].<ref name="Pentagon Press"/> Between 1995 and 1998, Lieutenant-General Musharraf was the corps commander of [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I ''Strike'' Corps]]  (CC-1) stationed in Mangla, [[Mangla Cantonment|Mangla Military District]].<ref name="nytsoldier"/>

This strategic operation met with great hostility in the public circles and wide scale disapproval in the [[Media of Pakistan|media]] who roundly criticised this operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990709.htm |title=Victory in reverse: the great climbdown |date=9 July 1999 |access-date=17 February 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217075137/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990709.htm |archive-date=17 February 2022}}, {{cite web |url=http://dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990723.htm |title=For this submission what gain? |date=23 July 1999 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204085204/http://dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990723.htm |archive-date=4 February 2022}} by [[Ayaz Amir]] – [[Dawn (newspaper)]]</ref> Musharraf had severe confrontation and became involved in serious altercations with his senior officers, chief of naval staff Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]],<ref name="Daily Times, Pakistan">{{cite news |last=Daily Times Report |title=Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12: Fasih Bokhari|url=http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm |access-date=16 May 2012 |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=9 October 2002 |quote=Former Navy chief says the general feared court martial for masterminding Kargil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315013903/http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> chief of air staff, [[Air Chief Marshal|air chief marshal]] PQ Mehdi and senior [[lieutenant-general]] Ali Kuli Khan.<ref name="kuli"/> Admiral Bokhari ultimately demanded a full-fledged joint-service court martial against General Musharraf,<ref name="Daily Times, Pakistan"/> while on the other hand General Kuli Khan lambasted the war as "a disaster bigger than the East-Pakistan [[Bangladesh Liberation War|tragedy"]],<ref name="kuli">[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1056536 Kargil was a bigger disaster than 1971] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406092138/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1056536 |date=6 April 2022}} – Interview of Lt Gen [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak]].</ref> adding that the plan was "flawed in terms of its conception, tactical planning and execution" that ended in "sacrificing so many soldiers."<ref name="kuli" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Haleem, S. A.|date=19 October 2006|title=Sweet and bitter memories (Review of ''In the Line of Fire'' by Pervez Musharraf)|newspaper=Jang|url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2006-weekly/books&people-19-10-2006/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124225759/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2006-weekly/books%26people-19-10-2006/index.html|archive-date=24 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Problems with his lifelong friend, [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|chief of air staff]] air chief marshal Pervez Mehdi also arose when air chief refrained to participate or authorise any air strike to support the elements of army operations in the Kargil region.<ref name="PAF Directorate for Public Relations"/>

Military officials from Musharraf's Joint Staff Headquarters (JS HQ) met with regional corps commanders three times in late September in anticipation of a possible coup.<ref name="weinercoup">Weiner, Tim. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in the Air", ''The New York Times''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306233349/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2022}} (17 October 1999).</ref> To quieten rumours of a fallout between Musharraf and Sharif, Sharif officially certified Musharraf's remaining two years of his term on 30 September.<ref name="weinercoup"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Neilan |first=Terence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/01/world/world-briefing.html?pagewanted=2 |title=World Briefing |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 October 1999 |access-date=21 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423125607/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/01/world/world-briefing.html?pagewanted=2 |archive-date=23 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The senior military appointments in the inter-services were extremely important and crucial for Musharraf to keep the legitimacy and the support for his coup in the joint inter-services.<ref name="AuthorHouse TradeMark"/> Starting with the PAF, Musharraf pressured President Tarar to appoint most-junior [[air marshal]] to [[four-star rank]], particularly someone with Musharraf had experienced working during the inter-services operations.<ref name="PAF Directorate for Public Relations"/> Once Air-chief Marshal [[Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi|Pervez Kureshi]] was retired, the most junior air marshal [[Mushaf Ali Mir|Muschaf Mir]] (who worked with Musharraf in 1996 to assist ''ISI'' in Taliban matters) was appointed to four-star rank as well as elevated as Chief of Air Staff.<ref name="PAF Directorate for Public Relations">{{cite web|last=PAF Release|title=Air Chief Marshal Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi, NI(M), S Bt|url=http://www.paffalcons.com/cas/parvaiz-mehdi.php|work=PAF Directorate for Public Relations|publisher=PAF Gallery and Press Release|access-date=16 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116074508/http://www.paffalcons.com/cas/parvaiz-mehdi.php|archive-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> There were two extremely important military appointments made by Musharraf in the Navy. Although Admiral Aziz Mirza (a lifelong friend of Musharraf, he shared a dorm with the admiral in the 1960s and they graduated together from the academy) was appointed by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif, Mirza remained extremely supportive of Musharraf's coup and was also a close friend of Musharraf since 1971 when both participated in a joint operation against the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="AuthorHouse TradeMark">{{cite book|last=Anwar, PN|first=Commodor Dr. Muhammad|title=Stolen Stripes and Broke Medals|publisher=AuthorHouse TradeMark|location=Bloomington, Indiana (state), United States|isbn=978-1-4259-0020-5|pages=252–253;260/273|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2IQ7bkak5wC&pg=PA252|edition=1|year=2008|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=U2IQ7bkak5wC&pg=PA252|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> After Mirza's retirement, Musharraf appointed Admiral Shahid Karimullah, with whom Musharraf had trained together in [[Special Service Group Navy|special forces]] schools during the 1960s,<ref name="AuthorHouse TradeMark"/> to four-star rank and chief of naval staff.<ref name="CNN, 2012">{{cite news|last=the CNN Wire Staff|title=Former Admirals wants Musharraf to come back home.|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-22/asia/world_asia_pakistan-musharraf_1_zardari-and-bhutto-pakistan-s-musharraf-powerful-inter-services-intelligence-agency?_s=PM:ASIA|work=CNN 22 January 2012{{!}}|publisher=CNN|access-date=16 May 2012|date=10 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623131911/https://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-22/asia/world_asia_pakistan-musharraf_1_zardari-and-bhutto-pakistan-s-musharraf-powerful-inter-services-intelligence-agency?_s=PM%3AASIA|archive-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>

