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Edwin Lutyens: Difference between revisions
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== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
Lutyens was born in [[Kensington]], London,<ref>{{cite web |title=England & Wales Births 1837-2006|publisher=Findmypast |url = http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-births-1837-2006?firstname=edwin&lastname=lutyens |url-access=subscription}}</ref> the tenth of thirteen children of Mary Theresa Gallwey (1832/33–1906) from [[Killarney]], Ireland, and Captain Charles Henry Augustus Lutyens (1829–1915), a soldier and painter.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=34638|title=Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer (1869–1944), architect |first=Gavin|last=Stamp|author-link=Gavin Stamp }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Oram|first1=Hugh|title=An Irishman's Diary on Sir Edwin Lutyens and Ireland |url = http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/an-irishman-s-diary-on-sir-edwin-lutyens-and-ireland-1.2166433 |access-date=18 March 2017|work=Irish Times|date=7 April 2015}}</ref> His sister, [[Mary Wemyss|Mary Constance Elphinstone Lutyens]] (1868–1951), wrote novels under her married name of Mrs George Wemyss.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Constance Elphinstone Wemyss (born Lutyens), 1868 - 1951 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/mary_lutyens |website=[[MyHeritage]] |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=Source is a website based on automated analysis of primary sources, and may have limited editorial oversight. |date=January 2020}} He grew up in [[Thursley]], Surrey. He was named after a friend of his father, the painter and sculptor [[Edwin Henry Landseer]]. Lutyens studied architecture at [[Royal College of Art|South Kensington School of Art]], London, from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the [[Ernest George]] and [[Harold Peto]] architectural practice. It was here that he first met [[Herbert Baker|Sir Herbert Baker]]. For many years he worked from offices at 29 [[Bloomsbury Square]], London. | Lutyens was born in [[Kensington]], London,<ref>{{cite web |title=England & Wales Births 1837-2006|publisher=Findmypast |url = http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-births-1837-2006?firstname=edwin&lastname=lutyens |url-access=subscription}}</ref> the tenth of thirteen children of Mary Theresa Gallwey (1832/33–1906) from [[Killarney]], Ireland, and Captain [[Charles Henry Augustus Lutyens]] (1829–1915), a soldier and painter.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=34638|title=Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer (1869–1944), architect |first=Gavin|last=Stamp|author-link=Gavin Stamp }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Oram|first1=Hugh|title=An Irishman's Diary on Sir Edwin Lutyens and Ireland |url = http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/an-irishman-s-diary-on-sir-edwin-lutyens-and-ireland-1.2166433 |access-date=18 March 2017|work=Irish Times|date=7 April 2015}}</ref> His sister, [[Mary Wemyss|Mary Constance Elphinstone Lutyens]] (1868–1951), wrote novels under her married name of Mrs George Wemyss.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Constance Elphinstone Wemyss (born Lutyens), 1868 - 1951 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/mary_lutyens |website=[[MyHeritage]] |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=Source is a website based on automated analysis of primary sources, and may have limited editorial oversight. |date=January 2020}} He grew up in [[Thursley]], Surrey. He was named after a friend of his father, the painter and sculptor [[Edwin Henry Landseer]]. Lutyens studied architecture at [[Royal College of Art|South Kensington School of Art]], London, from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the [[Ernest George]] and [[Harold Peto]] architectural practice. It was here that he first met [[Herbert Baker|Sir Herbert Baker]]. For many years he worked from offices at 29 [[Bloomsbury Square]], London. | ||
==Private practice== | ==Private practice== | ||
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== Works == | == Works == | ||
{{Main|List of works by Edwin Lutyens}} | {{Main|List of works by Edwin Lutyens}} | ||
[[File:Lutyens houses and gardens (1921) (14783718963).jpg|thumb | [[File:Lutyens houses and gardens (1921) (14783718963).jpg|thumb|Ground floor plan of [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] ]] | ||
The bulk of Lutyens' early work consisted of private houses in an [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] style, strongly influenced by [[Tudor architecture]] and the [[vernacular architecture|vernacular]] styles of south-east England. This was the most innovative phase of his career. Important works of this period include Munstead Wood,{{sfn|Gradidge|1981|pp=27-31}} [[Tigbourne Court]], [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] and [[Goddards]] in [[Surrey]], [[Deanery Garden]] and [[Folly Farm, Sulhamstead|Folly Farm]] in Berkshire, [[Overstrand Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] and Le [[Bois des Moutiers]] in France. | The bulk of Lutyens' early work consisted of private houses in an [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] style, strongly influenced by [[Tudor architecture]] and the [[vernacular architecture|vernacular]] styles of south-east England. This was the most innovative phase of his career. Important works of this period include Munstead Wood,{{sfn|Gradidge|1981|pp=27-31}} [[Tigbourne Court]], [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] and [[Goddards]] in [[Surrey]], [[Deanery Garden]] and [[Folly Farm, Sulhamstead|Folly Farm]] in Berkshire, [[Overstrand Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] and Le [[Bois des Moutiers]] in France. | ||
