Tipu Sultan: Difference between revisions

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}

| name        = Tipu Sultan

| succession  = [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultan of Mysore]]  

| heir        =

| royal anthem =

| mother      = Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa

|  

| religion    = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ&q=sunni+ottoman+tipu+sultan&pg=PA194|title = The Persian Gulf in History|isbn = 9780230618459|last1 = Potter|first1 = L.|date = 5 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX4fEAAAQBAJ&q=sunni+ottoman+tipu+sultan&pg=PA8|title=Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22|isbn=978-0-19-758056-1|last1=Hardiman|first1=David|date=March 2021}}</ref>

| birth_date  = {{birth date|df=yes|1751|12|01}}<ref name=N18_20210719/>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}}

'''Tipu Sultan''' (born ''' Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/7-lesser-known-facts-you-should-know-about-tipu-sultan/1/433548.html |title=Tipu Sultan's 216th death anniversary: 7 unknown facts you should know about the Tiger of Mysore : Listicles: Microfacts |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=4 May 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116055952/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/7-lesser-known-facts-you-should-know-about-tipu-sultan/1/433548.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1 December 1751&nbsp;– 4 May 1799),<ref name=N18_20210719>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-19|title=Rewriting History: How I Discovered the True Birth Date of Tipu Sultan|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/rewriting-history-how-i-discovered-the-true-birth-date-of-tipu-sultan-3980294.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Olikara|first=Nidhin G.|title=New light on Tipu Sultan|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/history-new-light-on-tipu-sultan-persian-manuscript-in-british-library-london-helps-correct-birth-date/article36133828.ece|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Frontline|date=28 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> also known as the '''Tiger of Mysore''',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cavendish|first=Richard|title=Tipu Sultan killed at Seringapatam|journal=History Today|date=4 May 1999|volume=49|issue=5|url=http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/tipu-sultan-killed-seringapatam|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> was the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] based in [[South India]]. He was a pioneer of [[rocket artillery]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colley |first1=Linda |title=Going Native, Telling Tales: Captivity, Collaborations and Empire |journal=Past & Present |date=2000 |issue=168 |page=190 |jstor=651308 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/651308 |issn=0031-2746}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |title=The Anarchy : the east India company, corporate violence, and the pillage of an empire |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=9781526618504 |page=243}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamil |first1=Arish |title=Why Mysore? The Idealistic and Materialistic Factors Behind Tipu Sultan's War Rocket Success |url=http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-jamil.pdf |website=Emory Endeavors in World History - Volume 5 |publisher=Emory College of Arts and Science |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref> He introduced a number of administrative innovations during his rule, including a new coinage system and calendar,{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=399}} and a new land revenue system, which initiated the growth of the [[Mysore silk]] industry.<ref name="Global Silk Industry">{{cite book |author=Datta, R.K.|title=Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8U1lmEGEdgC |year=2007 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0087-9 |page=17 }}</ref> He expanded the iron-cased [[Mysorean rockets]] and commissioned the military manual ''[[Fathul Mujahidin]]''. He deployed the rockets against advances of British forces and their allies during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], including the [[Battle of Pollilur (1780)|Battle of Pollilur]] and [[Siege of Srirangapatna (1799)|Siege of Srirangapatna]], but the British took over the fort.<ref name=Narasimha/>

Tipu Sultan and his father used their French-trained army in alliance with the French in their struggle with the British,{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=77}} and in Mysore's struggles with other surrounding powers, against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Sira, India|Sira]], and rulers of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]], [[Keladi Nayaka Kingdom|Bednore]], [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], and [[Travancore]]. Tipu's father, [[Hyder Ali]], had risen to power and Tipu succeeded him as the ruler of Mysore upon his father's death in 1782. He won important victories against the British in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. He negotiated the 1784 [[Treaty of Mangalore]] with them after his father died from cancer in December 1782 during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

In the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]], a combined force of British East India Company troops, supported by the [[Maratha]]s and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu. He was killed on 4 May 1799 while [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|defending his stronghold of Seringapatam]].

