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{{Short description|Hindu mantra}} | {{Short description|A Hindu mantra}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}} | {{EngvarB|date=April 2015}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014 | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}{{italic title}}[[File:Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya.jpg|thumb|Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevaya in [[Devnagari|Devanagari]]]] | ||
'''''Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya''''' ({{audio|Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya Pronunciation.oga|listen}}) ([[Devanagari]]: ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय) {{Literal translation|"I bow to the Ultimate Reality, Vāsudeva"}} is one of the most popular [[Hindu]] [[mantra]]s, and according to the [[Bhagavata]] tradition, the most important mantra in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farquhar |first=J. N. (John Nicol) |url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924023004629 |title=An outline of the religious literature of India |date=1920 |publisher=London ; New York : H. Milford, Oxford University Press |others=Cornell University Library |pages=186}}</ref> It is called the '''Dvadasakshari Mantra''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benjamin Walker |url=http://archive.org/details/hindu-world-vol.-2-an-encyclopedic-survey-of-wisdom-benjamin-walker |title=Hindu World Vol. 2 An Encyclopedic Survey Of Wisdom Benjamin Walker |pages=27}}</ref> or simply '''Dvadasakshari''', meaning the "twelve-syllable" mantra, dedicated to [[Vishnu]] and [[Krishna]] both.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qa8aAAAAMAAJ |author=Prabhakar Balvant Machwe |publisher=Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti Saṃsada |page=212 |year=1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n4VDAAAQBAJ |author=Edwin F. Bryant |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=354}}</ref> It has two traditions—[[Tantra|Tantric]] and [[Puranic]]. In the Tantric tradition, the rishi of the mantra is [[Prajapati]]; in the Puranic tradition, the rishi is [[Narada]]. Both refer to it as the supreme Vishnu mantra.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} | |||
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'''''Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya''''' ({{audio|Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya Pronunciation.oga|listen}}) ( | |||
== Origin == | |||
[[Bhagavata|Bhagavatism]], one of the traditions that was assimilated with what would become [[Vaishnavism]], revered the [[Vrishni heroes]], primary among them being [[Vāsudeva]] (Krishna).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dineschandra Sircar |url=http://archive.org/details/Sircar1971 |title=Studies In The Religious Life Of Ancient and Medieval India by Dineschandra Sircar (1971) |date=1971 |pages=19}}</ref> It may be concluded that the mantra was first associated with the reverence of Vāsudeva as the supreme deity<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/swami-sivananda-books |title=Swami Sivananda exclusive books |pages=73}}</ref> before he was syncretised with Vishnu, after which it became an invocation of both deities. | |||
[[File:Krishna dancing on a lotus, c1825.jpg|thumb|V'''''ā'''''sudeva (Krishna) dancing on a lotus, Tamil Nadu]] | |||
==Meaning== | ==Meaning== | ||
''Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya'' means "''Om'', I bow to Lord Vāsudeva | ''Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya'' means "''Om'', I bow to Lord Vāsudeva or Lord Vishnu".<ref name="Walters2002">{{cite book|author=J. Donald Walters|title=The Art and Science of Raja Yoga: Fourteen Steps to Higher Awareness : Based on the Teachings of Paramhansa Yogananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh9DJU6CvLAC&pg=PA251|access-date=24 June 2012|date=1 March 2002|publisher=Crystal Clarity Publishers|isbn=978-1-56589-166-1|pages=251–}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" width="60%" | {| class="wikitable" width="60%" | ||
