Manmohan Singh: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Economist, 13th Prime Minister of India (2004–2014)}}

| caption            = Official Portrait, 2004

| president          = {{ubl|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]|[[Pratibha Patil]]|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]}}

| primeminister2      = Atal Bihari Vajpayee

| birth_place        = [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /><small>(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])</small>

| party              = [[Indian National Congress]]

| nationality        = [[India]]n

| alma_mater          = {{nowrap|[[Panjab University]] ([[B.A.|BA]], [[M.A.|MA]])<br />[[University of Cambridge]] (BA)<br />[[University of Oxford]] ([[DPhil]])}}

| residence          = 3 Motilal Nehru Marg, [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/former-pm-manmohan-singh-moves-to-3-motilal-nehru-marg-1543989.html | title=Former PM Manmohan Singh moves to 3, Motilal Nehru Marg| date=27 May 2014}}</ref>

| image              = Official Portrait of the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.jpg

| term_start4        = 1 October 1991

| term_end4           = 14 June 2019

| constituency4       = Assam

| office5             = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]

| term_start5         = 19 August 2019

| constituency5      = Rajasthan

| successor4         = [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]

'''Manmohan Singh''' ({{IPA-pa|mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ|lang|Hi-ManmohanSingh.ogg}}; born 26 September 1932) is an Indian economist, academic and [[Technocracy|technocrat]] who was the 13th [[prime minister of India]] from 2004 to 2014. He is also the longest serving prime minister after [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], Singh was the first [[Sikh]] prime minister of India. He was also the first prime minister since [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.

In 2004, when the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) came to power, its chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]] unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Singh. His [[first Manmohan Singh ministry|first ministry]] executed several key legislations and projects, including the [[National Rural Health Mission]], [[Unique Identification Authority of India|Unique Identification Authority]], [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act|Rural Employment Guarantee]] scheme and [[Right to Information Act]]. In 2008, opposition to a historic [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement|civil nuclear agreement with the United States]] nearly caused Singh's government to fall after [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] parties withdrew their support. Although India's economy grew rapidly under UPA I, its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents (including the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]) and the continuing [[Maoist insurgency]].

The [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister. Over the next few years, Singh's [[second Manmohan Singh ministry|second ministry]] government faced a number of corruption charges over the organisation of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[2G spectrum allocation case]] and the [[Indian coal allocation scam|allocation of coal blocks]]. After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race for the office of the [[Prime Minister of India]] during the [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Manmohan Singh to step down as PM|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/03/india-manmohan-singh-rahul-gandhi-narendra-modi|access-date=20 April 2015|work=The Guardian|date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Singh was never a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of the Lok Sabha]] but served as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], representing the state of [[Assam]] from 1991 to 2019 and [[Rajasthan]] since 2019. Chided for his low-profile demeanour as prime minister, his popularity has improved since he left office.

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]], into a [[Sikh]] family.<ref name="dr mms">{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Dr. Manmohan Singh |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207031001/http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 |archive-date=7 December 2011 }}</ref> He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother, to whom he was very close.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

After the [[Partition of India]], his family migrated to [[Amritsar]], India, where he studied at Hindu College, Amritsar.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} He attended [[Panjab University]], then in [[Hoshiarpur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/522-indiacolleges-Government-College-Hoshiarpur/ |title=Government College, Hoshiarpur &#124; Colleges in Hoshiarpur Punjab |publisher=Punjabcolleges.com |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.bsnl.in/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/hotnews/hotnews35448.html |title=Three sardars and their Hoshiarpur connection |publisher=Portal.bsnl.in |date=23 March 1932 |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128174157/http://portal.bsnl.in/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/hotnews/hotnews35448.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/hoshiarpur/recent/4 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712035246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/hoshiarpur/recent/4 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Hoshiarpur}}</ref> Punjab, studying Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing first throughout his academic career. He completed his Economics Tripos at [[University of Cambridge]] in 1957. He was a member of [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]].<ref name=CSIR />

After completing his D.Phil., Singh returned to India. He was a senior lecturer of economics at [[Panjab University]] from 1957 to 1959. During 1959 and 1963, he served as a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] in economics at Panjab University, and from 1963 to 1965, he was an economics professor there.<ref name="Bhushan">{{cite book |last1=Bhushan |first1=K. |last2=Katyal |first2=G. |title=Manmohan Singh: Visionary to Certainty |date=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-8176486941 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEaDKgzcs3gC&pg=PA2 |access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> Then he went to work for the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) from 1966–1969.<ref name=CSIR /> Later, he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]], in recognition of Singh's talent as an economist.<ref name="Advisor">{{cite news |title=Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/manmohan-singh |access-date=13 July 2020 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media India Limited}}</ref>