Tipu Sultan was born on 1 December 1751 at [[Devanahalli]],<ref name=N18_20210719/>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}} in present-day [[Bangalore Rural district]], about {{convert|33|km|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Bangalore]] city. He was named "Tipu Sultan" after the saint Tipu Mastan Aulia of [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]].  Being illiterate, Hyder was very particular in giving his eldest son a prince's education and a very early exposure to military and political affairs. From the age of 17 Tipu was given independent charge of important diplomatic and military missions. He was his father's right arm in the wars from which Hyder emerged as the most powerful ruler of southern India.<ref>{{cite news |title=The history of South India is relatively unknown: Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/the-history-of-south-india-is-relatively-unknown-rajmohan-gandhi-118120900174_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=9 December 2018}}</ref>

Tipu's father, [[Hyder Ali]], was a military officer in service to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] who had become the ''de facto'' ruler of Mysore in 1761 while his mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa was the daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, the governor of the fort of [[Kadapa]]. Hyder Ali appointed able teachers to give Tipu an early education in subjects like [[Urdu]], Persian, Arabic, [[Kannada]], [[Quran]], [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], [[Equestrianism|riding]], shooting and fencing.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}}<ref name="AnwarH">{{cite book |author=Haroon, Anwar |title=Kingdom of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan |date=June 2013 |page=95 |isbn=9781483615349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7y-KAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95}}</ref><ref name="Wenger04">{{cite book |last1=Wenger |first1=Estefania |title=Tipu Sultan: A Biography |date=March 2017 |isbn=9789386367440 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQQ1DgAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Sultan of Mysore – Tipu Sultan |url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/tipu-sultan/ |publisher=Karnataka.com |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

[[Alexander Beatson]], who published a volume on the [[Fourth Mysore War]] entitled ''View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun'', described Tipu Sultan as follows: "His stature was about five feet eight inches; he had a short neck, square shoulders, and was rather corpulent: his limbs were small, particularly his feet and hands; he had large full eyes, small arched eyebrows, and an aquiline nose; his complexion was fair, and the general expression of his countenance, not void of dignity".<ref name=Beatson1>{{cite book |last=Beatson |first=Alexander |year=1800 |title=A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun |chapter-url=http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html |publisher=G. & W. Nichol |location=London |pages=ci–civ |chapter=Appendix No. XXXIII |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609104725/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html |archive-date=9 June 2013}}</ref>

In 1779, the British captured the French-controlled port of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], which Tipu had placed under his protection, providing some troops for its defence. In response, Hyder launched an invasion of the Carnatic, with the aim of driving the British out of [[Madras]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of the British army, Volume 3|first=John William|last=Fortescue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&q=cornwallis%20medows%20mysore&pg=PA546|publisher=Macmillan|year=1902|pages=431–432}}</ref> During this campaign in September 1780, Tipu Sultan was dispatched by Hyder Ali with 10,000 men and 18 guns to intercept Colonel Baillie who was on his way to join Sir [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar|Hector Munro]]. In the [[Battle of Pollilur]], Tipu decisively defeated Baillie. Out of 360 Europeans, about 200 were captured alive, and the sepoys, who were about 3800 men, suffered very high casualties. Munro was moving south with a separate force to join Baillie, but on hearing the news of the defeat he was forced to retreat to Madras, abandoning his artillery in a water tank at [[Kanchipuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm|title=The Tiger and The Thistle – Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India|work=nationalgalleries.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111064154/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm|archive-date=11 November 2006}}</ref>

He then worked on to check the advances of the British by making alliances with the [[Marathas]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. The Second Mysore War came to an end with the 1784 [[Treaty of Mangalore]].{{Clarify|date=January 2019}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parliament|first=Great Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vs6AQAAMAAJ&q=treaty+of+mangalore&pg=PA139|title=The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803|date=1817|publisher=T.C. Hansard|language=en}}</ref>

