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{{short description|River in southern India}}
{{Short description|River in southern India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{About|the river|other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
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| image              = Kaveri at Shrirangapatnam.JPG
| image              = Kaveri at Shrirangapatnam.JPG
| image_size        =  
| image_size        =  
| image_caption      = Kaveri river flowing in [[Srirangapatna]]
| image_caption      = Kaveri River flowing in [[Srirangapatna]]
| map_size          =  
| map_size          =  
| map                = River Cauvery EN.png
| map                = River Cauvery EN.png
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| subdivision_name1  = [[India]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2  = States
| subdivision_type2  = States
| subdivision_name2  = [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]],[[Kerala]], [[Puducherry]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| subdivision_type3  = Region
| subdivision_type3  = Region
| subdivision_name3  = [[South India]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Southern India]]
| subdivision_type4  = Origin
| subdivision_type4  = Origin
| subdivision_name4  = [[Kodagu]], [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name4  = [[Kodagu]], [[Karnataka]]
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| depth_avg          =  
| depth_avg          =  
| depth_max          =  
| depth_max          =  
| discharge1_location=  
| discharge1_location= [[Lower Anaicut|Lower Caleroon Anicut]] (58.5 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: {{cvt|78,783|km2|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_min    =  
| discharge1_min    = {{cvt|144|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2043.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043}}</ref>
| discharge1_avg    = {{convert|677|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg    = (Period: 1998-2022){{cvt|927.65|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2043.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043}}</ref>
| discharge1_max    =  
{{convert|677|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_location= [[Grand Anicut]] (South)<ref>{{cite web| title = Gauging Station - Data Summary| publisher = RivDis| url = http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML| access-date = 1 October 2013| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215927/http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML| archive-date = 4 October 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
| discharge1_max    = {{cvt|4,075|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2043.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043}}</ref>
| discharge2_min    =  
| discharge2_location= [[Grand Anicut]] (South; 140 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: {{cvt|74,004|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Gauging Station - Data Summary">{{cite web| title = Gauging Station - Data Summary| publisher = RivDis| url = http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML| access-date = 1 October 2013| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215927/http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML| archive-date = 4 October 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref> to {{cvt|75,506|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2042.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042}}</ref>
| discharge2_avg    = {{convert|400.716|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_min    = {{cvt|78|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2042.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042}}</ref>
| discharge2_max    =  
| discharge2_avg    = (Period: 1976-1979){{convert|400.716|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Gauging Station - Data Summary">{{cite web| title = Gauging Station - Data Summary| publisher = RivDis| url = http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML| access-date = 1 October 2013| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215927/http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML| archive-date = 4 October 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
(Period: 1998-2022){{cvt|1,151.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2042.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042}}</ref>
| discharge2_max    = {{cvt|4,916|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2042.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042}}</ref>
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1            = [[Talakaveri]], [[Kodagu]], [[Western Ghats]], [[Karnataka]]
| source1            = [[Talakaveri]], [[Kodagu]], [[Western Ghats]], [[Karnataka]]
| source1_location  = [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| source1_location  = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|12|23|N|75|29|E|display=inline}}
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|12|23|N|75|29|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|1341|m|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|1,341|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth              = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth              = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth_location    = [[Poompuhar]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| mouth_location    = [[Poompuhar]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
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| progression        =  
| progression        =  
| river_system      =  
| river_system      =  
| basin_size        = {{convert|81155|km2|abbr=on}}
| basin_size        = {{convert|81,155|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left  = [[Harangi Reservoir|Harangi]], [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Shimsha]], [[Arkavathy]]
| tributaries_left  = [[Harangi Reservoir|Harangi]], [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Shimsha]], [[Arkavathi River|Arkavati]], [[Sarabanga River|Sarabanga]], [[Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)|Thirumanimutharu]]
| tributaries_right  = [[Lakshmana Tirtha]], [[Kabini]], [[Bhavani river|Bhavani]], [[Noyyal]], [[Amaravati River|Amaravati]], [[Moyar River|Moyar]]
| tributaries_right  = [[Lakshmana Tirtha]], [[Kabini]], [[Bhavani river|Bhavani]], [[Noyyal]], [[Amaravati River|Amaravati]], [[Moyar River|Moyar]]
| custom_label      =  
| custom_label      =  
| custom_data        =  
| custom_data        =  
| extra              =  
| extra              =  
|map_caption=Map of the Kaveri river basin}}
|map_caption=Map of the Kaveri River basin}}
[[File:Kaveri basin Map.pdf|thumb|]]
[[File:Kaveri basin Map.pdf|thumb|]]
The '''Kaveri''' (also known as '''Cauvery''', the [[anglicized]] name) is one of the major Indian rivers flowing through the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. In ancient [[Tamil literature]], it was also called ''Ponni'' (the golden maid, in reference to the fine silt it deposits).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/daughter-of-ponni/|title=Daughter of Ponni|date=27 April 2014|publisher=indianexpress|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/08/cauvery-chronicles-ii-ponnis-perish|title=Cauvery Chronicles II: Ponni's Perish|publisher=newslaundry|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/opinion/the-death-of-a-river-357460|title=The death of a river|date=11 June 2019|publisher=millenniumpost|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The Kaveri river rises at [[Talakaveri]] in the [[Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka|Brahmagiri]] range in the [[Western Ghats]], [[Kodagu district]] of the state of  Karnataka, at an elevation of 1,341 m above mean sea level and flows for about 800 km before its outfall into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It reaches the sea in [[Puhar, Mayiladuthurai|Poompuhar]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] district. It is the third largest river {{en dash}} after [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] {{en dash}} in [[South India|southern India]], and the largest in the State of Tamil Nadu, which, on its course, bisects the state into north and south.
The '''Kaveri''' (also known as '''Cauvery''', the [[anglicised]] name) is one of the major Indian rivers flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Kaveri River rises at [[Talakaveri]] in the [[Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka|Brahmagiri]] range in the [[Western Ghats]], [[Kodagu district]] of the state of [[Karnataka]], at an elevation of 1,341 m above mean sea level and flows for about 800&nbsp;km before its outfall into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It reaches the sea in [[Puhar, Mayiladuthurai|Poompuhar]], in [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] district. It is the third largest river {{en dash}} after [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] {{en dash}} in [[South India|southern India]], and the largest in the state of Tamil Nadu, which, on its course, bisects the state into north and south. In ancient [[Tamil literature]], the river was also called '''Ponni''' (the golden mother, in reference to the fine silt it deposits).<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/daughter-of-ponni/|title=Daughter of Ponni|date=27 April 2014|publisher=indianexpress|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/08/cauvery-chronicles-ii-ponnis-perish|title=Cauvery Chronicles II: Ponni's Perish|publisher=newslaundry|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/opinion/the-death-of-a-river-357460|title=The death of a river|date=11 June 2019|publisher=millenniumpost|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>