The [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]] held former prime minister Sharif under house arrest at a government guesthouse<ref name="trial1"/> and opened his Lahore home to the public in late October 1999.<ref name="burke">Burke, Jason. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/29/pakistan.jasonburke "Army Throws Open First Family's Palace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510224202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/29/pakistan.jasonburke |date=10 May 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'' (29 October 1999).</ref> He was formally indicted in November<ref name="trial1">Dugger, Celia W. (11 November 1999) [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/11/world/treason-charge-for-pakistan-s-ousted-premier.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Treason Charge For Pakistan's Ousted Premier"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306180407/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/11/world/treason-charge-for-pakistan-s-ousted-premier.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> on charges of hijacking, kidnapping, attempted murder, and treason for preventing Musharraf's flight from landing at Karachi airport on the day of the coup.<ref name="trial2">Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Landler. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/12/opinion/pakistan-on-trial.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Pakistan on Trial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031735/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/12/opinion/pakistan-on-trial.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=7 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times'' (12 November 1999).</ref><ref>Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Landler. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110201031558/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/24/opinion/justice-on-trial-in-pakistan.html Justice on Trial in Pakistan]". ''The New York Times'' (24 December 1999).</ref> His trial began in early March 2000 in an anti-terrorism court,<ref name="trial3"/> which is designed for speedy trials.<ref>Bearak, Barry (20 November 1999). [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/20/world/ousted-leader-in-pakistan-appears-in-public-for-trial.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Ousted Leader in Pakistan Appears in Public for Trial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306193952/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/20/world/ousted-leader-in-pakistan-appears-in-public-for-trial.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> He testified Musharraf began preparations of a coup after the Kargil conflict.<ref name="trial3">Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Landler. [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/09/world/clash-over-india-led-to-coup-pakistan-s-ex-premier-testifies.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Clash Over India Led to Coup, Pakistan's Ex-Premier Testifies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095416/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/09/world/clash-over-india-led-to-coup-pakistan-s-ex-premier-testifies.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=5 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times'' (9 March 2000)</ref> Sharif was placed in Adiala Jail, infamous for hosting Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's trial, and his leading defence lawyer, Iqbal Raad, was shot dead in Karachi in mid-March.<ref name="trial4"/> Sharif's defense team blamed the military for intentionally providing their lawyers with inadequate protection.<ref name="trial4">McCarthy, Rory. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/11/pakistan.rorymccarthy "Gunmen Shoot Dead Lawyer of Deposed Pakistani Leader Sharif"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030536/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/11/pakistan.rorymccarthy |date=5 March 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'' (11 March 2000)</ref> The court proceedings were widely accused of being a [[show trial]].<ref>Smith, Alex Duval. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/cook-warning-over-show-trial-for-sharif-740015.html "Cook Warning over Show Trial for Sharif Asia, World – The Independent"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010093538/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/cook-warning-over-show-trial-for-sharif-740015.html |date=10 October 2017 }}. (12 November 1999).</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/12/pakistan "Cook Warns against Pakistan 'show Trial'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030702/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/12/pakistan |date=5 March 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'' (12 November 1999).</ref><ref>"Show Trial in Pakistan". ''The Guardian'' (22 November 1999).</ref> Sources from Pakistan claimed that Musharraf and his military government's officers were in full mood to exercise tough conditions on Sharif, and intended to send Nawaz Sharif to the [[gallows]] to face a similar fate to that of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] in 1979. It was the pressure on Musharraf exerted by Saudi Arabia and the United States to exile Sharif after it was confirmed that the court is about to give its verdict on Nawaz Sharif over treason charges, and the court would sentence Sharif to death. Sharif signed an agreement with Musharraf and his military government and his family was exiled to Saudi Arabia in December 2000.<ref>Ahmed Rashid. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1377887/Pakistani-fury-as-army-lets-Sharif-fly-into-exile.html "Pakistani fury as army lets Sharif fly into exile"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102104723/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1377887/Pakistani-fury-as-army-lets-Sharif-fly-into-exile.html |date=2 November 2022}}. ''The Telegraph'' (11 December 2000).</ref>

{{Main|Shaukat Aziz#Prime minister|l1=Government of Prime minister Shaukat Aziz (2004-2007)|Pakistani general elections, 2022}}