In 1766, when Tipu Sultan was just 15 years old, he got the chance to apply his military training in battle for the first time, when he accompanied his father on an invasion of Malabar. After the incident- [[Siege of Tellicherry]] in [[Thalassery]] in North [[Malabar District|Malabar]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/86/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Indian biography|year=1906|publisher=London S. Sonnenschein}}</ref> Hyder Ali started losing his territories in Malabar. Tipu came from [[Mysore]] to reinstate the authority over Malabar. After the [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789–90]]), due to the monsoon flood, the stiff resistance of the Travancore forces and news about the attack of British in [[Srirangapatnam]] he went back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/tipu-sultan/|title=Tipu Sultan – Personalities|work=Karnataka.com|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu allegedly helped found the [[Jacobin Club of Mysore]] for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic'. He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Upendrakishore|title=White Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BCr-QIWGIC&pg=PA101|date=April 2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303046-1|page=101}}</ref> In a 2005 paper, historian Jean Boutier argued that the club's existence, and Tipu's involvement in it, was fabricated by the East India Company in order to justify British military intervention against Tipu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Les "lettres de créances" du corsaire Ripaud. Un "club jacobin" à Srirangapatnam (Inde), mai-juin 1797|journal=Les Indes Savantes|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007971/document?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc|last=Boutier|first=Jean|date=2005}}</ref>

[[Horatio Nelson]] defeated [[François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]] in Egypt in 1798. Three armies marched into Mysore in 1799—one from [[Bombay]] and two British, one of which included Arthur Wellesley.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Francis |first1=P. Sempa |title=Wellington in India: A Great Commander in Embryo |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/wellington-in-india-a-great-commander-in-embryo/ |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref> They besieged the capital [[Srirangapatna]] in the [[Fourth Mysore War]].<ref>The Parliamentary Register; Or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the [House of Lords and House of Commons]-J. Almon, 1793</ref> There were more than 60,000 soldiers of the British East India Company, approximately 4,000 Europeans and the rest Indians; while Tipu Sultan's forces numbered only 30,000. The betrayal by Tipu Sultan's ministers in working with the British and weakening the walls to make an easy path for the British.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name="Sunderlal 2018 p. 364">{{cite book | last=Sunderlal | first=Pandit | title=How India Lost Her Freedom | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2018 | isbn=978-93-5280-642-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4lIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364 | access-date=20 January 2022 | page=364}}</ref> The death of Tipu Sultan lead British General Harris to exclaim "now india is ours".<ref name="Moienuddin2000">{{cite book | author =Mohammad Moienuddin | title =Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan | year =2000 | publisher =Sangam Books | isbn =978-0-86311-850-0 | oclc =48995204 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=tBFWAAAAYAAJ&q=exclaim}}</ref>

When the British [[Battle of Srirangapatna|broke through]] the city walls, French military advisers told Tipu Sultan<ref name="Tipu's french advisors">{{cite news |title=Tipu Sultan: Here're lesser known facts about 'Tiger of Mysore' |url=https://www.siasat.com/tipu-sultan-herere-lesser-known-facts-about-tiger-mysore-1715508/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=The Siasat Daily |date=2 November 2019}}</ref> to escape via secret passages and to fight the rest of the wars from other forts, but he refused.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tipu, the Citizen-Sultan and the Myth of a Jacobin Club in India |url=https://thewire.in/history/the-citizen-sultan-a-jacobin-club-in-india |website=The Wire}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan was killed at the Hoally (Diddy) Gateway, which was located {{convert|300|yd|m}} from the N.E. Angle of the Srirangapatna Fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000138u00000000.html|title= View of the Hoally Gateway, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore)|access-date=14 June 2009|publisher=British Library Online Gallery}}</ref> He was buried the next afternoon at the [[Gumbaz, Seringapatam|Gumaz]], next to the grave of his father. Many members of the British East India Company believed that [[Nawab of Carnatic]] [[Umdat Ul-Umra]] secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the war and sought his deposition after 1799.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}} When he died there were jubilant celebrations in Britain, with authors, playwrights and painters creating works to celebrate it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter |title=Seven things you may not have known about Tipu Sultan, India's first freedom fighter |last=Brittlebank |first=Kate |date=22 July 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |publisher=Scroll.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319184846/https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter}}</ref> The death of Tipu Sultan was celebrated with declaration of public holiday in britain.<ref name="te Deum">{{cite book |author= Anjali Sengupta |date= 1984 |title= Cameos of Twelve European Women in India, 1757-1857 |publisher= Ṛddhi-India |pages= 11 |oclc= 13531696 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hHwtAAAAMAAJ&q=tipu+public+holiday}}</ref>