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Before the end of the [[First World War]], he was appointed one of three principal architects for the Imperial War Graves Commission (now [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]) and was involved with the creation of [[World War I memorials|many monuments to commemorate the dead]]. Larger cemeteries have a [[Stone of Remembrance]], designed by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091629/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|url-status=dead|title=Canadian Encyclopedia Monuments, World Wars I and II|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The best known of these monuments are the [[The Cenotaph, Whitehall|Cenotaph]] in [[Whitehall]], [[Westminster]], and the [[Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme|Memorial to the Missing of the Somme]], [[Thiepval]]. The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by [[David Lloyd George]] as a temporary structure to be the centrepiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a [[catafalque]], a low empty platform, but it was Lutyens' idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete. Lutyens also designed many other war memorials, and others are based on or inspired by Lutyens' designs. Examples of Lutyens' other war memorials include the [[National War Memorial, Islandbridge|War Memorial Gardens]] in Dublin, the [[Tower Hill memorial]], the [[Manchester Cenotaph]] and the [[Arch of Remembrance]] memorial in Leicester. | Before the end of the [[First World War]], he was appointed one of three principal architects for the Imperial War Graves Commission (now [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]) and was involved with the creation of [[World War I memorials|many monuments to commemorate the dead]]. Larger cemeteries have a [[Stone of Remembrance]], designed by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091629/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|url-status=dead|title=Canadian Encyclopedia Monuments, World Wars I and II|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The best known of these monuments are the [[The Cenotaph, Whitehall|Cenotaph]] in [[Whitehall]], [[Westminster]], and the [[Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme|Memorial to the Missing of the Somme]], [[Thiepval]]. The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by [[David Lloyd George]] as a temporary structure to be the centrepiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a [[catafalque]], a low empty platform, but it was Lutyens' idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete. Lutyens also designed many other war memorials, and others are based on or inspired by Lutyens' designs. Examples of Lutyens' other war memorials include the [[National War Memorial, Islandbridge|War Memorial Gardens]] in Dublin, the [[Tower Hill memorial]], the [[Manchester Cenotaph]] and the [[Arch of Remembrance]] memorial in Leicester. | ||
[[File:Cenotaph sketch by Lutyens.jpg|thumb|Lutyens' design for [[The Cenotaph]]]] | |||
Lutyens also refurbished [[Lindisfarne Castle]] for its wealthy owner.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=118–119}} | Lutyens also refurbished [[Lindisfarne Castle]] for its wealthy owner.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=118–119}} | ||
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One of Lutyens' smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces, is [[The Salutation, Sandwich|The Salutation]], a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a {{convert|3.7|acre|adj=on}} garden, it was commissioned by [[Henry Farrer]], one of three sons of [[William Farrer|Sir William Farrer]].{{sfn|Newman|2013|p=539}} | One of Lutyens' smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces, is [[The Salutation, Sandwich|The Salutation]], a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a {{convert|3.7|acre|adj=on}} garden, it was commissioned by [[Henry Farrer]], one of three sons of [[William Farrer|Sir William Farrer]].{{sfn|Newman|2013|p=539}} | ||
[[File:100 King Street Manchester.jpg|thumb|upright|Lutyens' [[100 King Street|Midland Bank Building]] in Manchester, constructed in 1935]] | [[File:100 King Street Manchester.jpg|thumb|upright|Lutyens' [[100 King Street|Midland Bank Building]] in Manchester, constructed in 1935|left]] | ||
He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1918<ref name="gazette1">{{London Gazette|issue=30607|page=4026 | He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1918<ref name="gazette1">{{London Gazette|issue=30607|page=4026 | ||
|date=2 April 1918}}</ref> and elected a [[Royal Academician]] in March 1920.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/edwin-lutyens-pra |title=Sir Edwin Lutyens {{!}} Artist {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts|website=www.royalacademy.org.uk |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In 1924, he was appointed a member of the newly created [[Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment|Royal Fine Art Commission]], a position he held until his death.<ref name="gazette3">{{London Gazette|issue=32942|page=4429|date=3 June 1924}}</ref> | |date=2 April 1918}}</ref> and elected a [[Royal Academician]] in March 1920.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/edwin-lutyens-pra |title=Sir Edwin Lutyens {{!}} Artist {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts|website=www.royalacademy.org.uk |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In 1924, he was appointed a member of the newly created [[Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment|Royal Fine Art Commission]], a position he held until his death.<ref name="gazette3">{{London Gazette|issue=32942|page=4429|date=3 June 1924}}</ref> | ||