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'''Project 596''', ('''Miss Qiu''' ({{lang-zh|邱小姐}}, Qiū Xiǎojiě) as the callsign,<ref>{{cite book |last=Fravel |first=Taylor |author-link=Taylor Fravel |title=Active Defense: China's Military Strategy Since 1949 |date=23 April 2019 |page=254 |isbn=9780691152134}}</ref> '''Chic-1''' by the US intelligence agencies<ref name="cia1971" />) was the first [[nuclear weapon]]s [[Nuclear testing|test]] conducted by the [[People's Republic of China]], detonated on 16 October 1964, at the [[Lop Nur]] test site. It was a [[uranium-235]] [[Nuclear weapon design|implosion fission device]] made from weapons-grade uranium ([[Uranium-235|U-235]]) enriched in a [[gaseous diffusion]] plant in [[Lanzhou]].<ref name=":0">[https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/16-october-1964-first-chinese-nuclear-test "16 October 1964 – First Chinese nuclear test: CTBTO Preparatory Commission"]. ''www.ctbto.org''. Retrieved 2017-06-01.</ref> | '''Project 596''', ('''Miss Qiu''' ({{lang-zh|邱小姐}}, Qiū Xiǎojiě) as the callsign,<ref>{{cite book |last=Fravel |first=Taylor |author-link=Taylor Fravel |title=Active Defense: China's Military Strategy Since 1949 |date=23 April 2019 |page=254 |isbn=9780691152134}}</ref> '''Chic-1''' by the US intelligence agencies<ref name="cia1971" />) was the first [[nuclear weapon]]s [[Nuclear testing|test]] conducted by the [[People's Republic of China]], detonated on 16 October 1964, at the [[Lop Nur]] test site. It was a [[uranium-235]] [[Nuclear weapon design|implosion fission device]] made from weapons-grade uranium ([[Uranium-235|U-235]]) enriched in a [[gaseous diffusion]] plant in [[Lanzhou]].<ref name=":0">[https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/16-october-1964-first-chinese-nuclear-test "16 October 1964 – First Chinese nuclear test: CTBTO Preparatory Commission"]. ''www.ctbto.org''. Retrieved 2017-06-01.</ref> | ||
The atomic bomb was a part of China's "[[Two Bombs, One Satellite]]" program. It had a yield of 22 [[TNT equivalent|kiloton]]s, comparable to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet Union's]] first nuclear bomb [[RDS-1]] in 1949 and the American [[Fat Man]] bomb dropped on [[Nagasaki|Nagasaki, Japan]] in 1945.<ref>Bukharin, Oleg; Podvig, Pavel Leonardovich; Hippel, Frank Von (2004). [https://books.google. | The atomic bomb was a part of China's "[[Two Bombs, One Satellite]]" program. It had a yield of 22 [[TNT equivalent|kiloton]]s, comparable to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet Union's]] first nuclear bomb [[RDS-1]] in 1949 and the American [[Fat Man]] bomb dropped on [[Nagasaki|Nagasaki, Japan]] in 1945.<ref>Bukharin, Oleg; Podvig, Pavel Leonardovich; Hippel, Frank Von (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&pg=PA441 ''Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces'']. MIT Press. p. 441. {{ISBN|9780262661812}}.</ref> With the test, China became the [[List of states with nuclear weapons|fifth nuclear power in the world]] and the first [[Asia|Asian]] nation to possess nuclear capability. This was the first of [[List of nuclear weapons tests of China|45 successful nuclear tests]] China conducted between 1964 and 1996, all of which occurred at the Lop Nur test site.<ref name=":1">NORRIS, ROBERT S. (1996-03-01). [[doi:10.1177/0967010696027001006|"French and Chinese Nuclear Weapon Testing"]]. ''Security Dialogue''. '''27''' (1): 39–54. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967010696027001006 10.1177/0967010696027001006]. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-0106 0967-0106].</ref> | ||
== Development == | == Development == | ||
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=== Design and testing === | === Design and testing === | ||
In 1956, the Third Ministry of Machinery Building was established, and nuclear research was conducted at the Institute of Physics and Atomic Energy in Beijing. A [[gaseous diffusion]] uranium enrichment plant was constructed in Lanzhou. In 1957, China and the USSR signed an agreement on sharing defense technology that involved an atomic bomb prototype being supplied by Moscow to Beijing, technical data, and an exchange of hundreds of Russian and Chinese scientists.<ref name=":3">[http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/china/nuclear/ "China | Nuclear"]. ''Nuclear Threat Initiative''. April 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2017.</ref> A joint search for uranium in China was conducted between the two countries. A location near Lake Lop Nur in [[Xinjiang]] was selected to be the test site with its headquarters at Malan. Construction of the test site began on 1 April 1960, involving tens of thousands of laborers and prisoners under tough conditions.<ref name=":1" /> It took four years to complete. Being the sole site for nuclear testing in China for years to come, the Lop Nur test site underwent extensive expansion and is by far the world's largest nuclear weapons test site, covering around 100,000 square kilometers.<ref>[http://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/710/ "Lop Nor Nuclear Weapons Test Base | Facilities"]. ''Nuclear Threat Initiative''. Retrieved 2017-06-02.</ref> | |||