Dr [[APJ Abdul Kalam]], the former [[President of India]], in his Tipu Sultan Shaheed Memorial Lecture in Bangalore (30 November 1991), called Tipu Sultan the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of these rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatna, were displayed in the [[Firepower - The Royal Artillery Museum|Royal Artillery Museum]] in London. According to historian Dr [[Dulari Qureshi]] Tipu Sultan was a fierce warrior king and was so quick in his movement that it seemed to the enemy that he was fighting on many fronts at the same time.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/11/07/stories/2010110750210500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029152509/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/11/07/stories/2010110750210500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Tipu's legend lives on  |last1=Zachariah  |first1=Mini Pant |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2010 |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> Tipu managed to subdue all the petty kingdoms in the south. He was also one of the few Indian rulers to have defeated British armies.

British accounts describe the use of the rockets during the third and fourth wars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-the-mysorean-rocket-helped-tipu-sultans-military-might-gain-new-heights/|title=How the Mysorean rocket helped Tipu Sultan's military might gain new heights|date=5 August 2018}}</ref> During the climactic battle at Srirangapatna in 1799, British shells struck a magazine containing rockets, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. After Tipu's defeat in the fourth war the British captured a number of the Mysorean rockets. These became influential in British rocket development, inspiring the [[Congreve rocket]], which was soon put into use in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=Narasimha>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034357/https://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |title=Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. |last=Narasimha |first=Roddam |date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |publisher=National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan laid the foundation for the construction of the [[Kannambadi]] dam (present-day [[Krishna Raja Sagara]] or KRS dam) on the [[Kaveri]] river, as attested by an extant stone plaque bearing his name, but was unable to begin the construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/040819/tiger-of-mysore-saviour-or-savage.html|title=Tiger of Mysore: Saviour or savage?|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|date=4 August 2019|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/how-tipu-sultan-was-the-original-tech-innovator/articleshow/61588682.cms|title=How Tipu Sultan was the original tech innovator|website=[[The Economic Times]]|language=en|date=10 November 2017|access-date=22 September 2019|last1=Shekhar|first1=Divya}}</ref> The dam was later built and opened in 1938. It is a major source of drinking water for the people of Mysore and Bangalore.

The [[Mysore silk]] industry was first initiated during the reign of Tipu Sultan.<ref name="Hunter512">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson, Sir |title=The Indian empire : its peoples, history, and products |year=1886 |publisher=Trubner, London |page=512 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianempireitsp00huntrich/page/512/mode/1up?q=tipu |access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref> He sent an expert to [[Bengal Subah]] to study [[silk]] cultivation and processing, after which Mysore began developing polyvoltine silk.<ref name="Global Silk Industry"/>

Tipu Sultan was considered as pioneer of road construction, especially in Malabar, as part of his campaigns, he connected most of the cities by roads.<ref name="Edgar185">{{cite book |last1=Edgar |first1=Thurston |title=The Madras presidency, with Mysore, Coorg and the associated states |publisher=Cambridge, University press |location=Ch-19 |page=185 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924021471002/page/n200/mode/1up |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

