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{{short description|Assassin of Mahatma Gandhi}} | {{short description|Assassin of Mahatma Gandhi}} | ||
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}} | {{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | ||
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| birth_name = Ramachandra Vinayak Godse | | birth_name = Ramachandra Vinayak Godse | ||
| birth_date = {{birth date|1910|5|19|df=yes}} | | birth_date = {{birth date|1910|5|19|df=yes}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Baramati]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] | | birth_place = [[Baramati]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br/>{{small|(present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)}} | ||
| death_date = {{death date and age|1949|11|15|1910|5|19|df=yes}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|1949|11|15|1910|5|19|df=yes}} | ||
| death_place = [[Ambala Central Jail]], [[ | | death_place = [[Ambala Central Jail]], [[East Punjab]], India | ||
<br/> {{small|(present-day [[Haryana]], India)}} | |||
| death_cause = [[Capital punishment|Execution]] by [[hanging]] | | death_cause = [[Capital punishment|Execution]] by [[hanging]] | ||
| organization = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]<br />[[Hindu Mahasabha]] | | organization = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]<br />[[Hindu Mahasabha]] | ||
| Line 20: | Line 21: | ||
| victims = [[Mahatma Gandhi]] | | victims = [[Mahatma Gandhi]] | ||
| weapon = [[Beretta M 1934]] [[semi-automatic pistol]] | | weapon = [[Beretta M 1934]] [[semi-automatic pistol]] | ||
| apprehended = | |||
| capture_status = Captured by [[Herbert Reiner Jr.]] | |||
| date = 30 January 1948 | | date = 30 January 1948 | ||
| module = {{Infobox writer | | module = {{Infobox writer | ||
|embed =yes | |embed =yes | ||
|name = Nathuram Vinayak Godse | |name = Nathuram Vinayak Godse | ||
|notableworks = ''Why I | |notableworks = ''[[Why I Killed Gandhi]]'' | ||
| relatives = [[Gopal Godse]] (brother)<br/>Himani Savarkar (niece) | |||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Nathuram Vinayak Godse''' ( | '''Nathuram Vinayak Godse''' (19 May 1910 – 15 November 1949) was the assassin of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He was a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]]<ref name=howlett-gandhi-godse>{{citation| last =Howlett | first =Charles F. | editor1-last=Ryan|editor1-first=James Gilbert|editor2-last=Schlup|editor2-first=Leonard C.|title = Historical Dictionary of the 1940s| chapter=Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand|publisher = Routledge| year=2015|orig-year=2006| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w3usBwAAQBAJ| access-date = 30 January 2022| url-access=limited|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3usBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT296| pages = |location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-7656-0440-8|quote=Because of Gandhi's sensitivity to India's Muslim minority, he was blamed for the partition. In January 1948, in New Delhi, he was assassinated by Nathuram Vinayak Godse, a militant Hindu nationalist.}}</ref> from [[Maharashtra]]{{sfn|Hardiman|2003|pp=174–176}} who [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|shot Gandhi]] in the chest three times at [[point blank range]] at a [[interfaith dialog|multi-faith]] [[prayer meeting]] in [[Birla House]] in [[New Delhi]] on 30 January 1948.<ref name="CushRobinson2008">{{Cite book|last1=Cush|first1=Denise|last2=Robinson|first2=Catherine|last3=York|first3=Michael|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544|access-date=31 August 2013|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0|page=544|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221104/http://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544|archive-date=12 October 2013}} Quote: "The apotheosis of this contrast is the assassination of Gandhi in 1948 by a militant Nathuram Godse, on the basis of his 'weak' accommodationist approach towards the new state of Pakistan." (p. 544)</ref><ref name="frontline1">{{cite news|last1=Noorani|first1=A.G.|title=The BJP and Nathuram Godse|url=http://www.frontline.in/books/the-bjp-and-nathuram-godse/article4328688.ece|access-date=4 July 2017|publisher=Frontline|date=8 February 2013}}</ref> | ||
After a trial that lasted over a year, Godse was [[Capital punishment in India|sentenced to death]] on 8 November 1949. Although pleas for clemency were made by Gandhi's two sons, [[Manilal Gandhi]] and [[Ramdas Gandhi]], they were turned down by India's prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], deputy prime minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], and | Godse was a member of the political party, the [[Hindu Mahasabha]];{{sfn|Nash|1981|p=69}} and a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a right-wing Hindu paramilitary volunteer organization;{{sfn|Hansen|1999a|p=249}} and a popularizer of the work of his mentor [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], who had created the ideology of [[Hindutva]].<ref name=sources-indian-traditions-godse>{{citation| editor1-last=McDermott|editor1-first=Rachel Fell|editor2-last=Gordon|editor2-first=Leonard A.