In 1956, the Third Ministry of Machinery Building was established, and nuclear research was conducted at the Institute of Physics and Atomic Energy in Beijing. A [[gaseous diffusion]] uranium enrichment plant was constructed in Lanzhou. In 1957, China and the USSR signed an agreement on sharing defense technology that involved an atomic bomb prototype being supplied by Moscow to Beijing, technical data, and an exchange of hundreds of Russian and Chinese scientists.<ref name=":3">[http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/china/nuclear/ "China | Nuclear"]. ''Nuclear Threat Initiative''. April 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2017.</ref> A joint search for uranium in China was conducted between the two countries. A location near Lake Lop Nur in [[Xinjiang | |||
Sino-Soviet relations cooled during 1958 to 1959. China was upset by the lack of Soviet assistance in quelling the [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprisings in 1959]] and against the escape of the [[Dalai Lama]] to India.<ref name=":4">[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/one-fingers-worth-historical-events-new-russian-and-chinese-evidence-the-sino-soviet ""One Finger's Worth of Historical Events": New Russian and Chinese Evidence on the Sino-Soviet Alliance and Split, 1948–1959"]. ''Wilson Center''. 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2017-06-02.</ref> The Soviet Union later refused support for China in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962. Khrushchev was unnerved at Mao's relatively nonchalant view on nuclear war.<ref>Lewis, John Wilson and Xue Litai. ''China Builds the Bomb.'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 63–66.</ref> The Soviet Union was also engaged in test ban negotiations with the United States in 1959 in order to relax Soviet-American tensions, directly inhibiting the delivery of a prototype to China. Broader disagreements between Soviet and Chinese communist ideologies escalated mutual criticism. The Soviets responded by withdrawing the delivery of a prototype bomb<ref name=":0" /> and over 1,400 Russian advisers and technicians involved in 200 scientific projects in China meant to foster cooperation between the two countries.<ref name=":4" /> | Sino-Soviet relations cooled during 1958 to 1959. China was upset by the lack of Soviet assistance in quelling the [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprisings in 1959]] and against the escape of the [[Dalai Lama]] to India.<ref name=":4">[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/one-fingers-worth-historical-events-new-russian-and-chinese-evidence-the-sino-soviet ""One Finger's Worth of Historical Events": New Russian and Chinese Evidence on the Sino-Soviet Alliance and Split, 1948–1959"]. ''Wilson Center''. 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2017-06-02.</ref> The Soviet Union later refused support for China in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962. Khrushchev was unnerved at Mao's relatively nonchalant view on nuclear war.<ref>Lewis, John Wilson and Xue Litai. ''China Builds the Bomb.'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 63–66.</ref> The Soviet Union was also engaged in test ban negotiations with the United States in 1959 in order to relax Soviet-American tensions, directly inhibiting the delivery of a prototype to China. Broader disagreements between Soviet and Chinese communist ideologies escalated mutual criticism. The Soviets responded by withdrawing the delivery of a prototype bomb<ref name=":0" /> and over 1,400 Russian advisers and technicians involved in 200 scientific projects in China meant to foster cooperation between the two countries.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
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=== Japan === | === Japan === | ||