The Kaveri is a sacred river to the people of South India and is worshipped as the Goddess Kaveriamma. It is considered to be among the seven holy rivers of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cauvery basin: its culture, places of historical significance, birth place, climate, precipitation, catchment, tributaries, state-wise spread, landuse|url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/cauvery-basin-its-culture-places-historical-significance-birth-place-climate-precipitation|website=www.indiawaterportal.org|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> It is extensively used for agriculture in both of the afore mentioned states. The etymology of the river was derived from the [[Sankethi dialect|Sankheti]] word for "river", காவிரி ಕಾವೇರಿ (kāvēri), as this is the major river for the [[Sankethi people]] that live along its waters.
The Kaveri is a sacred river to the people of Southern India and is worshipped as the Goddess Kaveriamma (Mother Cauvery). It is considered to be among the seven holy rivers of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cauvery basin: its culture, places of historical significance, birth place, climate, precipitation, catchment, tributaries, state-wise spread, landuse|url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/cauvery-basin-its-culture-places-historical-significance-birth-place-climate-precipitation|website=www.indiawaterportal.org|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> It is extensively used for agriculture in both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.


The catchment area of the Kaveri basin is estimated to be {{convert|81155|km2|mi2}} with many tributaries including [[Harangi Reservoir|Harangi]], [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Kabini]], [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], [[Lakshmana Tirtha]], [[Noyyal]] and [[Arkavati]]. The river basin covers three states and a Union Territory as follows: Tamil Nadu, {{convert|43868|km2|mi2}}; Karnataka, {{convert|34273|km2|mi2}}; [[Kerala]], {{convert|2866|km2|mi2}}, and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], {{convert|148|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="cwc databook">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/integrated-hydrological-data-non-classified-river-basins-cwc-mowr-2012.pdf |title=INTEGRATED HYDROLOGICAL DATA BOOK|access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref> In [[Chamarajanagar district]] it forms the island of [[Shivanasamudra]], on either side of which are the scenic [[Shivanasamudra Falls]] that descend about {{convert|100|m|ft}}.<ref name="waterfall">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149|title=World Waterfall Database|access-date=9 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114204057/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149|archive-date=14 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The river is the source for an extensive [[irrigation system]] and for [[hydroelectric power]].<ref name="cauvery">{{cite web|url=http://www.cauvery.com/shivasamudram.html|title=Shivasamudram Falls|publisher=cauvery.com|access-date=11 November 2006}}</ref> The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of [[South India|southern India]]. Access to the river's waters has pitted [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] against each other for decades. It was profusely described in the Tamil Sangam literature and is held in great reverence in Hinduism. The Kaveri river delta is a thickly populated delta, one which is frequently affected by tropical cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal.
The catchment area of the Kaveri basin is estimated to be {{convert|81155|km2|mi2}} with many tributaries including [[Harangi Reservoir|Harangi]], [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Kabini]], [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], [[Lakshmana Tirtha]], [[Noyyal]], and [[Arkavati]]. The river basin covers three states and a Union Territory as follows: Tamil Nadu, {{convert|43868|km2|mi2}}; Karnataka, {{convert|34273|km2|mi2}}; [[Kerala]], {{convert|2866|km2|mi2}}; and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], {{convert|148|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="cwc databook">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/integrated-hydrological-data-non-classified-river-basins-cwc-mowr-2012.pdf|title=INTEGRATED HYDROLOGICAL DATA BOOK|access-date=6 September 2012|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034528/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/integrated-hydrological-data-non-classified-river-basins-cwc-mowr-2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Chamarajanagar district]] it forms the island of Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic [[Shivanasamudra Falls]] that descend about {{convert|100|m|ft}}.<ref name="waterfall">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149|title=World Waterfall Database|access-date=9 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114204057/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149|archive-date=14 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The river is the source for an extensive [[irrigation system]] and for [[hydroelectric power]].<ref name="cauvery">{{cite web|url=http://www.cauvery.com/shivasamudram.html|title=Shivasamudram Falls|publisher=cauvery.com|access-date=11 November 2006}}</ref> The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of [[South India|southern India]]. Access to the river's waters has pitted [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] against each other for decades. It was profusely described in the Tamil Sangam literature and is held in great reverence in Hinduism. The Kaveri River delta is a thickly populated delta, one which is frequently affected by tropical cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal.
 