|editor3-last=Embree|editor3-first=Ainslie T.|editor4-last=Pritchett|editor4-first=Frances W.|editor5-last=Dalton|editor5-first=Dennis|title = Sources of Indian traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh| chapter=Mahatma Gandhi and Responses|publisher = Columbia University Press; total pages 1024| place = New York| volume = 2| edition = 3rd| year = 2014| chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439 | access-date = January 30, 2022| chapter-url-access=limited|pages = 338–452; 439|isbn=978-0-231-51092-9|quote=Nathuram Godse (1910–1949), though rarely discussed in histories of modern India ranks among its significant figure, if only as the assassin of Gandhi and popularizer of the teachings of his own mentor, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the inventor of 'Hindutva.' As early as 1927, Savarkar had ridiculed the philosopy of non-violence ...}}</ref> | ||
Godse had failed in two unsuccessful attempts to assassinate Mahatma Gandhi in 1944 before he succeeded the third time.<ref name="Newton">{{cite book | last=Newton | first=M. | title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-61069-286-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ | access-date=2023-01-30 | page=167}}</ref> After the 1948 assassination, Godse claimed Gandhi favoured the political demands of [[British India]]'s Muslims during the [[partition of India]] of 1947.<ref name="CushRobinson2008"/>{{sfn|Markovits|2004|p=57}}{{sfn|Mallot|2012|pp=75–76}} Soon after Mahatma Gandhi had fallen from the fatal shots at the prayer meeting, and while the attendant crowd was in shock, Godse was grasped and restrained by [[Herbert Reiner Jr.]], a vice-consul at the new American embassy in Delhi who was also attending; eventually, Godse was taken away by the police.<ref name=bbc-stimpson/><ref name=nyt-reiner/><ref name=globe-reiner-obit/> Godse had plotted the assassination with [[Narayan Apte]] and six others. After a trial that lasted over a year, Godse was [[Capital punishment in India|sentenced to death]] on 8 November 1949. Although pleas for clemency were made by Gandhi's two sons, [[Manilal Gandhi]] and [[Ramdas Gandhi]], they were turned down by India's prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], deputy prime minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], and Governor-General [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]],<ref name="godse-commutation" /> and Godse was executed at the [[Ambala Central Jail]] on 15 November 1949.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009" /> | |||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
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==Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi== | ==Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi== | ||
{{main|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi}} | {{main|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi}} | ||
At | |||
In May 1944, Godse attempted to assassinate Gandhi with a knife. He led a group of 15 to 20 young men who rushed at Gandhi during a prayer meeting at [[Panchgani]]. Godse and his group was prevented by the crowds from reaching Gandhi. He was released due to Gandhi's own policy of declining to press criminal charges.<ref name="Newton"/> | |||
On September 1944, Godse again led another group to block Gandhi's passage from [[Sevagram]] to [[Mumbai]]. This time Godse was arrested with a dagger and he uttered threats to kill Gandhi. He was released again owing to Gandhi's policy of not pressing criminal charges.<ref name="Newton"/> | |||
At 05:05 pm on 30 January 1948, as Gandhi made his way to a prayer meeting on a raised lawn behind [[Birla House]], a mansion in New Delhi, where he was staying, Godse stepped out of the crowd flanking his path to the dais. He fired three bullets into Gandhi's chest.<ref name=bbc-stimpson/> Gandhi fell immediately, sending the attendant crowd into a state of shock.<ref name=bbc-stimpson>{{citation|last1=Pronko|first1=N. H.|last2=Bowles|first2=J. W.|title=Empirical Foundations Of Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfaAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-32708-7|page=343}}</ref> [[Herbert Reiner Jr.]], a 32-year-old vice-consul at the new American embassy in Delhi, was the first to rush forward and grasp Godse by the shoulders, spinning him into the arms of some military personnel, who disarmed him.<ref>{{citation|date=May 26, 2000|last=Obituary, May 26|title=Herbert Reiner Jr.; Captured Gandhi's killer|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/may/26/local/me-34297|access-date=January 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc-stimpson"/> Reiner then held Godse by the neck and shoulders until he was taken away by the military and police.<ref name=globe-reiner-obit>{{citation|date=21 May 2000|last=Obituary, May 21|title=Herbert Reiner Jr., Diplomat, 83; Captured Gandhi's killer in 1948|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref><ref name=nyt-reiner>{{citation|last=Trumbull|first=Robert|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 31, 1948|title=Gandhi is killed by a Hindu; India shaken; World mourns; 15 die in rioting in Bombay|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0130.html#article}}</ref> Reiner reported later that in the moments before he apprehended him, Godse looked a little stunned at how easily he had carried out his plan.