After [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] had Shah Alam II blinded on 10 August 1788, Tipu Sultan is believed to have broken into tears.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12717 | quote = plight. | title = Secret correspondence of Tipu Sultan | publisher = Light and Life Publishers | last1 = Kausar | first1 = Kabir | year = 1980}}</ref>

Both Hyder Ali and Tipu sought an alliance with the French, the only European power still strong enough to challenge the British East India Company in the subcontinent. In 1782, Louis XVI concluded an alliance with the [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao II|Madhu Rao Narayan]]. This treaty enabled [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Bussy]] to move his troops to the [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (now [[Mauritius]]). In the same year, French Admiral [[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|De Suffren]] ceremonially presented a portrait of Louis XVI to Haidar Ali and sought his alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu315.htm|title=Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India|website=The Tiger and The Thistle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224521/http://www.tigerandthistle.net//tipu315.htm|archive-date=21 November 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref>

[[Napoleon]] conquered [[Egypt]] in an attempt to link with Tipu Sultan.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} In February 1798, Napoleon wrote a letter to Tipu Sultan appreciating his efforts of resisting the British annexation and plans, but this letter never reached Tipu and was seized by a British spy in Muscat. The idea of a possible Tipu-Napoleon alliance alarmed the British Governor, General Sir [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]] (also known as Lord Wellesley), so much that he immediately started large scale preparations for a final battle against Tipu Sultan.

Usage of liquor and prostitution were strictly prohibited in his administration.<ref name="Sastri">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K.N.V |title=Moral Laws under Tipu Sultan |date=1943 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=269 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100038/page/n291 |access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref> Usage and agriculture of [[psychedelic]]s, such as [[Cannabis]], was also prohibited.<ref name="BSN211">{{cite book |author=Naik, B. Shreedhara |title=The society and politics in South Kanara 1500 A D to 1800 A D |page=211 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/132248/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

Polyandry in Kerala was prohibited by Tipu Sultan. He passed a decree for all women to cover their breasts, which was not practised in Kerala in the previous era.<ref name="REMiller">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Rolland E |title=Mappila Muslim Culture |date=27 April 2015 |page=34 |isbn=9781438456027 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjSzCAAAQBAJ&q=history%20of%20india%2C%20miller&pg=PA34 |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sastri270">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K.N.V |title=Moral Laws under Tipu Sultan |date=1943 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=270 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100038/page/n292 |access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

 

:In the whole of the territories of the Balaghat (i.e., in the country below the ghats) most of the Hindu women go about with their breasts and heads uncovered. This is animal-like. No one of these women should hereafter go out without a fuller robe and a veil.<ref name="KNV270">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K.N.V |title=The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1944 |page=270 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100038/page/n292 |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

On a personal level, Tipu was a devout Muslim, saying his prayers daily and paying special attention to mosques in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 4397149|title = Tipu Sultan: Giving 'The Devil' His Due|journal = Economic and Political Weekly|volume = 25|issue = 52|pages = 2835–2837|last1 = Yadav|first1 = Bhupendra|year = 1990}}</ref> As a Muslim ruler of a predominantly Hindu country, some of his policies have evoked controversy. Regular endowments were made during this period to about 156 Hindu temples,<ref name="chetty2">A. Subbaraya Chetty "Tipu's endowments to Hindus and Hindu institutions" in [[Tipu Sultan#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']]</ref> including the famed [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna|Ranganathaswami Temple]] at [[Srirangapatna]].<ref name="pande">{{cite book|title=Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies|author=Pande, B. N. |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9788185220383}}</ref> Many sources mention the appointment of Hindu officers in Tipu's administration{{sfn|Hasan|2005|pp=357–358}} and his land grants and endowments to Hindu temples,<ref name="padiga3">[[Tipu Sultan#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']], p. 118</ref><ref name="A. Subbaraya Chetty 2002">A. Subbaraya Chetty, "Tipu's endowments to Hindus", pp. 111–115 in [[Tipu Sultan#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']].</ref>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=360}} which are cited as evidence for his religious tolerance.