After the elections, the PML-Q nominated [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] for the office of prime minister, which Musharraf also approved.<ref name="Free Press 368">{{cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|year=2006|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|location=Pakistan|isbn=074-3283449|url=https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush|url-access=registration|edition=1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush/page/145 145]–146; 179; 234–235; 277, 368|access-date=15 November 2022}}</ref> After first session at the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]], Musharraf voluntarily transferred the powers of chief executive to Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Musharraf succeeded to pass the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|XVII amendment]], which grants powers to dissolve the parliament, with approval required from the Supreme Court.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Within two years, Jamali proved to be an ineffective prime minister as he forcefully implemented his policies in the country and caused problems with the business class elites. Musharraf accepted the resignation of Jamali and asked his close colleague [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] to appoint a new prime minister in place.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Hussain nominated Finance minister Shaukat Aziz, who had been impressive due to his performance as finance minister in 1999. Musharraf regarded Aziz as his right hand and preferable choice for the office of Prime minister.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> With Aziz appointed as Prime minister, Musharraf transferred all executive powers to Aziz as he trusted Shaukat Aziz.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Aziz proved to be extremely capable in running the government; under his leadership economic growth reached to a maximum level, which further stabilized Musharraf's presidency.<ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan ">{{cite news |title=Profile: Shaukat Aziz |publisher=BBC South Asia Directorate |quote=Pakistan's Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz is a former private banker credited with recent reforms of his country's economy... British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) remarks |date=19 August 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3941185.stm |format=STM |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3941185.stm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz swiftly, quietly and quickly undermined the elements seeking to undermine Musharraf, which became a factor in Musharraf's trust in him.<ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan "/> Between 2004 and 2007, Aziz approved many projects that did not require Musharraf's permission.<ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan "/>

In 2010, all constitutional changes carried out by Musharraf and Aziz's policies were reverted by the 18th Amendment, which put the country back to its initial position and restored the powers of the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/window-on-pak-press/story/pak-deletes-dictators-from-constitution-71340-2010-04-09 |title=Pak deletes dictators from Constitution |last=Farzand |first=Ahmed |date=9 April 2010 |website=India Today |language=en |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095909/https://www.indiatoday.in/window-on-pak-press/story/pak-deletes-dictators-from-constitution-71340-2010-04-09 |archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/pakistan.constitution/index.html |title=Pakistan lawmakers approve weakening of presidential powers - CNN.com |last=Khalid |first=Kiran |date=9 April 2010 |publisher=CNN |language=en |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210202449/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/pakistan.constitution/index.html |archive-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

[[File:MSShah.jpg|thumb|[[Pervez Musharraf|President Musharraf]] with his [[Military Secretary (Pakistan)|MS]] [[Shafaat Ullah Shah]] at the military parade on the 65th anniversary of [[Resolution Day]] (23 March 2005)]]

{{expand section|date=December 2022}}

After the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]], Musharraf expressed his sympathies to [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and sent a plane load of relief supplies to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quake may improve India Pakistan ties |date=2 February 2001 |newspaper=CNN |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/02/india.quake.02/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821221743/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/02/india.quake.02 |archive-date=21 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Rival Pakistan offers India help |date=30 January 2001|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1139807.stm |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215054810/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1139807.stm |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010203/ina03028.html Gujarat gets Musharraf to dial PM in New Delhi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004045012/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010203/ina03028.html |date=4 October 2022}}. Expressindia.com. Retrieved on 23 January 2011.</ref>

The investigations backfired on Musharraf and public opinion turned against him.<ref name="Daily Times">{{Cite news|last=Staff report|title=ARD condemns scientists' debriefing|newspaper=Daily Times|date=30 January 2004|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-1-2004_pg7_31|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070422221145/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-1-2004_pg7_31|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2022}}</ref> The populist ARD movement, which included the major [[Pakistani political parties|political parties]] such as the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML]] and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]], used the issue to bring down Musharraf's presidency.<ref name="Dawn Archives, 2004">{{cite news|title=ARD urged to cooperate with MMA: Requisitioning of NA session|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2004/02/20/nat6.htm|access-date=18 December 2012|newspaper=Dawn Archives, 2004|date=20 February 2004|agency=Dawn Media Group|page=1}}</ref>