== Etymology ==
===Dravidian===
*The etymology of the river was derived from the [[Sankethi dialect|Sankethi]] word for "river", ಕಾವೇರಿ காவிரி (kāviri), as this is the major river for the [[Sankethi people]] that live along its waters. The word is from the [[Tamil language|Dravidian/Tamil]] root words "ka" and "viri", "கா" and "விரி", which roughly translates to "branching into fields/forests", due to the river's multiple divergences in the delta region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=கணேசன் |first=இரா |title=அறிவியல் துறைச் சொல்லாக்க முறைகள் |publisher=இந்தியப் பல்கலைக்கழகத் தமிழாசிரியர் மன்ற ஆறாவது கருத்தரங்கு ஆய்வுக்கோவை, பாண்டிச்சேரி, தாகூர் அரசினர் கலைக்கல்லூரித் தமிழ்த்துறைச் சார்பு வெளியீடு |year=1974 |location=புதுச்சேரி |pages=893, 895 |language=Tamil}}</ref>
 
===Sanskrit===
Marudvṛdhā is another hypothesised name for this river, meaning "the beloved of the [[Maruts]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=MW |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/index.php |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref> However, this is unlikely as Marudvrdhā is also identified with a river in [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blažek |first=Václav |date=2021 |title=Volha – řeka sedmi jmen |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/lb2021-1-1 |journal=Linguistica Brunensia |issue=1 |pages=5–38 |doi=10.5817/lb2021-1-1 |s2cid=239062051 |issn=1803-7410}}</ref>
 
=== Epithets ===
The Kaveri River is also known as ''Daksina Ganga'', the "Ganges of the South"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kaveri River {{!}} river, India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kaveri-River |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and ''Kaveri Amman'' when worshipped as a river goddess.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Warrier |first=Shrikala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNhiCAAAQBAJ&dq=goddess+kaveri&pg=PA222 |title=Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism |publisher=Mayur University |year=2014 |pages=20, 192–195}}</ref> In ancient [[Tamil literature]], the river was also called ''Ponni'' (the golden maid, in reference to the fine silt it deposits).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />


== Course ==
== Course ==
After the river leaves the [[Kodagu]] hills and flows onto the Deccan plateau, it forms two islands in [[Mandya]] district's [[Srirangapatna]] and [[Shivanasamudra]]. First comes the Srirangapatna, which forms the [[confluence|sangam]], and then comes Shivanasamudra. At Shivanasamudra the river drops {{convert|320|ft|m|order=flip}}, forming the famous [[Shivanasamudra Falls]] known separately as ''Gagana Chukki'' and ''Bhara Chukki''.<ref>The Cauvery Trail : [http://paru.in/the-cauvery-trail Kaveri has many religious and tourism spots between KRS and Mettur ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702150826/http://paru.in/the-cauvery-trail |date=2 July 2014 }}</ref> Asia's first [[hydroelectric]] plant (built in 1902) was on the left falls and supplied power to the city of [[Bangalore]].
The Kaveri River is a perennial, monsoon rain fed river.<ref name=":9" /> It rises at [[Talakaveri]], located in the [[Kodagu district]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sharad K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&dq=kaveri+river+course&pg=PA702 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K. |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay P. |publisher=Springer Science |year=2007 |pages=702–711}}</ref> After the river leaves the [[Kodagu]] hills it flows onto the Deccan plateau and forms two islands, [[Srirangapatna]] and Shivanasamudra. At Shivanasamudra, the river drops {{convert|91|m|ft|abbr=on|order=out}} and forms the [[Shivanasamudra Falls]], India's second largest waterfall.<ref name=":2" /> The falls are made up of two rapids called ''Gagana Chukki'' and ''Bhara Chukki''.<ref name=":1" /> The river converges after the falls and passes through the [[Mekedatu]] gorge.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dhruv Sen |title=The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects |publisher=Springer Hydrogeology |year=2018 |location=Singapore |pages=354–356}}</ref>