  }}</ref> and forced conversion<ref name=cariappa>{{citation |last1=Cariappa |first1=M. P. |last2=Cariappa |first2=Ponnamma |title=The Coorgs and their Origins |publisher=Aakar Books |year=1981 |oclc=641505186|page=48}}</ref> of Hindus ([[Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam|Kodavas of Coorg]], [[Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam|Nairs of Malabar]]) and Christians ([[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|Catholics of Mangalore]]), the destruction of churches<ref name="Lobo2">[https://archive.today/20140829175532/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-chi. Sarasvati's Children], Joe Lobo</ref> and temples, and the clamping down on Muslims ([[Mappila|Mappila of Kerala]], the [[Mahdavia]] Muslims, the [[Savanur State|rulers of Savanur]] and the people of [[Hyderabad State]]), which are sometimes cited as evidence for his intolerance.

The incumbent ''Shankaracharya'' petitioned Tipu Sultan for help. About 30 letters written in [[Kannada]], which were exchanged between Tipu Sultan's court and the [[Sringeri]] [[Shankaracharya]], were discovered in 1916 by the Director of Archaeology in [[Mysore]]. Tipu Sultan expressed his indignation and grief at the news of the raid:{{sfn|Hasan|2005|pp=357–358}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bO9Ma9Sb2g4aUvIUT29fCP/Why-we-love-to-hate-Tipu-Sultan.html|title=Why we love to hate Tipu Sultan|author=Sampath, Vikram |work=livemint.com/|date=31 January 2014}}</ref>

====Persecution of Hindus outside Mysore====

{{blockquote|"We proceeded with the utmost speed, and, at once, made prisoners of 40,000 occasion-seeking and sedition-exciting [[Kodava people|Kodavas]], who alarmed at the approach of our victorious army, had slunk into woods, and concealed themselves in lofty mountains, inaccessible even to birds. Then carrying them away from their native country (the native place of sedition) we raised them to the honour of Islam, and incorporated them into our [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmedy]] corps."

From the beginning of his reign, Tipu Sultan added the name of the Indian cyclic year on the large silver and gold coins, including this double-pagoda, together with his regnal year. Each of the names is Persian, though in several examples, the meaning of the names in India was different from the Iranian meaning (not indicated here). According to the Indian meanings, these are the cyclic years: Zaki "زکي" for cyclic 37, which corresponded to his year 1 ( "pure ") – Azâl "أزل" for 38 ( "[[eternity]] ", year 2) – Jalal "جَلال" for 39 ( "splendor ", year 3) – Dalv "دَلو" for 40 (the sign of [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]], year 4) – Shâ "شاه" for 41 ( "king ", year 5) – Sârâ "سارا" for 42 ( "fragrant ", year 6) – Sarâb "سراب" for 43 ( "[[mirage]] ", for year 7) – Shitâ "شتا" for 44 ( "winter ", year 8) – Zabarjad "زبرجد" for 45 ( "topaz ", year 9) – sahar "سَحَر" ( "[[dawn]] ", year 10) – Sâher "ساحِر" ( "magician ", year 11).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coinarchives.com/w/lotviewer.php?LotID=3800760&AucID=3949&Lot=2596&Val=8b527bcdc15cad93b00771f495bbf0ca|title=CoinArchives.com Lot Viewer|website=www.coinarchives.com|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>