While the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] which opened on 10 October was already underway in [[Tokyo]], China conducted the atomic bomb test six days into the competition, prompting | While the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] which opened on 10 October was already underway in [[Tokyo]], China conducted the atomic bomb test six days into the competition, prompting hysterical and immediate concerns of radiation fallout in Japan as it is relatively close to [[mainland China]].<ref>{{cite web|title=China Explodes its First Atomic Bomb During the Tokyo Games|date=28 May 2015 |url=https://theolympians.co/2015/05/29/china-explodes-its-first-atomic-bomb-during-the-tokyo-games/|publisher=The Olympians|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> | ||
== China returns to the | == China returns to the United Nations Security Council == | ||
[[File:Zhou Enlai announced the success of China's atomic bomb test.jpg|thumb|[[Zhou Enlai]] announcing the success of the test.]] | [[File:Zhou Enlai announced the success of China's atomic bomb test.jpg|thumb|[[Zhou Enlai]] announcing the success of the test.]] | ||
In response to the 596 test, the Chinese Nationalist leadership in Taiwan, including [[Chiang Kai-shek]], called for a military response against Communist Chinese nuclear facilities and the formation of an anti-communist defense organization.<ref>[http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb488/docs/Doc%2025%2010-23-64%20taiwan%20reaction.pdf "U.S. Embassy Taiwan telegram 1980 to State Department"] (PDF). The National Security Archive. October 23, 1964. Retrieved June 1, 2017.</ref> However, the United States would not risk strikes in China. [[Taiwan]] tried to launch [[Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear weapons|its own nuclear weapons program]], but failed, and the U.S. pressured Taiwan to dismantle its nuclear weapons program as it would strain US-China relations.<ref>Albright, David; Gay, Corey (1 January 1998). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110227231955/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54574534.html "Taiwan: Nuclear nightmare averted"]. ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''. Retrieved 28 May 2015 – via [[HighBeam Research]].</ref> At the time of the test, the United States recognized Taiwan as the seat of the Chinese government, and Chinese membership in the [[United Nations]], including a permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council]], was held by Taiwan. With a nuclear weapon in the hands of Beijing, the international community would have to [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|shift its recognition to the mainland]], which it did a decade later.<ref name=":5" /> | In response to the 596 test, the Chinese Nationalist leadership in Taiwan, including [[Chiang Kai-shek]], called for a military response against Communist Chinese nuclear facilities and the formation of an anti-communist defense organization.<ref>[http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb488/docs/Doc%2025%2010-23-64%20taiwan%20reaction.pdf "U.S. Embassy Taiwan telegram 1980 to State Department"] (PDF). The National Security Archive. October 23, 1964. Retrieved June 1, 2017.</ref> However, the United States would not risk strikes in China. [[Taiwan]] tried to launch [[Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear weapons|its own nuclear weapons program]], but failed, and the U.S. pressured Taiwan to dismantle its nuclear weapons program as it would strain US-China relations.<ref>Albright, David; Gay, Corey (1 January 1998). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110227231955/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54574534.html "Taiwan: Nuclear nightmare averted"]. ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''. Retrieved 28 May 2015 – via [[HighBeam Research]].</ref> At the time of the test, the United States recognized Taiwan as the seat of the Chinese government, and Chinese membership in the [[United Nations]], including a permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council]], was held by Taiwan. With a nuclear weapon in the hands of Beijing, the international community would have to [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|shift its recognition to the mainland]], which it did a decade later.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
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[[Category:Chinese nuclear weapons testing]] | [[Category:Chinese nuclear weapons testing]] | ||
[[Category:Cold War weapons of China]] | [[Category:Cold War weapons of China]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:20th century in Xinjiang]] | ||
[[Category:October 1964 events in Asia]] | [[Category:October 1964 events in Asia]] | ||
[[Category:China Projects]] | |||