In its course through Karnataka, the channel is interrupted by 12 "anekattu" (dams) for the purpose of irrigation. From the Anaikattu at Madadkatte, an artificial channel is diverted at a distance of {{convert|72|mi|km|order=flip}}, irrigating an area of {{convert|10000|acre|ha|order=flip}}, and ultimately bringing its [[water supply]] to the town of Mandya.
The river enters Tamil Nadu through the [[Dharmapuri district]] and meanders until the [[Hogenakkal Falls]].<ref name=":3" /> From there, it flows towards the town of Salem and enters the [[Stanley Reservoir]] in [[Mettur]], where the Mettur Dam was constructed in 1934.<ref name=":1" /> After passing the reservoir, the [[Bhavani River]], a main right bank tributary, joins with the Kaveri River.<ref name=":4" />


3&nbsp;km away from Srirangapatna, the Kaveri is the basis for the [[Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary]]. Near Srirangapatna is also an [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]], the Bangara Doddi Nala, which was constructed in the 17th century by the [[Wodeyar]] [[maharaja of Mysore]], Ranadhira Kantirava, in memory of his favourite consort. This aqueduct also served as a motorable bridge until 1964.The Kabini River tributary of Kaveri joins Kaveri at Tirumakudal Narasipura where triveni [[confluence|sangama]] takes place along with mythological river Spatika. The [[Moyar River]] is an east flowing river that originates in the Mudumalai, Bandipur, and Wayanad National Parks draining the [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri Hills]] in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and is one of the tributaries to the Kaveri River.
The river then enters the [[Tiruchirappalli district]] and eventually splits into two branches, the northern part is called the [[Kollidam River]] or Coleroon, and the southern part of the river retains the name "Kaveri".<ref name=":9" /> After flowing for {{Convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}} the two rivers converge and form the [[Srirangam]] Island,<ref name=":4" /> and then further branches off into 36 different channels.<ref name=":9" /> The river travels {{Convert|765|km|miles|abbr=on}} before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Ramkumar |first1=Mu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Yq9BgAAQBAJ&dq=kaveri+delta&pg=PA286 |title=Environmental Management of River Basin Ecosystems |last2=Kumaraswamy |first2=K. |last3=Mohanraj |first3=R. |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |pages=286}}</ref>
[[File:Mekedatu.webm|thumb|Kaveri River flowing at [[Mekedatu]]]]


The river enters Tamil Nadu through [[Dharmapuri district]] leading to the flat plains where it meanders. It drops into the [[Hogenakkal Falls]] just before it arrives in the town of [[Hogenakkal (village)|Hogenakkal]] in Tamil Nadu. The three minor tributaries, Palar, Chinnar and Thoppar enter into the Kaveri on her course, above [[Stanley Reservoir]] in [[Mettur]], where the dam has been constructed. It then flows further through the length of Erode district where the river Bhavani, running through the breadth of the district, merges with it. The confluence of the rivers Kaveri, Bhavani and Akash Ganga (mythological) is at the exact place of [[Bhavani, Tamil Nadu]] Kooduthurai or Tiriveni Sangamam, Northern part of Erode City.
===Discharge===
Average, minimum and maximum discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) of the Kaveri River at [[Kallanai Dam|Grand Anicut]] and [[Lower Anaicut|Lower Caleroon Anicut]] (Lower Anicut). Period from 1998 to 2022.<ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2042.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042}}</ref><ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2043.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" |Year
! rowspan="28" |
! colspan="3" |[[Kallanai Dam|Grand Anicut]]
! rowspan="28" |
! colspan="3" |[[Lower Anaicut|Lower Anicut]]
|-
! colspan="3" |<nowiki> </nowiki>(m<sup>3</sup>/s)
! colspan="3" |(m<sup>3</sup>/s)
|-
!Min
!Mean
!Max
!Min
!Mean
!Max
|-
|1998
|170
|1,099
|3,454
|161
|885
|2,540
|-
|1999
|289
|1,131
|3,778
|285
|864
|2,845
|-
|2000
|343
|1,287
|4,903
|233
|1,011
|3,335
|-
|2001
|258
|1,080
|3,348
|309
|948
|3,115
|-
|2002
|139
|772
|2,392
|144
|867
|2,423
|-
|2003
|78
|667
|2,297
|216
|646
|2,100
|-
|2004
|103
|895
|3,303
|217
|839
|3,160
|-
|2005
|179
|1,012
|3,354
|240
|991
|3,873
|-
|2006
|268
|1,072
|2,495
|473
|1,091
|3,187
|-
|2007
|118
|993
|3,308
|324
|1,126
|4,075
|-
|2008
|132
|1,094
|3,677
|398
|1,103
|3,167
|-
|2009
|227
|1,040
|3,238
|290
|965
|3,301
|-
|2010
|373
|1,080
|3,141
|411
|1,022
|3,626
|-
|2011
|171
|1,163
|3,815
|296
|928
|3,014
|-
|2012
|190
|874
|3,342
|177
|711
|2,149
|-
|2013
|82
|1,043
|3,281
|229
|856
|3,127
|-
|2014
|279
|1,148
|3,663
|409
|980
|2,533
|-
|2015
|559
|1,422
|3,816
|407
|913
|2,177
|-
|2016
|490
|1,129
|2,890
|276
|728
|1,733
|-
|2017
|216
|931
|3,586
|154
|671
|1,832
|-
|2018
|341
|1,571
|4,439
|266
|934
|3,427
|-
|2019
|331
|1,473
|4,559
|173
|966
|3,070
|-
|2020
|591
|1,590
|4,373
|209
|983
|2,944
|-
|2021
|478
|1,502
|3,935
|257
|988
|3,136
|-
|2022
|548
|1,713
|4,916
|407
|1,172
|3,385
|-
| colspan="9" |
|-
| colspan="2" |
|''78''
|'''''1,151'''''
|''4,916''
|
|''144''
|'''''928'''''
|''4,075''
|}