|- bgcolor="#C2D4F2" | |- bgcolor="#C2D4F2" | ||
!Term!!Devanagari!!Listen!!Meaning | !Term!!Devanagari!!Listen!!Meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Om]] || | | [[Om]] ||{{center|ॐ}}|| {{audio|Om.ogg|Om}}||Refers to the Supreme Infinite [[Brahman|Spirit]] or [[Bhagavan|Person]]. [[Om]] represents the [[Shabda]] [[Brahman]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Namaste|Namo]] || | | [[Namaste|Namo]] ||{{center|नमो (namo)}}||{{audio|Namo Pronunciation.ogg|Namo}}||Salutation, worship, a common spoken valediction or [[Salutation (greeting)|salutation]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. 'Namo' नमो is the [[Sandhi]] form of 'namas' नमस्, neuter [[nominative case|nominative]] singular. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Bhagavata|Bhagavate]] || | | [[Bhagavata|Bhagavate]] ||{{center|भगवते}}||{{audio|Bhagabate_Pronunciation.ogg|Bhagavate}}||1. God in [[Sanskrit]], someone who is considered God (or equally powerful, merciful). 'Bhagavate' भगवते is the [[dative case|dative]] of 'bhagavat' भगवत्.<br/>2. Bhagavate is one who is becoming divine.<ref name="Chanting Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya chant blg">{{cite web|title=Chanting Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya|url=http://sacralweb.blogspot.in/2008/10/chanting-om-namo-bhagavate-vasudevaya.html|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Vāsudeva|Vāsudevā]]ya || | | [[Vāsudeva|Vāsudevā]]ya ||{{center|वासुदेवाय}}||{{audio|Vasudevaya_Pronunciation.ogg|Vāsudevāya}}||Vasu means "Life in all beings" Devaya means "God". This means God(life/light) who lives of all beings. Other meaning for | ||
Krishna is also known as [[Vāsudeva]] (Krishna), because He was the son of [[Vasudeva]]. In the [[Bhagavad-Gita]], [[Arjuna]] called Krishna by the name Vaasudeva multiple times. 'Vāsudevāya' वासुदेवाय is the [[dative case|dative]] of 'vāsudeva' वासुदेव. | Krishna is also known as [[Vāsudeva]] (Krishna), because He was the son of [[Vasudeva]]. In the [[Bhagavad-Gita]], [[Arjuna]] called Krishna by the name Vaasudeva multiple times. 'Vāsudevāya' वासुदेवाय is the [[dative case|dative]] of 'vāsudeva' वासुदेव. | ||
|} | |}{{Vaishnavism}} | ||
== | == Significance == | ||
''Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevaya'' means "prostration to [[Vāsudeva]]" who is variously understood as Krishna an incarnation of Vishnu."<ref name="The Significance of Mantra-Japa Sadhana Kr">{{cite web|title=The Significance of Mantra-Japa Sadhana|url=http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/disc/disc_90.html|publisher=swami-krishnananda.org|access-date=14 April 2012|author=Swami Krishnananda}}</ref> Krishna | ''Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevaya'' means "prostration to [[Vāsudeva|Vasudeva]]", who is variously understood as Krishna an incarnation of Vishnu."<ref name="The Significance of Mantra-Japa Sadhana Kr">{{cite web|title=The Significance of Mantra-Japa Sadhana|url=http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/disc/disc_90.html|publisher=swami-krishnananda.org|access-date=14 April 2012|author=Swami Krishnananda}}</ref> According to the [[Bhagavad Gita]], Krishna himself asked his devotees to completely surrender to him: | ||
{{cquote|सर्वधर्मान्परित्यज्य मामेकं शरणं व्रज । | {{cquote|सर्वधर्मान्परित्यज्य मामेकं शरणं व्रज । | ||
अहं त्वां सर्वपापेभ्यो मोक्षयिष्यामि मा शुचः ॥१८- ६६॥ | अहं त्वां सर्वपापेभ्यो मोक्षयिष्यामि मा शुचः ॥१८- ६६॥ | ||
<br/>'''Translation''' Abandon all varieties of duties or desires and just surrender unto Me. I shall deliver you from all sinful reaction. Do not fear. [Gita 18/66]}} | <br/>'''Translation''' Abandon all varieties of duties or desires and just surrender unto Me. I shall deliver you from all sinful reaction. Do not fear. [Gita 18/66] | ||
}}The [[Vaishnava Upanishads]] state that this mantra is described on the [[Sudarshana Chakra]]:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Upanishad Brahmayogin |url=http://archive.org/details/108_Upanishads_with_Sanskrit_Commentary_of_Upanishad_Brahma_Yogin |title=108 Upanishads with Sanskrit Commentary of Upanishad Brahma Yogin |publisher=Adyar Library |others=http://sanskritebooks.org/ |language=English}}</ref> | |||
