Urbanization in India: Difference between revisions

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 [[File:India_urbanization_rate_map.svg|alt=|thumb|Map of the urban/total population ratio of Indian states, as per the 2011 census]]
 [[Maharashtra]] was the most urbanized major state in India till 1991, stood behind [[Tamil Nadu]] in 2001 and third after it in 2011, with [[Kerala]] being second,<ref name=Census2011Urban>{{cite web|title=Rural-Urban distribution of population|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2011_PR1143.PDF|publisher=Census of India Press Release|access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref> with the urban-total state population ratio. However, Maharashtra's urban population of 41 million, far exceeds that of Tamil Nadu which is at 27 million, as per the 2001 census.<ref name="planning commission">{{cite web|title=Urbanization|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_maha/ch-13-14-02-05.pdf|publisher=[[Planning Commission (India)]]|access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> The spatial distribution of large cities in India is uneven as out of 100 most populous cities in the country more than 50 are confined to only 5 states namely, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Other than state capitals and major industrial centre, large cities are mainly concentrated in the national capital region (NCR), the western and southern part of India.<ref name="Nandy"/>
+==Causes of urbanization in India==
+The main causes of [[urbanization|urbanisation]] in India are:
+* Expansion in government services, as a result of the [[Second World War]]
+* Migration of people during the [[partition of India]]<ref name="NathAggarwal2007_6">{{cite book|author1=Viswambhar Nath|author2=Surinder K. Aggarwal|title=Urbanization, Urban Development, and Metropolitan Cities in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obd1vEVEPdgC&pg=PA6|access-date=13 June 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-412-7|page=6}}</ref><ref name="The Indian and Pakistan year book">{{cite book|title=The Indian and Pakistan year book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RodAQAAMAAJ|access-date=15 June 2012|year=1951|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co.}}</ref><ref name="HarrisInstitute2001">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan M. Harris|author2=Tufts University. Global Development and Environment Institute|title=A Survey of Sustainable Development: Social And Economic Dimensions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D1o1q2sqZsC&pg=PA142|access-date=15 June 2012|date=1 March 2001|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-863-0|pages=142–}}</ref>
+* The [[Industrial Revolution]]{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
+* Eleventh five-year plan that aimed at ''[[urbanization|urbanisation]]'' for the economic development of [[India]]<ref name="Kundu">{{cite book|author=Amitabh Kundu|title=Trends and processes of urbanization in india|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVHu1souvqYC&pg=PA1|access-date=13 June 2012|publisher=IIED|page=1|id=GGKEY:NNAEQJ0WFTW}}</ref>
+* Economic opportunities are just one reason people move into cities
+* Infrastructure facilities in the urban areas<ref>{{cite news|title=Does infrastructure play role in urbanization: evidence from India|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-169308044|newspaper=Indian Journal of Economics and Business |author=Pradhan, Rudra Prakash}}{{dl|date=July 2021}}</ref>
+*Growth of [[private sector]] after 1990 .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessnewsthisweek.com/2009/02/role-of-private-sector-in-indias-growth.html |title=Role of private sector in India's growth ~ Business News This Week |publisher=Businessnewsthisweek.com |date=8 February 2009 |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref>
+*Growth of employment in cities is attracting people from rural areas as well as smaller cities to large towns. According to Mckinsey India's urban population will grow from 340 million in 2008 to 590 million in 2030.
+*Therefore, it is being driven by economic compulsions where people move out for economic advancements to areas offering better job  opportunities.
+*It is also driven by land fragmentations, villages being erased due to roads and highway constructions, dam constructions and other activities.
+*'''Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood, but it's no more profitable:''' Indian rural economy is primarily based on agriculture. Indian agriculture sector accounts for 18 percent <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/realtime/Economic_Survey_2017_18.pdf|title=The Economic Survey 2017-18 ;}}</ref> of India's gross domestic product (GDP) and it is estimated that it provides employment to 50% of the countries workforce, but ground reality differs. Many farmers in different states of India are leaving farming, primarily because of high input cost and low income from agriculture. Also on the other hand with usage of fertilizers, chemicals and hybrid seeds, land fertility is declining.  This encourages many farmers to commit suicide. '''''In 2014, the National Crime Records Bureau of India reported 5,650 farmer suicides. As per the figures given by central government in 2015, there were 12602 farmer suicides.''''' This includes 8,007 farmers-cultivators and 4,595 agricultural labourers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/over-12000-farmer-suicides-per-year-centre-tells-supreme-court/articleshow/58486441.cms|title=Over 12,000 farmer suicides per year, Centre tells Supreme Court;|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The farmer's suicide rate in India has ranged between 1.4 and 1.8 per 100,000 total populations, over a 10-year period through 2005. Thus people (including farmers) are migrating to cities.
+::  Giving children a better future by educating them in a great educational institute is now an alarming reason of urbanization.