<ref name=stratton>{{citation|last=Stratton|first=Roy Olin|title=SACO, the Rice Paddy Navy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTFNAQAAMAAJ|year=1950|publisher=C. S. Palmer Publishing Company|pages=40–42}}</ref> Gandhi was taken back to his room in [[Birla House]], where he died soon thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEL20060206033504 |title=Controversy over "Hey Ram" |access-date=2013-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201073017/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEL20060206033504 |archive-date=1 February 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
==Trial and execution== | ==Trial and execution== | ||
Godse was put on trial at the [[Punjab High Court]], at [[Peterhoff, Shimla]]. On 8 November 1949, he was sentenced to death. Although pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons, [[Manilal Gandhi]] and [[Ramdas Gandhi]], they were turned down by India's prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], deputy prime minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and | Godse was put on trial at the [[Punjab High Court]], at [[Peterhoff, Shimla]]. On 8 November 1949, he was sentenced to death. Although pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons, [[Manilal Gandhi]] and [[Ramdas Gandhi]], they were turned down by India's prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], deputy prime minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and Governor-General [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]],<ref name=godse-commutation>{{citation|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA660|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25570-8|page=660}}</ref> and Godse was hanged at [[Ambala Central Jail]] on 15 November 1949.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009">{{citation|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Qd5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-01824-6|page=146}}</ref> | ||
==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
Millions of Indians mourned Gandhi's assassination; the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] was vilified and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] was temporarily banned. | Millions of Indians mourned Gandhi's assassination; the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] was vilified and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] was temporarily banned. | ||
The RSS has consistently denied any connection with Godse. It has maintained that Godse "left RSS in the mid-1930s".<ref name="RSSRefutal"/> However, Nathuram Godse's brother | The RSS has consistently denied any connection with Godse. It has maintained that Godse "left RSS in the mid-1930s".<ref name="RSSRefutal"/> However, Nathuram Godse's brother Gopal Godse stated that all the Godse brothers were members of the RSS at the time of the assassination and blamed the RSS for disowning them.<ref name="frontline_1">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/books/the-bjp-and-nathuram-godse/article4328688.ece|title=The BJP and Nathuram Godse|author=A.G. Noorani|work=Frontline}}</ref> The other members of the Godse family too have denied that he ever left the RSS. "He remained a ''boudhik karyawah'' till his death."<ref name="et"/> | ||
==Attempts at image rehabilitation== | ==Attempts at image rehabilitation== | ||
In 2014, following the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s rise to power, the Hindu Mahasabha began attempts to rehabilitate Godse and portray him as a patriot. It requested Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to install | ''[[Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy]]'' (This is Nathuram Godse Speaking) is a two-act play written in the [[Marathi language]] written by Pradeep Dalvi.<ref name="HT-20110204">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Political-drama-surrounds-play-on-Nathuram-Godse/Article1-658335.aspx|title=Political drama surrounds play on Nathuram Godse|last=Kurian|first=Susamma|date=2011-02-04|publisher=HT Media|accessdate=9 April 2012|location=New Delhi|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324235733/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Political-drama-surrounds-play-on-Nathuram-Godse/Article1-658335.aspx|archivedate=24 March 2013}}</ref> It is based on the book ''May It Please You Honour'' written by Gopal Godse. According to Karline McLain the play "enacts Godse's defense plea" and thus "explores the assassination of [[Gandhi]] and the trial of Godse from Godse's point of view.<ref name="McLain2009">{{cite book|author=Karline McLain|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA192|accessdate=10 April 2012|date=11 February 2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|pages=192}}</ref> | ||
In 2014, following the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s rise to power, the Hindu Mahasabha began attempts to rehabilitate Godse and portray him as a patriot. It requested Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to install a bust of Godse. It created a documentary film ''Desh Bhakt Nathuram Godse'' (Patriot Nathuram Godse) for release on the death anniversary of Gandhi on 30 January 2015.<ref name=mahasabha> | |||