The debriefing of Abdul Qadeer Khan severely damaged Musharraf's own public image and his political prestige in the country.<ref name="Dawn Archives, 2004"/> He faced bitter domestic criticism for attempting to vilify Khan, specifically from opposition leader Benazir Bhutto. In an interview to ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'', Bhutto maintained that Khan had been a "[[scapegoat]]" in the nuclear proliferation scandal and said that she didn't "believe that such a big scandal could have taken place under the nose of General Musharraf".<ref name="Daily Times, Benazir">{{Cite news|last=Staff report|date=18 June 2004|title=Benazir points finger at MQM for Suharwardy's murder|newspaper=Daily Times, Benazir|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_18-6-2004_pg7_25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107224442/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_18-6-2004_pg7_25|archive-date=7 January 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> Musharraf's long-standing ally, the [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM]], published criticism of Musharraf over his handling of Abdul Qadeer Khan. The ARD movement and the political parties further tapped into the public anger and mass demonstrations against Musharraf. The credibility of the United States was also badly damaged;<ref name="Dawn Archives, 2004"/> the US itself refrained from pressuring Musharraf to take further action against Khan.<ref name="CNN Archives 2005">{{cite news|author=Quraishi, Ash-har|title=U.S. supports nuclear pardon|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/02/05/pakistan.nuclear/index.html|access-date=18 December 2012|newspaper=CNN Archives 2005|date=5 February 2004|agency=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417100320/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/02/05/pakistan.nuclear/index.html|archive-date=17 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> While Abdul Qadeer Khan remained popular in the country,<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|last=Nirupama Subramanian|title=The undiminished popularity of A.Q. Khan|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/25/stories/2006082504171100.htm|access-date=18 December 2012|quote=For the belief that he single-handedly made the bomb is widespread.|location=Chennai, India|date=25 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014021035/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/25/stories/2006082504171100.htm|archive-date=14 October 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Japan TImes">{{cite news|author=Gautam, B. |title=A.Q. Khan remains a hero in Pakistan | url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/eo20060907a1.html|access-date=18 December 2012|newspaper=Japan Times|date=7 September 2022}}</ref> Musharraf could not withstand the [[political pressure]] and his presidency was further weakened.<ref name="Daily Times, Benazir"/> Musharraf quickly pardoned Abdul Qadeer Khan in exchange for cooperation and issued [[home confinement|confinement]] orders against Khan that limited Khan's movement.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4965566.stm | work=BBC News | first=Zaffar | last=Abbas | title=Pakistan nuclear case 'is closed' | date=2 May 2006 | access-date=5 October 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023042833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4965566.stm | archive-date=23 October 2006 | url-status=live }}</ref> He handed over the case of Abdul Qadeer Khan to [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] Aziz who had been supportive towards Khan, personally "thanking" him: "The services of Dr. Qadeer Khan are unforgettable for the country."<ref name="Pakistan Times">{{cite news|last=Press Release|title=Dr. Qadeer's services unforgettable, says PM Shaukat Aziz|url=http://paktribune.com/news/Dr-Qadeers-services-unforgettable-says-PM-Shaukat-Aziz-192877.html|access-date=18 December 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Times|date=26 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517112524/http://paktribune.com/news/Dr-Qadeers-services-unforgettable-says-PM-Shaukat-Aziz-192877.html|archive-date=17 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2003, Musharraf made a deal with [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal|MMA]], a six-member coalition of hardline [[Islamist]] parties, agreeing to leave the army by 31 December 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2004|title=Musharraf's rule in Pakistan: Consolidation and controversy|journal=Strategic Comments|language=en|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1–2|doi=10.1080/1356788041004|s2cid=219693530|issn=1356-7888}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAR1QiGaLPYC&q=%22Muttahida+Majlis-e-Amal%22+%22December+31,+2004%22|title=Strategic Digest|date=2005|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.|volume=35|pages=130|language=en|issue=1–6}}</ref> With that party's support, pro-Musharraf legislators were able to muster the two-thirds [[supermajority]] required to pass the Seventeenth Amendment, which retroactively legalised Musharraf's 1999 coup and many of his decrees.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/pakistan-s-musharraf-wins-vote-of-confidence-1.964780|title=Pakistan's Musharraf wins vote of confidence|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhsMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Seventeenth+Amendment%22|title=World Focus|last=Chhabra|first=Hari Sharan|date=2006|volume=27|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> Musharraf reneged on his agreement with the MMA<ref name=":0" /> and pro-Musharraf legislators in the Parliament passed a bill allowing Musharraf to keep both offices.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3971785.stm|title=Musharraf dual role bill passed|last=Abbas|first=Zaffar|date=1 November 2004|work=BBC News|access-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217104324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3971785.stm|archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>

However, the Women's Protection bill has been criticized heavily by many for paying continued lip service and failing to address the actual problem by its roots: repealing the Hudood Ordinance. In this context, Musharraf has also been criticized by women and human rights activists for not following up his words by action.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zakaria, Rafia|title=Terror, tribes, and the war on women in Pakistan|year=2009|journal=Asian Conflicts Reports|volume=2009|issue=8|url=http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/CATR_AsianConflictsReports_TerrorTribesAndTheWarOnWomenInPakistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231656/http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/CATR_AsianConflictsReports_TerrorTribesAndTheWarOnWomenInPakistan.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail//?ots591=4888CAA0-B3DB-1461-98B9-E20E7B9C13D4&lng=en&id=52716 |title='Protecting' women for political gain in Pakistan |publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|location=Zurich, Switzerland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116180012/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail//?ots591=4888CAA0-B3DB-1461-98B9-E20E7B9C13D4&lng=en&id=52716|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) said that "The so-called Women's Protection Bill is a farcical attempt at making Hudood Ordinances palatable" outlining the issues of the bill and the continued impact on women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/Archives%20Reports/AR2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319193227/http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/Archives%20Reports/AR2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |title=State of Human Rights in 2006 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