The 14th and current Indian president [[Ram Nath Kovind]] hailed Tipu Sultan in his address to the Karnataka Assembly on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the state secretariat [[Vidhana Soudha]] saying “Tipu Sultan died a heroic death fighting the British. He was also a pioneer in the development and use of Mysore rockets in warfare. This technology was later adopted by the Europeans.“<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aji|first=Sowmya|title=President Ram Nath Kovind hails Tipu Sultan, sparks war of words between Congress and BJP|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-ram-nath-kovind-hails-tipu-sultan-sparks-war-of-words-between-congress-and-bjp/articleshow/61226875.cms|date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan is also admired as a hero in [[Pakistan]]. [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Pakistan Prime Minister]] [[Imran Khan]] has said that he admires Tipu Sultan as a freedom fighter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan PM Imran pays tribute to Tipu Sultan on his death anniversary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-pm-imran-pays-tribute-to-tipu-sultan-on-his-death-anniversary/article27039000.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 May 2019}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan had lost his sword in a war with the [[Nair]]s of [[Travancore]] during the [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789)]], in which he was forced to withdraw due to the severe joint attack from the Travancore army and British army.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 May 2011|title=The swords of Tipu Sultan|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/03/stories/2011050362330300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509010059/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/03/stories/2011050362330300.htm|archive-date=9 May 2011}}</ref> The [[Nair Brigade|Nair army]] under the leadership of [[Raja Kesavadas]] again defeated the army of Tipu near Aluva. The Maharaja, [[Dharma Raja]], gave the famous sword to the Nawab of [[Arcot]], from whom the sword was taken as a war trophy by the British after annexing Arcot and sent to London. The sword was on display at the Wallace Collection, No. 1 Manchester Square, London.

Tipu was commonly known as the '''Tiger of Mysore''' and adopted this animal as the symbol (''bubri/babri'')<ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2011|title=Tipu Sultan and the tiger motif|url=http://toshkhana.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/tipu-sultan-and-the-tiger-motif/|access-date=13 December 2013|work=The Seringapatnam Times|publisher=Toshkhana : wordpress}}</ref> of his rule.<ref name="ModernAsianStudies">{{Cite journal|last1=Brittlebank|first1=K.|year=1995|title=Sakti and Barakat: The ∀ Power of Tipu's Tiger. An Examination of the Tiger Emblem of Tipu Sultan of Mysore|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=29|issue=2|pages=257–269|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00012725|jstor=312813|s2cid=145790819}}</ref> It is said that Tipu Sultan was hunting in the forest with a French friend. They came face to face with a tiger there. The tiger first pounced on the French soldier and killed him. Tipu's gun did not work, and his dagger fell on the ground as the tiger jumped on him. He reached for the dagger, picked it up, and killed the tiger with it. That earned him the name "the Tiger of Mysore". {{citation needed|date=December 2020}} He even had French engineers build a mechanical tiger for his palace.<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=Lawrence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xygrApPFw_4C&pg=PA67|title=Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India|date=2000|publisher=MacMillan|isbn=978-0-312-26382-9|access-date=12 February 2010}}</ref> The device, known as [[Tipu's Tiger]], is on display in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 April 2004|title=Tippoo's Tiger|publisher=Victoria & Albert Museum|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/object_stories/Tippoo's_tiger/index.html|url-status=dead|access-date=10 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825074241/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/object_stories/Tippoo's_tiger/index.html|archive-date=25 August 2006}}</ref> Not only did Tipu place relics of tigers around his palace and domain, but also had the emblem of a tiger on his banners and some arms and weapons. Sometimes this tiger was very ornate and had inscriptions within the drawing, alluding to Tipu's faith – Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Motif|url=https://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/images/tiger/|access-date=12 February 2010|publisher=Macquarie University Library|archive-date=4 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304051433/http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/images/tiger/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historian [[Alexander Beatson]] reported that "in his palace was found a great variety of curious swords, daggers, fusils, pistols, and blunderbusses; some were of exquisite workmanship, mounted with gold, or silver, and beautifully inlaid and ornamented with tigers' heads and stripes, or with Persian and Arabic verses".<ref name="Beatson">{{cite book|last=Beatson|first=Alexander|url=http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html|title=A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun|publisher=G. & W. Nichol|year=1800|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609104725/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2013, another sword owned by Tipu Sultan and decorated with his ''babri'' (tiger stripe motif) surfaced and was auctioned by [[Sotheby's]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Kounteya|date=4 October 2013|title=Another Tipu Sultan sword surfaces, to be auctioned|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/uk/42716329_1_tipu-sultan-sword-dagger|url-status=dead|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007080528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/uk/42716329_1_tipu-sultan-sword-dagger|archive-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> It was purchased for [[Pound sterling|£]]98,500<ref>{{cite news|last=Nag|first=Ashoke|date=21 October 2013|title=Tipu Sultan memorabilia goes under hammer at Sotheby's 'The Arts of Imperial India' auction|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-21/news/43250493_1_mawludi-sayyid-ma-sum-auction-sales-middle-east|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> by a telephone bidder.