While passing through [[Erode]], two more tributaries merge. Thirumani Mutharu joins it in a village called Kududurai in [[Namakkal district|Namakkal District]]. Noyyal and Amaravathi join it in [[Karur district]] and reaches [[Mayanur (Tamil Nadu)|Mayanur Dam]], about 20&nbsp;km east of Karur city. Here the river becomes wide, with a sandy bed, and flows in an eastern direction to enter [[Tiruchirappalli district]] It splits into two at upper Anicut about {{convert|14|km|mi|0}} west of Tiruchirappalli. The northern branch of the river is called the [[Kollidam]] at  [[Ariyalur District]] while the southern branch retains the name Kaveri and then goes directly eastwards into [[Thanjavur District]]. These two rivers join again and form the [[Srirangam]] island that is a part of the city of [[Tiruchirapalli]]. The oldest functional dam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.water-technology.net/features/feature-the-worlds-oldest-dams-still-in-use/|title = The world's oldest dams still in use}}</ref> [[Grand Anicut]] or Kallanai was present at this place. From Thanjavur, the river splits and goes to few places in the Delta Kaveri.
=== Tributaries ===
The Kaveri River has 29 major tributaries and its main tributaries include Harangi, [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Lakshmana Tirtha]], [[Kabini River|Kabini]], Suvarnavathi, [[Shimsha]], [[Arkavathi River|Arkavati]], [[Sarabanga River|Sarabanga]], [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], [[Noyyal River|Noyyal]], [[Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)|Thirumanimutharu]], and the [[Amaravati River|Amaravati]].<ref name=":4" />


=== Tributaries ===
== Geology ==
[[File:Mekedatu.webm|thumb|Kaveri river flowing at [[Mekedatu]]]]
The Kaveri basin was formed in the [[Late Jurassic]] to [[Early Cretaceous]] period during [[Gondwana]] breakup and opening of the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nagendra |first1=R. |last2=Nallapa Reddy |first2=A. |date=2017-01-01 |title=Major geologic events of the Cauvery Basin, India and their correlation with global signatures – A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095383616300712 |journal=Journal of Palaeogeography |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=69–83 |doi=10.1016/j.jop.2016.09.002 |via=Science Direct}}</ref> Most of the Kaveri basin is made up of Precambrian rocks. The two major rock types that are found are [[Metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] and [[Igneous rock|igneous]] rocks.<ref name=":4" /> Closepet granite is found in the upper parts of the Kaveri basin and [[Charnockite]] rocks are only found in the central part.<ref name=":2" />
* [[Harangi Reservoir|Harangi River]]
[[File:Kaveri Crater visualization.png|thumb|right|upright=1|The location of the supposed impact structure (red circle) surrounded by hills within the Deccan peninsula]]
* [[Hemavati River]]
 
* [[Lakshmana Tirtha]]
=== Kaveri impact structure ===
* [[Amaravathi River]]
A 2017 paper proposed that an [[impact structure]] was present in the vicinity of the Kaveri river.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Subrahmanya |first1=K. R. |last2=Prakash Narasimha |first2=K. N. |date=October 2017 |title=Kaveri crater – An impact structure in the Precambrian terrain of southern India |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12594-017-0733-5 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |language=en |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=387–395 |doi=10.1007/s12594-017-0733-5 |s2cid=134717819 |issn=0016-7622}}</ref>
* [[Bhavani River]]
 