In March 2005, a couple of months after the rape of a Pakistani physician, Dr. Shazia Khalid, working on a government gas plant in the remote [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] province, Musharraf was criticised for pronouncing, Captain Hammad, a fellow military man and the accused in the case, innocent before the judicial inquiry was complete.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sherry points out loopholes in Dr Shazia's rape probe|newspaper=Daily Times |date=4 March 2005 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050430170825/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_32 |archive-date=30 April 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Maher |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2005/02/050224_mush_media_zs.shtml |work=BBC Urdu |publisher=News |title=دعویٰ ہے کیپٹن حماد ملوث نہیں |language=ur |trans-title=Captain Hammad claims involved |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617072229/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2005/02/050224_mush_media_zs.shtml |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shazia alleged that she was forced by the government to leave the country.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Khalid, Shazia |author2=Mahmood, Zainab |author3=Maruf, Maryam |name-list-style=amp |title=Shazia Khalid and the fight for justice in Pakistan |publisher=Open Democracy Ltd. |date=25 September 2005 |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/pakistan_2868.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124083618/http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/pakistan_2868.jsp |archive-date=24 November 2005 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref>

In an interview given to ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in September 2005, Musharraf said that Pakistani women who had been the victims of rape treated rape as a "moneymaking concern", and were only interested in the publicity in order to make money and get a Canadian visa. He subsequently denied making these comments, but the ''Post'' made available an audio recording of the interview, in which Musharraf could be heard making the quoted remarks.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/audio/2005/09/23/AU2005092301253.html |title=Interview with Pakistan president Musharraf |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 September 2005 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024134717/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/audio/2005/09/23/AU2005092301253.html |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Musharraf also denied Mukhtaran Mai, a Pakistani rape victim, the right to travel abroad, until pressured by US State Department.<ref>Moore, Kathleen. (27 June 2005) [http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059531.html Pakistan: Rape Case Spotlights Women's Rights – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010081038/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059531.html |date=10 October 2022}}</ref> The remarks made by Musharraf sparked outrage and protests both internationally and in Pakistan by various groups i.e. women groups, activists.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4251536.stm |title=South Asia &#124; Outrage at Musharraf rape remarks |work=BBC News |date=16 September 2005 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021080243/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4251536.stm |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a rally, held close to the presidential palace and Pakistan's parliament, hundreds of women demonstrated in Pakistan demanding Musharraf apologise for the controversial remarks about female rape victims.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4294840.stm |title=South Asia &#124; Pakistani women march in rape row |work=BBC News |date=29 September 2005 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511050958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4294840.stm |archive-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Musharraf has survived multiple assassination attempts and alleged plots.<ref name="escape-assassination"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf Survives Assassination Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://time.com/47841/pervez-musharraf-pakistan/ |magazine=TIME |date=3 April 2022}}</ref> In 2000 [[Kamran Atif]], an alleged member of [[Harkat-ul Mujahideen al-Alami]], tried to assassinate Musharraf. Atif was sentenced to death in 2006 by an [[Anti Terrorism Court (Pakistan)|Anti Terrorism Court]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KARACHI: Harkat man gets death sentence in murder case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/190021/ |work=Dawn |date=30 April 2006 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201618/https://www.dawn.com/news/190021/ |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 December 2003, Musharraf survived an assassination attempt when a powerful bomb went off minutes after his highly guarded [[convoy]] crossed a bridge in Rawalpindi; It was the third such attempt during his four-year rule. On 25 December 2003, two [[Suicide bombing|suicide bombers]] tried to assassinate Musharraf, but their [[car bomb]]s failed to kill him; 16 others died instead.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3351207.stm |title=South Asia &#124; Arrests follow Musharraf attack |work=BBC News |date=27 December 2003 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040713190304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3351207.stm |archive-date=13 July 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> Musharraf escaped with only a cracked windshield on his car.<ref name="escape-assassination">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/26/world/pakistani-leader-escapes-attempt-at-assassination.html|title=Pakistani Leader Escapes Attempt at Assassination|last=Masood|first=Salman|date=26 December 2003|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 December 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112847/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/26/world/pakistani-leader-escapes-attempt-at-assassination.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amjad Farooqi]] was an alleged mastermind behind these attempts, and was killed by Pakistani forces in 2004 after an extensive manhunt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/29/world/suspect-in-reporter-s-death-is-wanted-in-attacks-on-musharraf.html|title=Suspect in Reporter's Death Is Wanted in Attacks on Musharraf|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|date=29 May 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 December 2019|last2=Hussain|first2=Talat|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112851/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/29/world/suspect-in-reporter-s-death-is-wanted-in-attacks-on-musharraf.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3692882.stm|title=Profile: Amjad Farooqi|date=27 September 2004|access-date=17 December 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3692882.stm|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Main|Pakistan state of emergency 2022}}

On 3 November 2007 Musharraf declared [[emergency rule]] across Pakistan.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/11/04/top1.htm|title=Musharraf imposes emergency rule|date=3 November 2007|website=Dawn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106032637/http://www.dawn.com/2007/11/04/top1.htm|archive-date=6 November 2007|access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/03/pakistan.emergency/index.html|title=Martial law declared in Pakistan|date=3 November 2007|access-date=3 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104002516/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/03/pakistan.emergency/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=4 November 2007|publisher=CNN}}</ref> He suspended the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], imposed a state of emergency, and fired the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court again.<ref name="nyt emergency">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/world/asia/04pakistan.html?_r=1&ref=asia&oref=slogin|title=Musharraf Declares Emergency Rule|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 November 2007|access-date=3 November 2007|first=David|last=Rohde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512201437/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/world/asia/04pakistan.html?_r=1&ref=asia&oref=slogin|archive-date=12 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In Islamabad, troops entered the Supreme Court building, arrested the judges and kept them detained in their homes.<ref name="CNN"/> Independent and international television channels went off air.<ref name="nyt emergency" /> Public protests were mounted against Musharraf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/274653|title=Civil society, students hold protest rallies : Emergency condemned|date=7 November 2007|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217105030/https://www.dawn.com/news/274653|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