In 2015, the [[Government of Karnataka]], under the leadership of then Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party, began to celebrate Tipu's birth anniversary as the "Tipu Sultan Jayanti".<ref name="dc:">{{cite web|date=30 July 2019|title=BJP govt orders cancellation of Tipu Sultan Jayanti|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/state/karnataka-politics/bjp-govt-orders-cancellation-of-tipu-sultan-jayanti-750690.html|access-date=20 September 2019|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The Congress regime declared it as an annual event to be celebrated on 20 November.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 November 2019|title=Tipu Sultan Birth Anniversary: Life And Works of the 18th Century Ruler|publisher=NDTV|agency=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tipu-sultan-birth-anniversary-tipu-jayanti-today-know-about-mysore-ruler-2135552|access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref> It was officially celebrated in Karnataka initially by the Minority Welfare department, and later by the Kannada & Culture department.  

The [[Lok Sabha]] Congress leader, [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], also earlier criticized BJP and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] for their opposition against holding the celebrations, and asked: "When RSS can celebrate [[Nathuram Godse]], can't we celebrate Tipu Sultan?”<ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhya|first1=Harish|date=31 October 2016|title=Karnataka Prepares To Celebrate Tipu Sultan Jayanti, BJP Threatens Stir Karnataka|publisher=NDTV|agency=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/karnataka-prepares-to-celebrate-tipu-sultan-jayanti-bjp-threatens-stir-1587064|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref>

* Tipu's life and adventures were the central theme of a short-running [[South Indian]] television series ''The Adventures of Tipu Sultan'', and of a more popular national television series ''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan (TV serial)|The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]'' based on a historical novel by Bhagwan Gidwani.<ref name="pod">{{cite web|author=Swaminathan, Chitra|title=The return of the Sultan|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/05/20/stories/2006052000080200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804095954/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/05/20/stories/2006052000080200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 August 2009|work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-05-20|accessdate=17 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khosla|first=G. D.|date=1977|title=Review of The Sword of Tipu Sultan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001501|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=4|issue=2|pages=214–216|jstor=23001501|issn=0376-9771}}</ref>

#[[His Highness]] Shahzada Sir Sayyid walShareef [[Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib]], [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (March 1795&nbsp;– 11 August 1872)

* {{citation |last=Brittlebank |first=Kate |title=Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-563977-3 |oclc=246448596}}

* {{Cite EB1911|editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |date=1911 |wstitle= Tippoo Sahib |volume= 26 | page= 1005}}

*{{cite book|ref=Confronting|editor-last=Habib|editor-first=Irfan |title=Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Anthem South Asian Studies)|publisher= Anthem Press|isbn=1-84331-024-4|year=2002}}

*{{Citation

|last= Prabhu

|first= Alan Machado

|title= Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians

|publisher= I.J.A. Publications

|isbn= 978-81-86778-25-8

}}

*{{Citation| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA72| title = War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 | isbn = 978-1-136-79087-4 | last1 = Roy | first1 = Kaushik | year = 2011}}

[[Category:Indian Muslims]]