* [[Kabini River]]
== Ecology ==
* [[Noyyal River]]
In Karnataka the [[riparian zone]] of the Kaveri basin is made up of two sub-zones, forest and agro-ecosystem. Over half of the basin is arable and the most cultivated crops are rice and sugarcane.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Sunil |first1=C. |last2=Somashekar |first2=R. K. |last3=Nagaraja |first3=B. C. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Riparian vegetation assessment of Cauvery River Basin of South India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1256-3 |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=548 |doi=10.1007/s10661-009-1256-3|pmid=20024615 |s2cid=19865294 }}</ref> The Kaveri basin also has a variety of flora. Some of the major species that occur in the basin include ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'', ''Tamarindus indica'', ''Pongamia pinnata'', ''[[Salix tetrasperma]]'', ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'', ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'', ''Eucalyptus torticornis'', and ''[[Diospyros montana]]''.<ref name=":8" />
* [[Arkavathi River]]
 
* [[Shimsha River]]
The [[Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary|Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary]] is located on the Kaveri River. It is a designated [[Ramsar site]] that supports many bird species including the [[painted stork]] (''Mycteria leucocephala''), [[spot-billed pelican]] (''Pelecanus philippensis''), and [[black-headed ibis]] (''Threskiornis melanocephalus''). It is also home to the [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris''), [[smooth-coated otter]] ''(Lutrogale perspicillata),'' and [[Tor remadevii|hump-backed mahseer]] ''(Tor remadevii).''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2473 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref>
* [[Manimuttharu River]]
 
== Religious significance ==
In Hinduism, the Kaveri River is considered one of seven holy rivers in India.<ref name=":3" /> There are many stories narrated in the [[Puranas]] about the origin of Kaveri as a river and a goddess. The [[Skanda Purana]] narrates that during the [[Samudra Manthana]], or churning of the [[Kshira Sagara|Ocean of Milk]], Mohini and Lopamudra retrieved the nectar of immortality for the gods. Afterwards, [[Mohini]] became a cave in the Brahmagiri hills and [[Brahma]] took care of Lopamudra as his daughter. Later, Brahma offered Lopamudra to king Kavera, who was childless, as he was pleased by king Kavera's devotion. Lopamudra was then renamed as Kaveri. When Kaveri grew up she prayed to Brahma to transform her into a purifying river.<ref name=":3" />
 
In another legend, Lopamudra becomes sage Agastya's wife and takes on a form of water during a severe drought in south India. Sage [[Agastya]] carries her in his small brass water pot on his journey to the south. Arriving on a hill, he places the water pot on the ground, but [[Ganesha]], in the form of crow, knocks the water pot down. The spilled water runs down the hill and onto the drought-stricken land.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNlJOSf__xYC&dq=kaveri+eck&pg=PA177 |title=India: A Sacred Geography |publisher=Harmony Books |year=2012 |location=United States |pages=179|isbn=9780385531917 }}</ref>


==Irrigation==
==Irrigation==
The primary uses of the Kaveri is providing water for irrigation, water for household consumption and the generation of electricity.  <!-- facts should be put here describing how much electicity, how much diverted for household consumption etc. -->
The primary uses of the Kaveri is providing water for irrigation, water for household consumption and the generation of electricity.  <!-- facts should be put here describing how much electicity, how much diverted for household consumption etc. -->


An estimate at the time of the first [[Five-year plans of India|Five Year Plan]] puts the total flow of the Kaveri at {{convert|12000000|acre.ft|km3|order=flip}}, of which 60% was used for irrigation.
An estimate at the time of the first [[Five-year plans of India|Five Year Plan]] puts the total flow of the Kaveri at {{convert|12000000|acre.ft|km3|order=flip}}, of which 60% was used for irrigation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/1st/1planch26.html | title=Chapter 26: Irrigation and power | work=1st Five Year Plan | publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India | access-date=1 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328061837/http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/1st/1planch26.html | archive-date=28 March 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/1st/1planch26.html | title=Chapter 26: Irrigation and power | work=1st Five Year Plan | publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India | access-date=1 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328061837/http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/1st/1planch26.html | archive-date=28 March 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref>


The Torekadanahalli pumpstation sends {{convert|540|e6l|cuft}} per day of water from the Kaveri {{convert|100|km|mi}} to Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinchme.com/|title=PINCHme: Try products from leading brands for FREE!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tce.co.in/infra/watersupply/bangalore.pdf#search=%22halli%20pipeline%20Bangalore%22 |title=Archived copy |website=www.tce.co.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320070821/http://www.tce.co.in/infra/watersupply/bangalore.pdf#search=%22halli%20pipeline%20Bangalore%22 |archive-date=20 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Torekadanahalli pumpstation sends {{convert|540|e6l|cuft}} per day of water from the Kaveri {{convert|100|km|mi}} to Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tce.co.in/infra/watersupply/bangalore.pdf#search=%22halli%20pipeline%20Bangalore%22 |title=Archived copy |website=www.tce.co.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320070821/http://www.tce.co.in/infra/watersupply/bangalore.pdf#search=%22halli%20pipeline%20Bangalore%22 |archive-date=20 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