General elections were held on 18 February 2008, in which the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) polled the highest votes and won the most seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/election/|title=APP Online Election Results|access-date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619103223/http://www.app.com.pk/election/|archive-date=19 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.tv/election2008/|title=GeoTV Geo News Latest News Breaking News Pakistan Live Videos|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403042726/https://www.geo.tv/election2008/|archive-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> On 23 March 2008, President Musharraf said an "era of democracy" had begun in Pakistan and that he had put the country "on the track of development and progress". On 22 March, the PPP named former parliament speaker [[Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani]] as its candidate for the country's next prime minister, to lead a coalition government united against him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haider|first1=Syed Karim|last2=Ali|first2=Sheikh Shaukat|title=Impact of Benazir Bhutto Death on Performance of PPP and Electoral Politics of Pakistan 2008–2013|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Article_9_2018_07_12.pdf#page=11|journal=Pakistan Vision|volume=19|issue=1|pages=146|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112841/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Article_9_2018_07_12.pdf#page=11|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Musharraf launched his own political party, the [[All Pakistan Muslim League]], in June 2010.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ghori, Habib Khan |title=Musharraf's political party launched |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |location=Karachi |date=9 June 2010 |url=http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/musharrafs-political-party-launched-960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030171744/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/musharrafs-political-party-launched-960 |archive-date=30 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Musharraf's All Pakistan Muslim League formally launched in Sindh |newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |date=9 June 2010 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\06\09\story_9-6-2010_pg12_2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613231132/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C06%5C09%5Cstory_9-6-2010_pg12_2 |archive-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Karachi/09-Jun-2010/Musharraf-will-be-asked-to-come-back-Rashid |title=Musharraf will be asked to come back: Rashid |access-date=11 June 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610175405/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Karachi/09-Jun-2010/Musharraf-will-be-asked-to-come-back-Rashid |archive-date=10 June 2022}}, ''[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]]'', 9 June 2010</ref><ref>Gardham, Duncan. (1 October 2010) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8037849/Musharraf-launches-movement-to-regain-control-of-Pakistan.html Musharraf launches movement to regain control of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630024912/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8037849/Musharraf-launches-movement-to-regain-control-of-Pakistan.html |date=30 June 2022}}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Retrieved on 23 January 2011.</ref>

The PML-N has tried to get Pervez Musharraf to stand trial in an article 6 trial for treason in relation to the emergency on 3 November 2007.<ref>[http://www.geo.tv/8-22-2009/48040.htm Musharraf's trial under Article 6 'Indispensable': Nawaz] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826131751/http://www.geo.tv/8-22-2009/48040.htm |date=26 August 2022}}. GEO.tv. Retrieved on 23 January 2011.</ref> The Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousaf Raza Gilani has said a consensus resolution is required in national assembly for an article 6 trial of Pervez Musharraf<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf's trial only after consensus resolution: PM |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Karachi |date=20 August 2009 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\20\story_20-8-2009_pg1_4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113100402/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C08%5C20%5Cstory_20-8-2009_pg1_4 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>"I have no love lost for Musharraf ... if parliament decides to try him, I will be with parliament. Article 6 cannot be applied to one individual ... those who supported him are today in my cabinet and some of them have also joined the PML-N ... the MMA, the MQM and the PML-Q supported him ... this is why I have said that it is not doable," said the Prime Minister while informally talking to editors and also replying to questions by journalists at an Iftar-dinner he had hosted for them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Article 6 can't just apply to one man: Gilani |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Karachi |date=17 September 2009 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\09\17\story_17-9-2009_pg1_1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113101523/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C09%5C17%5Cstory_17-9-2009_pg1_1 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the constitution of Pakistan, Article 232 and Article 236, provides for emergencies,<ref>[http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part10.html Part X: Emergency Provisions] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419104355/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part10.html |date=19 April 2022}}. Pakistani.org. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref> and on 15 February 2008, the ''interim'' Pakistan Supreme Court attempted to validated the Proclamation of Emergency on 3 November 2007, the Provisional Constitution Order No 1 of 2007 and the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2007,<ref>{{cite news |author=Goraya, M. Rafique |date=18 February 2008 |title=Supreme Court validates proclamation of emergency, PCO, follow-up actions: detailed judgement delivered |newspaper=[[Business Recorder]] |location=Karachi |url=http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=694527&currPageNo=2&query=&search=&term=&supDate= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230125003/http://brecorder.com/index.php?id=694527&currPageNo=2&query=&search=&term=&supDate= |archive-date=30 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> after the Supreme Court judges were restored to the bench,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kalhan |first=Anil |url=https://www.academia.edu/536224 |title=Constitution and 'Extraconstitution': Colonial Emergency Regimes in Postcolonial India and Pakistan |journal=Emergency Powers in Asia (Victor Ramraj & Arun Thiruvengadam, Eds.) |year=2010 |ssrn=1398545}}</ref> on 31 July 2009, they ruled that Musharraf had violated the constitution when he declared emergency rule in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |author=Partlow, Joshua |date=1 August 2009 |title=Former Pakistani President's 2007 Emergency Rule Declared Unconstitutional |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/31/AR2009073101535.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422063358/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/31/AR2009073101535.html |archive-date=22 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Important Cases Decided by the Supreme Court (April 2009 – March 2010): ''Sindh High Court Bar Association vs. Federation of Pakistan'' (PLD 2009 SC 879) – [Proclamation of Emergency of 3rd November, 2007] |publisher=Supreme Court of Pakistan |url=http://supremecourt.gov.pk/Annual_rpt_ap09mar10/10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626031837/http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/Annual_rpt_ap09mar10/10.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>