[[File:Prime Minister Singh and Smt. Kaur in New Delhi on October 15, 2010.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Singh and [[Gursharan Kaur]] in 2010|221x221px]]

In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product, the [[balance of payments]] deficit was huge and the [[current account deficit]] was close to 3.5 percent of India's GDP.<ref name="rediff Business Desk">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/sep/26pm.htm |title= Manmohan Singh: Father of Indian Reform |author=rediff Business Desk |date=26 September 2005 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref> India's foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1&nbsp;billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show02.html |title=Commanding Heights : Episode 2 &#124; on PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> in comparison to US$283&nbsp;billion today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |title=Forex reserves swell 11% in 2009 |author=Mahalakshmi Hariharan |date=2 January 2010 |publisher=Yahoo Finance India |access-date=3 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103094134/http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref>

Manmohan explained to the PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> So Chidambaram and Manmohan explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> To the dismay of the party, Rao allowed Manmohan to deregulate the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />

[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam authorizing the Prime Minister designate Dr. Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on May 19, 2004.jpg|thumb|250px|right|11th [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] authorizing the Prime Minister designate Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on 19 May 2004.]]

In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, abolished the [[Licence Raj]], source of slow economic growth and [[Corruption in India|corruption in the Indian economy]] for decades. He liberalised the Indian economy, allowing it to speed up development dramatically. During his term as Prime Minister, Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market, enjoying widespread success in these matters. Singh, along with the former Finance Minister, [[P. Chidambaram]], presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate. In 2007, India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest growing major economy]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="astaire">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf |title=The India Report |publisher=Astaire Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195859/http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> Singh's ministry enacted a [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|National Employment Guarantee Act]] (MGNREGA) in 2005.

Singh's government continued the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]]'s government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic benefits of golden Quadilateral|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/economic-benefits-of-the-golden-quadrilateral-project/1/194321.html|publisher=Business today|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public sector companies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Banking on reform|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/banking-on-reform/1059372/|access-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref> The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farmer Waiver Scheme- PM statement|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=39122|publisher=PIB|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> In 2005, Singh's government introduced the [[value added tax]], replacing [[sales tax]]. In 2007 and early 2008, the [[Economic crisis of 2008#Inflation|global problem of inflation]] impacted India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Global inflation climbs to historic levels|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/business/worldbusiness/12iht-inflate.1.9963291.html|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Kevin Plumberg|author2=Steven C. Johnson|access-date=17 June 2011|date=2 November 2008}}</ref>

==== Legislations ====

The important [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (NREGA) and the [[Right to Information Act]] were passed by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in 2005 during his tenure. While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees, in various regions, the RTI act has proved crucial in India's fight against corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/rti-act-a-strong-tool-to-cleanse-corruption-in-india/15787433.shtml|title=RTI Act: A strong tool to cleanse corruption in India|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> New cash benefits were also introduced for widows, pregnant women, and landless persons.<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_233599.pdf Gender Report]. ''[[ilo.org]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKrQOAKQX60C&q=Indira%20UPA%20government%20social%20security&pg=PA360|title=India Business Yearbook 2009|first=Career Launcher India|last=Ltd|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Limited|access-date=16 November 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9788125930860}}</ref>

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| image1   = President Barack Obama with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh 2009-11-24(2).jpg

| alt1     = Manmohan Singh with American President Barack Obama at the White House

| alt2     = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the American President, Mr. George W. Bush interacting with media at oval office, in Washington DC

| caption2 = Manmohan Singh with American President [[Barack Obama]] and [[George W. Bush]] at the [[White House]].

| image2   = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the American President, Mr. George W. Bush interacting with media at oval office, in Washington DC, during his visit to the United States, on September 25, 2008.jpg

Manmohan Singh continued the [[Foreign relations of India|pragmatic foreign policy]] that was started by [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] and continued by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. Singh continued the [[India-Pakistan relations|peace process with Pakistan]] initiated by his predecessor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have been made during Singh's tenure to end the border dispute with People's Republic of China. In November 2006, Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] visited India which was followed by Singh's visit to Beijing in January 2008. A major development in [[Sino-Indian relations]] was the reopening of the [[Nathula Pass]] in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades.<ref name="state visit">{{cite web |title=Visits of Heads of States/Heads of Governments |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China_Jan_2016.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs (India) |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref> [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of the State Council]] of the People's Republic of China, [[Li Keqiang]] paid a state visit to India (Delhi-[[Mumbai]]) from 19–21 May 2013.<ref name="state visit" /> Singh paid an official visit to China from 22–24 October 2013.<ref name="state visit" /> Signed were three agreements establishing [[Sister Cities International|sister-city partnership]] between Delhi-[[Beijing]], Kolkata-[[Kunming]] and Bangalore-[[Chengdu]]. As of 2010, the People's Republic of China is the second biggest trade partner of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/90861/6873167.html|title=China becomes India's 2nd largest trade partner – People's Daily Online|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in China 14 April 2011-2.jpeg|thumb|left|Prime Minister Manmohan Singh with [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Hu Jintao]], [[Dilma Rousseff]] and [[Jacob Zuma]] at the [[2011 BRICS summit]] in [[Sanya]], China.]]