[[File:Water Catchment Area of Stanley reservoir.jpg|240 px|thumb|[[Stanley Reservoir]] formed by [[Mettur Dam]], the largest dam in Tamil Nadu]]
[[File:Water Catchment Area of Stanley reservoir.jpg|240 px|thumb|[[Stanley Reservoir]] formed by [[Mettur Dam]], the largest dam in Tamil Nadu]]
Line 110: Line 355:
In August 2003, inflow into reservoirs in Karnataka was at a 29-year low, with a 58% shortfall.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|title=Cauvery reservoirs' inflow hits record low|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug03/i3.asp|access-date=18 March 2011|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=2 August 2003|location=Bangalore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020549/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug03/i3.asp|archive-date=6 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Water stored in Krishna Raja Sagara amounted to only 4.6 tmc ft.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
In August 2003, inflow into reservoirs in Karnataka was at a 29-year low, with a 58% shortfall.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|title=Cauvery reservoirs' inflow hits record low|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug03/i3.asp|access-date=18 March 2011|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=2 August 2003|location=Bangalore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020549/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug03/i3.asp|archive-date=6 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Water stored in Krishna Raja Sagara amounted to only 4.6 tmc ft.<ref name="autogenerated1" />


In February 2020, Tamil Nadu assembly passed bill to declare Cauvery Delta as Protected Agricultural Zone, includes Thanjavur, Thirvarur, Nagapattinam and five blocks in Cuddalore and Pudukottai. The bill fails to include Tiruchirappalli, Ariyalur and Karur which are geographically included in the Cauvery Delta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/02/20/tn-assembly-passes-bill-to-declare-cauvery-delta-as-protected-ag.html|title=TN assembly passes bill to declare Cauvery Delta as Protected Agricultural Zone}}</ref>
In February 2020, Tamil Nadu assembly passed bill to declare Cauvery Delta as Protected Agricultural Zone, includes Thanjavur, Thirvarur, Nagapattinam and five blocks in Cuddalore and Pudukottai. The bill does not include Tiruchirappalli, Ariyalur and Karur which are geographically included in the Cauvery Delta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/02/20/tn-assembly-passes-bill-to-declare-cauvery-delta-as-protected-ag.html|title=TN assembly passes bill to declare Cauvery Delta as Protected Agricultural Zone}}</ref>


== Water sharing ==
== Water sharing ==
{{further|Kaveri River water dispute}}
{{further|Kaveri River water dispute}}
As per an order by the Indian Supreme Court on 16 February 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11993/11993_2007_Judgement_16-Feb-2018.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417132747/http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11993/11993_2007_Judgement_16-Feb-2018.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karnataka will get 284.75 [[Tmcft|tmc ft]], Tamil Nadu will get 404.25 tmc ft, Kerala will get 30 tmc ft and Puducherry will get 7 tmc ft, 10 tmc ft will be reserved for Environmental Protection and 4 tmc ft will be reserved for Inevitable Wastage into the Sea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judgement Copy- SC verdict on Cauvery water dispute|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/371641630/SC-verdict-on-Cauvery-water-dispute-The-Indian-Express#from_embed|website=Scribd}}</ref>
The dispute over the sharing of Kaveri River began in 1807 when the Madras Government objected to Mysore State's plans for the development of irrigation projects.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Rani |first1=Midatala |last2=Rani |first2=Middatala |date=2002 |title=Historical Background Of The Cauvery Water Dispute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158173 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=1033–1042 |jstor=44158173 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> After initial discussions failed between the two Governments, Mysore asked the Government of India to intervene. Discussions were held again which led to a six rule agreement called ''General Agreement of 1892''.<ref name=":10" /> On 16 February 2018, the Indian Supreme Court<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11993/11993_2007_Judgement_16-Feb-2018.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417132747/http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11993/11993_2007_Judgement_16-Feb-2018.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> said that Karnataka will get 284.75 [[Tmcft|tmc ft]], Tamil Nadu will get 404.25 tmc ft, Kerala will get 30 tmc ft and Puducherry will get 7 tmc ft. 10 tmc ft will be reserved for Environmental Protection and 4 tmc ft will be reserved for Inevitable Wastage into the Sea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judgement Copy- SC verdict on Cauvery water dispute|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/371641630/SC-verdict-on-Cauvery-water-dispute-The-Indian-Express#from_embed|website=Scribd}}</ref>


== Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) and Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) 2018 ==
Acting on the Supreme Court's direction, the Centre constituted a Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) on 1 June 2018 to address the dispute over sharing of river water among Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Puducherry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/acts-tribunals/acts/cauvery-water-management-authority-cwma|title=Cauvery Water Management Scheme, 2018|website=Department of Water Resources, RD & GR}}</ref> The central government failed to adhere with the top court's deadline of within six weeks of deliverance of judgement.
Acting on the Supreme Court's direction, the Centre constituted a Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) on 1 June 2018 to address the dispute over sharing of river water among Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Puducherry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/acts-tribunals/acts/cauvery-water-management-authority-cwma|title=Cauvery Water Management Scheme, 2018|website=Department of Water Resources, RD & GR}}</ref> The central government failed to adhere with the top court's deadline of within six weeks of deliverance of judgement.