Saudi Arabia exerted its influence to attempt to prevent treason charges, under Article 6 of the constitution, from being brought against Musharraf, citing existing agreements between the states,<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudis come to Musharraf's rescue |newspaper=Daily Times|date=2 September 2009|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\09\02\story_2-9-2009_pg1_1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905132648/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2009_pg1_1|archive-date=5 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No trial, Saudis assure Musharraf |newspaper=Daily Times |date=14 September 2009 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\09\14\story_14-9-2009_pg1_1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113095422/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C09%5C14%5Cstory_14-9-2009_pg1_1 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as pressuring Sharif directly.<ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/saudi-arabias-love-for-nawaz-sharif-lost_100246455.html Saudi Arabia's 'love' for Nawaz Sharif lost?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416010149/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/saudi-arabias-love-for-nawaz-sharif-lost_100246455.html |date=16 April 2022}}. Thaindian.com. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref> As it turned out, it was not Sharif's decision to make.<ref name="Treason-charges-brought">{{cite news |title=Court orders registration of treason charges against Musharraf |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |date=8 March 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Court-orders-registration-of-treason-charges-against-Musharraf/Article1-670964.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020085931/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Court-orders-registration-of-treason-charges-against-Musharraf/Article1-670964.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Abbottabad's district and sessions judge in a [[Missing persons (Pakistan)|missing person]]'s case passed judgment asking the authorities to declare Pervez Musharraf a proclaimed offender.<ref name="Dawn court case">{{cite news |url=http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-abbottabad-court-rules-against-musharraf-hh-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027142145/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-abbottabad-court-rules-against-musharraf-hh-03 |archive-date=27 October 2010 |title=Abbottabad court rules against Musharraf |last=Javed |first=Rashid |date=31 October 2009 |newspaper=Dawn |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> On 11 February 2011 the Anti Terrorism Court,<ref>Pakistan Issues Arrest Warrant [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/12/pakistan-issue-arrest-warrant-musharraf issued an arrest warrant] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226014016/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/12/pakistan-issue-arrest-warrant-musharraf |date=26 February 2022}}</ref> issued an arrest warrant for Musharraf and charged him with conspiracy to commit murder of Benazir Bhutto. On 8 March 2011, the [[Sindh High Court]] registered treason charges against him.<ref name="Treason-charges-brought" />

On 17 December 2019, a special court declared him a traitor and sentenced him ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' to death for abrogating and suspending the constitution in [[Pakistani state of emergency, 2007|November 2007]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/17/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-high-treason |title= Pervez Musharraf: Pakistan sentences former ruler to death for high treason |last= Ellis-Petersen |first= Hannah |date= 17 December 2019 |newspaper= The Guardian |access-date= 17 December 2019 |language= en-GB |issn= 0261-3077 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217083837/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/17/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-high-treason |archive-date= 17 December 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/asia/pervez-musharraf-death-sentence-pakistan-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Former Pakistan military ruler sentenced to death for high treason |website=CNN |date=17 December 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217110805/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/asia/pervez-musharraf-death-sentence-pakistan-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-law-musharraf-idUSKBN1YL0MJ |title= Pakistan court sentences former military ruler Musharraf to death for treason |last1= Shahzad |first1= Asif |date= 17 December 2019 |work= Reuters |access-date= 17 December 2019 |url-status= live |last2= Jain |first2= Rupam |editor-last= Birsel |editor-first= Robert |language= en-GB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081602/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-law-musharraf-idUSKBN1YL0MJ |archive-date= 17 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772 |title=Pakistan ex-leader Musharraf sentenced to death |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081204/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-ruler-musharraf-handed-death-penalty-treason-case-191217071817884.html |title=Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf handed death penalty in treason case |website=Al-Jazeera |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081559/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-ruler-musharraf-handed-death-penalty-treason-case-191217071817884.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The three-member panel of the special court which issued the order was spearheaded by Chief Justice of the [[Peshawar High Court]] [[Waqar Ahmed Seth]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pervez-musharraf-death-penalty-pakistan-treason-news-1628954-2019-12-17 |title = Pervez Musharraf gets death penalty for imposing emergency in Pakistan |website = India Today |access-date = 17 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095819/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pervez-musharraf-death-penalty-pakistan-treason-news-1628954-2019-12-17 |archive-date = 17 December 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> He is also the first Pakistani Army General to be sentenced to death.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/conviction-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-191217151354480.html |title = After conviction, what next for Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf? |website = Al-Jazeera |access-date = 17 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170330/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/conviction-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-191217151354480.html |archive-date = 17 December 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/the-implications-of-pervez-musharrafs-death-sentence-for-civil-military-relations-in-pakistan-the-hindu-analysis-podcast/article30331387.ece |title=The implications of Pervez Musharraf's death sentence for civil-military relations in Pakistan|last=Sriram |first=Jayant |date=17 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170523/https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/the-implications-of-pervez-musharrafs-death-sentence-for-civil-military-relations-in-pakistan-the-hindu-analysis-podcast/article30331387.ece |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>  Analysts did not expect Musharraf to face the sentence given his illness and the fact that Dubai has no [[extradition treaty]] with Pakistan;<ref name="MW1">{{cite news |title=Pakistan sentences Musharraf to death for treason |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-treason-2019-12-17 |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=MarketWatch |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217102318/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-treason-2019-12-17 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hussain">{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Shaiq |title=Pakistan's former military ruler Pervez Musharraf is sentenced to death for treason |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistans-former-military-ruler-pervez-musharraf-is-sentenced-to-death-for-treason/2019/12/17/a7bb9334-20a5-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |access-date=17 December 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=17 December 2019 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217160215/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistans-former-military-ruler-pervez-musharraf-is-sentenced-to-death-for-treason/2019/12/17/a7bb9334-20a5-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> the verdict was also viewed as largely symbolic given that Musharraf retains support within the current Pakistani government and military.<ref name=NYTAnnul/>