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the Prime Minister during a ceremony held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Team-manmohan-set-to-form-govt-today/articleshow/4317510.cms|title=Team Manmohan set to form govt today|date=22 May 2009|publisher=[[Times Now]]|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527164431/http://www.timesnow.tv/Team-manmohan-set-to-form-govt-today/articleshow/4317510.cms|archive-date=27 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSDEL00004820090522|title=India PM Singh takes oath for second term|date=22 May 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref> The [[2009 Indian general election]] was the largest democratic election in the world held to date, with an eligible electorate of 714 million.

== Post-premiership (2014-present) ==

Singh's premiership officially ended at noon on 17 May 2014. He did not contest the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] for the 16th Lok Sabha. Singh resigned his post as prime minister, after the Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance won the 2014 Lok Sabha election. Though he served as the acting prime minister till 25 May 2014, when [[Narendra Modi]] was sworn in as the new prime minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/prime-minister-manmohan-singh-resigns-after-10-years-in-office-525869|title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Resigns After 10 Years in Office|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/manmohan-singh-resigns-as-prime-minister/1/362262.html|title=Manmohan Singh to continue as PM till Modi assumes office|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Manmohan-Singh-resigns-bringing-to-an-end-his-10-year-tenure/articleshow/35254774.cms|title=Manmohan Singh resigns bringing to an end his 10-year tenure – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Singh along with Congress president [[Sonia Gandhi]], former Presidents [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and [[Pratibha Patil]], Vice President [[Hamid Ansari]] attended Narendra Modi's [[First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|swearing-in ceremony]]. After the swearing-in ceremony Singh shifted to 3 Motilal Nehru Road bungalow, New Delhi. In 2016 it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at [[Panjab University]] as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/News/India/North/Former-PM-Manmohan-Singh-returns-to-teaching|title=Former PM Manmohan Singh returns to teaching |publisher=Asian Voice |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> which he never did.

== Public Image ==

[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting with the Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Mohammed Yunus, in New Delhi on January 30, 2007.jpg|thumb|250px|right|alt= Manmohan Singh and Muhammad Yunus meet in India| Singh meeting with [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Muhammad Yunus]].]]

''[[The Independent]]'' described Singh as "one of the world's most revered leaders" and "a man of uncommon decency and grace," noting that he drives a [[Maruti 800]], one of the humblest cars in the Indian market. [[Khushwant Singh]] lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had, even rating him higher than [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He mentions an incident in his book ''Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Life, Death and Most things In-between'' where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned the {{INRConvert|2|l}} he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis. Terming him as the best example of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people talk of integrity, I say the best example is the man who occupies the country's highest office."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Manmohan-Singh-is-the-best-example-of-integrity-Khushwant-Singh/articleshow/6325672.cms|title=PM Manmohan Singh: PM Manmohan Singh is the best example of integrity: Khushwant Singh &#124; India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

Political opponents, including BJP co-founder [[L. K. Advani]], have claimed that Singh is a "weak" prime minister. Advani declared "He is weak. What do I call a person who can't take his decisions until [[10 Janpath]] gives instruction."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/manmohan-singh-lk-advani-jan-chetna-yatra/1/157000.html |title=Manmohan Singh is a weak PM, reiterates Advani : East News – India Today |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Indiatoday.intoday.in (21 October 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_manmohan-singh-weak-pm-unbecoming-of-the-coveted-post-bjp_1640518 |title=Manmohan Singh weak PM, unbecoming of the coveted post: BJP – India – DNA |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Dnaindia.com (21 January 2012). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/dangerous-to-have-a-weak-pm-anna_746121.html |title=Dangerous to have a weak PM: Anna |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Zeenews.india.com (9 December 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' also claimed that Singh did not have genuine political power.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/india/32713281_1_political-authority-india-story-reforms| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130524161926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/india/32713281_1_political-authority-india-story-reforms| url-status= dead| archive-date= 24 May 2013| work= [[The Times of India]]| title= Saviour or Sonia's poodle, asks UK paper about PM Manmohan Singh| date= 17 July 2012 }}</ref>