{{cite news|first=Debobrat|last=Ghose|title=Hindu Mahasabha head speaks to FP: Godse was a 'martyr' and 'patriot'|newspaper=Firstpost|date=21 December 2014|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hindu-mahasabha-head-speaks-fp-godse-martyr-patriot-1977649.html|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> | {{cite news|first=Debobrat|last=Ghose|title=Hindu Mahasabha head speaks to FP: Godse was a 'martyr' and 'patriot'|newspaper=Firstpost|date=21 December 2014|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hindu-mahasabha-head-speaks-fp-godse-martyr-patriot-1977649.html|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> | ||
There were attempts to build a temple for Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a ''Shaurya Diwas'' ("Bravery Day").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141224/nation-current-affairs/article/hindu-mahasabha-announces-godse-temple|title=Hindu Mahasabha announces Godse temple|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=24 December 2014}}</ref> A civil suit was filed in Pune Court asking for a ban on the documentary film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-court-to-hear-suit-against-godse-film/article6724649.ece|title=Pune court to hear suit against Godse film|author=PTI|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 December 2014}}</ref> | There were attempts to build a temple for Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a ''Shaurya Diwas'' ("Bravery Day").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141224/nation-current-affairs/article/hindu-mahasabha-announces-godse-temple|title=Hindu Mahasabha announces Godse temple|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=24 December 2014}}</ref> A civil suit was filed in Pune Court asking for a ban on the documentary film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-court-to-hear-suit-against-godse-film/article6724649.ece|title=Pune court to hear suit against Godse film|author=PTI|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 December 2014}}</ref> | ||
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In May 2019, in the lead up to the final phase of [[2019 Indian general election|Indian elections]], BJP's candidate from [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]], [[Pragya Singh Thakur|Pragya Thakur]], called Godse a "patriot".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-nathuram-godse-a-patriot-says-bjp-s-pragya-thakur/story-uq5EU9OWje7r5tmORd7UsK.html|title='Nathuram Godse was a patriot,' says BJP's Pragya Thakur; sparks outrage|date=2019-05-16|website=www.hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> Facing intense backlash, she apologised later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/pragya-singh-thakur-nathuram-godse-terrorist-deshbhakt-lok-sabha-elections-kamal-haasan5731029/|title=Under fire, BJP's Pragya Thakur apologises for calling Godse a 'deshbhakt'|date=2019-05-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> | In May 2019, in the lead up to the final phase of [[2019 Indian general election|Indian elections]], BJP's candidate from [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]], [[Pragya Singh Thakur|Pragya Thakur]], called Godse a "patriot".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-nathuram-godse-a-patriot-says-bjp-s-pragya-thakur/story-uq5EU9OWje7r5tmORd7UsK.html|title='Nathuram Godse was a patriot,' says BJP's Pragya Thakur; sparks outrage|date=2019-05-16|website=www.hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> Facing intense backlash, she apologised later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/pragya-singh-thakur-nathuram-godse-terrorist-deshbhakt-lok-sabha-elections-kamal-haasan5731029/|title=Under fire, BJP's Pragya Thakur apologises for calling Godse a 'deshbhakt'|date=2019-05-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> | ||
As [[ | As [[Hindutva]] politics became more widespread in India, there have been attempts to commemorate Godse. The city of [[Meerut]] was proposed to be renamed after him but the possibility of such a name change was ruled out by the District Magistrate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/04/world/asia/india-gandhi-nathuram-godse.html|title=Gandhi's Killer Evokes Admiration as Never Before|last=Yasir|first=Sameer|date=2020-02-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-05|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mamtany|first=Sidhant|date=2019-12-24|title='Meerut will not become Pandit Nathuram Godse Nagar', DM rules out possibility of name change|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/meerut-nathuram-godse-nagar-name-will-not-change-up-government-573743|access-date=2020-06-14|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> | ||
==In | ==In popular culture== | ||