Musharraf challenged the verdict,<ref name=NYTAnnul/><ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/262503-musharraf-representiave |title= Musharraf lawyer in UK calls for retrial in high treason case |date=18 December 2019 |work=[[Geo TV]] |access-date=18 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218105012/https://www.geo.tv/latest/262503-musharraf-representiave |archive-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> and on 13 January 2020, the Lahore High Court annulled the death sentence against Musharraf, ruling that the special court that held the trial was unconstitutional.<ref name=NYTAnnul/> The unanimous verdict was delivered by a three-member bench of the Lahore High Court,<ref name=NYTAnnul/><ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020">{{cite news |last1=Bilal |first1=Rana |title=Special court formed for Musharraf treason trial 'unconstitutional', rules LHC |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1528058/special-court-formed-for-musharraf-treason-trial-unconstitutional-rules-lhc |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=DAWN.COM |date=13 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> consisting of Justice [[Sayyed Muhammad Mazahar Ali Akbar Naqvi]], Justice [[Muhammad Ameer Bhatti]], and Justice Chaudhry Masood Jahangir.<ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020"/> The court ruled that the prosecution of Musharraf was politically motivated and that the crimes of [[high treason]] and subverting the Constitution were "a joint offense" that "cannot be undertaken by a single person."<ref name=NYTAnnul/>

Musharraf is the second son of his parents and has two brothers—Javed and Naved.<ref name="duggerbio"/><ref name="mombbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4368099.stm "Musharraf Mother Meets Indian PM"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129065003/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4368099.stm |date=29 January 2022}}. BBC News (21 March 2005).</ref><ref name="chitkara"/> Javed retired as a high-level official in Pakistan's civil service.<ref name="chitkara"/> Naved is an [[anesthesiologist]] who has lived in [[Chicago]] since completing his residency training at [[Loyola University Medical Center]] in 1979.<ref name="duggerbio"/><ref name="chitkara"/>

Musharraf married Sehba, who is from Karachi, on 28 December 1968.<ref name="worth"/> They have a daughter, Ayla, an architect married to film director [[Asim Raza]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf's daughter target for terrorists: Intelligence agencies |date=18 July 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Musharrafs-daughter-target-for-terrorists-Intelligence-agencies/articleshow/21133782.cms |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016024712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Musharrafs-daughter-target-for-terrorists-Intelligence-agencies/articleshow/21133782.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a son, Bilal.<ref name="chitkara"/><ref name="officialbio">{{cite web |year=2006 |url=http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/Biography.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705114616/http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/Biography.aspx |archive-date=5 July 2008 |title=General Pervez Musharraf |publisher=Office of the Press Secretary to the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> He also has close family ties to the prominent [[Kheshgi|Kheshgi family]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC|title=In the Line of Fire|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-596-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asad|first=Malik|date=9 March 2018|title=Govt told to take steps for Musharraf's arrest, extradition|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394063|access-date=1 August 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2017|title=Mush wife, daughter move court against attaching properties|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2017/mush-wife-daughter-move-court-against-attaching-properties|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt Ordered to Take Steps for Musharraf Extradition – Abb Takk News|url=https://abbtakk.tv/en/govt-ordered-to-take-steps-for-musharraf-extradition/|access-date=2 August 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC&q=khaishgi+musharraf&pg=PT13|title=In the Line of Fire|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-596-2|language=en}}</ref>

Musharraf published his autobiography—''[[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir]]''—in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5398678.stm |title=Musharraf book draws mixed response |last=Plett |first=Barbara |date=2 October 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5398678.stm |archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> His book has also been translated into Urdu and Hindi versions.

== Awards and Decorations ==

[[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]