Singh's public image had been tarnished, with his coalition government having been accused of various corruption scandals since the start of its second term in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12769214|title=India's corruption scandals|work=BBC | date=18 April 2012 }}</ref> The opposition demanded his resignation for his alleged inaction and indecisiveness in the [[2G spectrum case]]<ref>[http://tehelka.com/the-silence-of-the-lamb/ The silence of the lamb | Ashish Khetan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507214039/http://tehelka.com/the-silence-of-the-lamb/ |date=7 May 2013 }}. Tehelka.com. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref> and [[Indian coal allocation scam]].<ref>[http://tehelka.com/is-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-actually-a-very-astute-politician/ Is Prime Minister Manmohan Singh actually a very astute politician? | Shoma Chaudhury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531040552/http://tehelka.com/is-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-actually-a-very-astute-politician/ |date=31 May 2013 }}. Tehelka.com. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref> Senior MP of the Communist Party of India [[Gurudas Dasgupta]] accused Manmohan Singh of "[[Dereliction of duty]]", alleging that Singh was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of 2G telecom licences.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/gurudas-dasgupta-rubbishes-jpc-report-on-2g-scam/article4639234.ece Gurudas Dasgupta rubbishes JPC report on 2G scam]. The Hindu (21 April 2013). Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref>

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| image1   = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh after receiving the Honorary Degree in Civil Law by the Oxford University, London, United Kingdom on July 8, 2005.jpg

| alt1     = Singh after receiving the Honorary Degree in Civil Law by the Oxford University

| alt2     = Singh at a ceremony where he was conferred with Honorary Doctoral Degree

| caption2 = Singh receiving honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge.

| image2   = Manmohan Singh at a ceremony where he was conferred with Honourary Doctoral Degree by His Royal Highness the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Chancellor of Cambridge University, in London on October 11, 2006.jpg

In March 1983, [[Panjab University]] awarded him [[Doctor of Letters]] and in 2009 created a Dr. Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department.<ref name="PM honour PU">{{cite web|title=What happened to PM's honorary degree?|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article425022.ece|work=The New Indian Express |location=India|access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> In 1997, the [[University of Alberta]] awarded him an honorary Doctor of Law degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~publicas/folio/34/15/03.html|title=India's former finance minister among honorary degree recipients|website=sites.ualberta.ca|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> The [[University of Oxford]] awarded him an honorary [[Doctor of Civil Law]] degree in July 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2005/050214.html |title=Oxford University confers doctorate degree on Manmohan Singh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128171120/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2005/050214.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref> and in October 2006, the [[University of Cambridge]] followed with the same honour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061015/asp/look/story_6862282.asp|title=Cambridge University confers doctorate degree on Manmohan Singh | work=The Telegraph | first=Amit|last=Roy|date=15 October 2006}}</ref> [[St. John's College, Cambridge|St. John's College]] further honoured him by naming a PhD Scholarship after him, the [[Dr Manmohan Singh Scholarship|Dr. Manmohan Singh Scholarship]].<ref name=Scholarship>{{cite web|first=Applicants to the University from India may be eligible|last=to apply for a Manmohan Singh Undergraduate Scholarship.|title=Manmohan Singh Scholarships for applicants from India|url=http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/international/finance/support.html|publisher=study.cam.ac.uk|date=11 October 2018}}</ref> In 2008, he was awarded honorary [[Doctor of Letters]] degree by [[Benaras Hindu University]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-15/india/27741134_1_d-litt-honorary-doctorate-satish-gujral-and-historian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828005718/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-15/india/27741134_1_d-litt-honorary-doctorate-satish-gujral-and-historian|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Manmohan Singh awarded honorary doctorate degree by BHU | date=15 March 2008}}</ref> and later that year he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2008/09/05/manmohan-conferred-honorary-doctorate-degree-madras-university-1220621460.html|title=Manmohan Singh conferred honorary doctorate degree by Madras University|date=5 September 2008}}</ref> In 2010, he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by [[King Saud University]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article124297.ece|title=Manmohan conferred honorary doctorate by King Saud University | location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu|date=1 March 2010}}</ref> and in 2013, he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-21/news/43250699_1_honorary-doctorate-international-relations-mahatma-gandhi|title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh conferred Honorary Doctorate by Russian institute|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=21 October 2013}}</ref> In 2017 awarded [[Indira Gandhi Prize|Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development]].

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| <ref>[https://archive.pib.gov.in/photo//2010/Mar/l2010030127562.jpg The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh being felicitated by the King of Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on February 28, 2010.]</ref>

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[[Category:Panjab University faculty]]

[[Category:Delhi University faculty]]