Line 122: Line 366:


On 22 June 2018, despite opposition from Karnataka, the Central government constituted the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) as per the provisions in the Kaveri Management Scheme laid down by the Supreme Court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-forms-9-member-cauvery-water-regulation-committee-despite-k-taka-s-opposition-83567|title=Cauvery dispute|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=23 June 2018|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>
On 22 June 2018, despite opposition from Karnataka, the Central government constituted the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) as per the provisions in the Kaveri Management Scheme laid down by the Supreme Court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-forms-9-member-cauvery-water-regulation-committee-despite-k-taka-s-opposition-83567|title=Cauvery dispute|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=23 June 2018|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>
Central Water Commission chairman S. Masood Hussain will head the CWMA and chief engineer of the Central Water Commission Navin Kumar will be the first chairman of the CWRC. While the CWMA is an umbrella body, the CWRC will monitor water management on a day-to-day basis, including the water level and inflow and outflow of reservoirs in all the basin states.<ref name=":0" />
== Kaveri Crater ==
'''Kaveri Crater''' is an area identified by scientists in [[India]] which appears to have been created by an [[asteroid impact]] that occurred around 800 to 550 million years ago. The area lying between [[Nilgiris]] and [[Kodaikanal]] is in the southern [[peninsular India]]. A study indicated that the Kaveri crater has a diameter of 120 kilometres. Because of the size of the crater, Kaveri crater can only be visualized through satellite images. The crater is the fourth largest crater in the world.
[[File:Kaveri Crater visualization.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The crater (red circle) surrounded by hills within the Deccan peninsula]]
The region to the east of [[Palghat gap]] is of low elevation and nearly circular in shape. It forms a part of the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri river]] basin. The predominantly [[Gneiss|gneissic]] terrain is surrounded by the [[Charnockite|charnockitic]] hill ranges, prominent among which are Nilgiris and [[Biligiriranga Hills]] to the north; and [[Anaimalai]] and Kodaikanal to the south. The charnockite [[massifs]] have a steep slope facing the circular feature and a gentler slope in the opposite direction. Fractures, faults and shear zones are noticed in many parts. The [[Bouguer anomaly]] in the gneissic terrain is elliptical in shape and positive, relative to the surrounding elevated region. The magnetic contours are also elliptical and the magnetic basement is deeper by about one kilometer compared with regions in the periphery. The shallow [[seismic velocity]] picture from [[Chennimalai]] to [[Palani]] indicates a [[graben]] structure. The velocity structure also depicts a 4-5 kilometer [[Mohorovičić discontinuity|Moho up-warp]] near Chennimalai. Junction between the gneissic and charnockitic terrain and even beyond is marked by the presence of [[Pseudotachylyte|pseudotachylites]] and [[breccia]]. Field and [[Petrography|petrographic]] studies indicate presence of [[suevite]], [[planar deformation features]] (PDF), [[Planar fracture|planar fractures]], diaplectic glass of [[quartz]] and [[plagioclase]] and spherical inclusion in suevite. These evidences taken together point to an extraterrestrial impact that created a crater of approximately 120 kilometer in diameter. Several lines of indirect evidences point to [[Neoproterozoic]] age for the impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/did-an-asteroid-hit-south-india-millions-of-years-ago/article26039498.ece|title=Did an asteroid hit south India millions of years ago?|first=R. Krishna|last=Kumar|date=19 January 2019|website=Thehindu.com|accessdate=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320245531|title=Kaveri Crater – An Impact Structure in the Precambrian Terrain of Southern India|website=ResearchGate.net|accessdate=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Kaveri crater â€" an impact structure in the recambrian terrain of Southern India|first1=K. R.|last1=Subrahmanya|first2=K. N.|last2=Prakash Narasimha|date=1 October 2017|journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India|volume=90|pages=387–395|doi = 10.1007/s12594-017-0733-5}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kaveri}}
 
* [http://www.cauvery.com/ Cauvery] Presentation on the Cavery River
* [http://www.cauvery.com/ Cauvery.com] (presentation on the Cavery River)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180802173410/http://www.kaveripushkaram.in/ Kaveri Pushkaralu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180802173410/http://www.kaveripushkaram.in/ Kaveri Pushkaralu] (archived 2 August 2018)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180924112102/http://cauverypushkaram.info/ Kaveri Pushkaram 2017]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180924112102/http://cauverypushkaram.info/ Kaveri Pushkaram 2017] (archived 24 September 2018)


{{Kaveri River}}
{{Kaveri River}}
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[[Category:Sacred rivers]]
[[Category:Sacred rivers]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]
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