{{Blockquote|text=Similarly, in the twelve petals, is placed the Vasudevan (the twelve-syllabled Mantra, Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya).|title=[[Vaishnava Upanishads]]}} | |||
The [[Sarada Tilaka|Sharada Tilaka]], a [[Tantra|Tantric]] text, states: | |||
{{cquote|"Dvadasharno mahamantrah pradhano Vaishnavagame"— | |||
The twelve lettered mantra is the chief among vaishnava mantras. | |||
}} | |||
Similarly, this is referred to as the ultimate mantra in the [[Shrimad Bhagavatam]]. This twelve syllable mantra<ref name="Studholme2002">{{cite book |author=Alexander Studholme |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VlulOGhZ3EC&pg=PA177 |title=The Origins of Oṃ Maṇipadme Hūṃ: A Study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7914-5389-6 |pages=177}}</ref> is known as a mukti (liberation) mantra, and a spiritual formula for attaining freedom.<ref name="Om Namo Bhagavate vasudevaya">{{cite web |title=Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya |url=http://spiritualsoul.net/group/mantra/forum/topics/om-namo-bhagavate-vasudevaya?xg_source=activity |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> The mantra can also be found in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''. | |||
== | ==In popular culture== | ||
*[[Dhruva]] used this as his mantra in his penance. Dhruva was initiated by [[Narada]] into chanting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhruva|url=http://www.vaniquotes.org/wiki/Prince_Dhruva_was_initiated_by_Narada_into_chanting%E2%80%A6_om_namo_bhagavate_vasudevaya,_and_Lord_Vasudeva_incarnated_Himself_as_Prsnigarbha,_the_Personality_of_Godhead_with_four_hands,_and_awarded_the_prince_a_specific_planet_above_the_seven_stars|publisher=Vaniquotes|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> | *[[Dhruva]] used this as his mantra in his penance. Dhruva was initiated by [[Narada]] into chanting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhruva|url=http://www.vaniquotes.org/wiki/Prince_Dhruva_was_initiated_by_Narada_into_chanting%E2%80%A6_om_namo_bhagavate_vasudevaya,_and_Lord_Vasudeva_incarnated_Himself_as_Prsnigarbha,_the_Personality_of_Godhead_with_four_hands,_and_awarded_the_prince_a_specific_planet_above_the_seven_stars|publisher=Vaniquotes|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> | ||
*[[Swami Vivekananda]] used this phrase multiple times in his lectures and letters.<ref name="Swami Vivekananda Letters">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Letters|url=http://www.vivekananda.org/newSVLetters.asp|publisher=Vedanta network Boston|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Swami Vivekananda letter the 15th February [1893]">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda letter the 15th February [1893]|url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/unpublished/i_your_highness.htm|publisher=Ramakrishna Vivekananda Info|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> | *[[Swami Vivekananda]] used this phrase multiple times in his lectures and letters.<ref name="Swami Vivekananda Letters">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Letters|url=http://www.vivekananda.org/newSVLetters.asp|publisher=Vedanta network Boston|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Swami Vivekananda letter the 15th February [1893]">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda letter the 15th February [1893]|url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/unpublished/i_your_highness.htm|publisher=Ramakrishna Vivekananda Info|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> | ||
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*[[Dwadashaakshara Mantra]] | *[[Dwadashaakshara Mantra]] | ||
*[[Svayam Bhagavan]] | *[[Svayam Bhagavan]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Om Namo Narayanaya]] | ||
*[[Om Tat Sat]] | *[[Om Tat Sat]] | ||
{{Clear}} | {{Clear}} | ||