*''[[Nine Hours to Rama]]'', [[Stanley A. Wolpert]] (1962)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUAVk84xBGUC&q=godse+books+banned&pg=PR10|title=Charisma and Commitment in South Asian History: Essays Presented to Stanley ... - Google Books|access-date=30 January 2014|isbn=9788125026419|year=2004|last1=Long|first1=Roger D.}}</ref> | *''[[Nine Hours to Rama]]'', [[Stanley A. Wolpert]] (1962)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUAVk84xBGUC&q=godse+books+banned&pg=PR10|title=Charisma and Commitment in South Asian History: Essays Presented to Stanley ... - Google Books|access-date=30 January 2014|isbn=9788125026419|year=2004|last1=Long|first1=Roger D.}}</ref> | ||
*[[Gandhi's Assassin]]. Dhirendra K. Jha (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Samrat |date=2022-04-02 |title=Review: Gandhi's Assassin by Dhirendra K Jha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewgandhis-assassin-by-dhirendra-k-jha-101648861812409.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> | |||
*''[[Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh]]'' (2023) | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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* [https://archive.org/details/JeevanlalKapoorCommissionReport/page/n4/mode/1up Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi (1969)] | * [https://archive.org/details/JeevanlalKapoorCommissionReport/page/n4/mode/1up Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi (1969)] | ||
* {{citation|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C&pg=PA249|year=1999a|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|pages=249–}} | * {{citation|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C&pg=PA249|year=1999a|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|pages=249–}} | ||
* {{citation|last=Hardiman|first=David |title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=174–76 |isbn=9780231131148}} | * {{citation|last=Hardiman|first=David|title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=174–76|isbn=9780231131148}} | ||
* Khosla, G.D., ''Murder of the Mahatma and Other Cases from a Judge's Notebook'', Jaico Publishing House, 1968. {{ISBN|0-88253-051-8}} | * Khosla, G.D., ''Murder of the Mahatma and Other Cases from a Judge's Notebook'', Jaico Publishing House, 1968. {{ISBN|0-88253-051-8}} | ||
* {{citation|last=Mallot|first=J. Edward|title=Memory, Nationalism, and Narrative in Contemporary South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P90F8YgSzUwC&pg=PA75|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-00705-6 |pages=75–}} | * {{citation|last=Mallot|first=J. Edward|title=Memory, Nationalism, and Narrative in Contemporary South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P90F8YgSzUwC&pg=PA75|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-00705-6|pages=75–}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | ||
* [[Manohar Malgonkar|Malgonkar, Manohar]] (2008). ''The Men Who Killed Gandhi'', New Delhi: Roli Books, {{ISBN|978-81-7436-617-7}} | * [[Manohar Malgonkar|Malgonkar, Manohar]] (2008). ''The Men Who Killed Gandhi'', New Delhi: Roli Books, {{ISBN|978-81-7436-617-7}} | ||
* {{citation|last=Markovits|first=Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpDvZO8xNNgC&pg=PA57|title=The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84331-127-0}} | * {{citation|last=Markovits|first=Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpDvZO8xNNgC&pg=PA57|title=The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84331-127-0}} | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0214/india.godse.html] ''Time Magazine'''s February 2000 interview of Gopal Godse | * [http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0214/india.godse.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220024339/http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0214/india.godse.html |date=20 February 2011 }} ''Time Magazine'''s February 2000 interview of Gopal Godse | ||
* [http://www.imrajeev.com/why-godse-killed-gandhi] Article discussing Why Godse Killed Gandhi | * [http://www.imrajeev.com/why-godse-killed-gandhi] Article discussing Why Godse Killed Gandhi | ||
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/29godse.htm] Rediff's January 1998 interview of Gopal Godse | * [http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/29godse.htm] Rediff's January 1998 interview of Gopal Godse | ||
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* [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/30/world/main2415455.shtml] Eyewitness to Gandhi assassination | * [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/30/world/main2415455.shtml] Eyewitness to Gandhi assassination | ||
* {{YouTube|34jm36ZloOA|Eyewitness: Mahatma Gandhi Assassination}} | * {{YouTube|34jm36ZloOA|Eyewitness: Mahatma Gandhi Assassination}} | ||
* [http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifireng.htm] First Information Report (FIR) by police | * [http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifireng.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111165817/http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifireng.htm |date=11 January 2013 }} First Information Report (FIR) by police | ||
* [http://www.nathuram.com/an-assassin-speaks/] "An Assassin Speaks" written by | * [http://www.nathuram.com/an-assassin-speaks/] "An Assassin Speaks" written by Gopal Godse, narrated by Navneet Singh | ||
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}} | {{Mohandas K. Gandhi}} | ||