Muzaffar Ahmad: Difference between revisions

What links here Related changes Page information Get shortened URL
Created by Worldbruce
Last edited February 20, 2026
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
->Worldbruce
m Used script-title parameter. | Cleaned up using AutoEd
m updated
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{other people5||Muzaffar Ahmed (disambiguation)}}
{{similar names||Muzaffar Ahmed (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name              = Muzaffar Ahmad
| name              = Muzaffar Ahmad
| image              = File:Muzaffar Ahmed Communist.jpg
| image              = Muzaffar Ahmed Communist.jpg
| native_name        = মুজফ্‌ফর আহ্‌মদ
| native_name_lang  = bn
| other_names        = Kakababu, Dwaipayana
| nationality        = Indian
| party              = [[Communist Party of India]];
[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1889|08|05|df=y}}
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1889|08|05|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Sandwip]], [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (current day [[Bangladesh]])
| birth_place        = [[Sandwip]], [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (current day [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1973|12|18|1889|08|05|df=y}}
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1973|12|18|1889|08|05|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names        = Kakababu
| party              = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />[[Communist Party of India]] (1925-1964)<br />[[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] (1925)
}}
}}
'''Muzaffar Ahmad''' (known as '''Kakababu'''; 5 August 1889 – 18 December 1973) was an [[India]]n-[[Bengal]]i politician, journalist and communist activist.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/prof-muzaffar-ahmed-an-interview-55636|title=Prof. Muzaffar Ahmed: An Interview|date=16 December 2014|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref>
'''Muzaffar Ahmad''' (known as '''Kakababu'''; 5 August 1889 – 18 December 1973) was an [[India]]n-[[Bengal]]i politician, journalist and a co-founder of the [[Communist Party of India]].


==Background==
==Background==
Ahmed was born at Musapur village in [[Sandwip|Sandwip Island]] in [[Chittagong District]] of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] in the-then [[British India]] (in present-day Bangladesh) to Mansur Ali and Chuna Bibi. Ahmed studied at the Asria Senior Madrasa in Bamni, [[Companiganj Upazila, Noakhali|Companiganj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://companiganj.noakhali.gov.bd/site/page/9638c351-c1d8-455c-82e5-6e17c2f74f9e/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF|language=bn|website=Companiganj Upazila|script-title=bn:উপজেলার ঐতিহ্য|trans-title=Upazila's tradition}}</ref> He passed matriculation from [[Noakhali Zilla School]] in 1913.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Roy, Ranjit|article=Ahmed, Comrade Muzaffar}}</ref> In 1918, he was appointed joint secretary of "[[Bangio Musalman Sahitya Samiti]]". In 1920, along with [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] he started a new magazine, ''[[Nabajug]]''. Later, when another magazine, ''[[Dhumketu (magazine)|Dhumketu]]'' was launched by Nazrul in 1922, he contributed to it using the pseudonym "Dwaipayana".
Ahmed was born on 5 August 1889 at Musapur village on [[Sandwip Island]] in [[Chittagong District]] of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] in the-then [[British India]] (in present-day [[Bangladesh]]) to Mansur Ali. Ahmed received his early education on Sandwip. He passed matriculation from [[Noakhali Zilla School]] in 1913.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Roy, Ranjit|article=Ahmed, Comrade Muzaffar}}</ref><ref name="ma74">{{cite book |title=Muzaffar Ahmad |url=https://archive.org/details/muzaffar-ahmed/page/n3/mode/2up |year=1963 |location=Kolkata |publisher=National Book Agency |page=2 |language=bn}}</ref> He studied at [[Hooghly Mohsin College]] and then [[Bangabasi College]], but was unsuccessful in the Intermediate in Arts examination and left college.<ref name="Singh2001">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Nagendra Kr. |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |title=Ahmad, Muzaffar (1889–1973) |year=2001 |publisher=A. P. H. Publishing Corporation |volume=I |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-231-5 |pages=281–283}}</ref>


==Political movement==
==Career==
Ahmed was one of the founders of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name="Ramnath2008">{{cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|title=An Early Communist: Muzaffar Ahmad in Calcutta|url=http://tulikabooks.wordpress.com/catalogue-2/forthcoming/history/an-early-communist-muzaffar-ahmed-in-calcutta-1913%E2%80%931929/|year=2011|publisher=[[Tulika Books]], [[Delhi]]|page=86|first = Suchetana}}</ref> In 1922, the ''Bharat Samyatantra Samiti'' was formed in [[Calcutta]] with Ahmed as its secretary. In 1924, he was sentenced to four years in prison because of his role in the [[Shripad Amrit Dange#Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case|Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]] along with [[S.A. Dange]], [[Nalini Gupta]] and [[Shaukat Usmani]].<ref>Suchetana Chattopadhyay, An Early Communist: Muzaffar Ahmad in Calcutta, [[Tulika Books]], Delhi 2011</ref> He was released due to illness in 1925. In November, 1925 he, along with [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], [[Hemanta Kumar Sarkar]], and others, organized the [[Labour Swaraj Party]] in Bengal.<ref>Mortuza Khaled, A Study in Leadership: Muzaffar Ahmad and the Communist Movement in Bengal, Progressive Publishers, Kolkata 2001</ref> He was one of the main leaders of CPI in the early 1920s along with [[Abdul Halim (communist)|Abdul Halim]] and [[Abdur Rezzak Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan|publisher=Shishu Sahitya Samsad|isbn=978-81-7955-135-6|pages=575}}</ref>
He participated in political meetings and demonstrations starting in 1916. In 1918, he was appointed assistant secretary of the literary society ''[[Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti]]'' and took responsibility for producing its monthly journal.<ref name="Singh2001" /> In 1920, along with [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], he started a new magazine, ''[[Nabajug]]''.<ref name=Banglapedia/> Later, when another magazine, ''[[Dhumketu (magazine)|Dhumketu]]'', was launched by Nazrul in 1922, he contributed to it using the pseudonym "Dwaipayana".{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Muzaffar Ahmed, Bankim Mukherjee, PC Joshi, Somnath Lahiri1937.jpg|left|thumb|282x282px|(From left to right) Muzaffar Ahmed, [[Bankim Mukherjee]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|PC Joshi]], [[Somnath Lahiri]] at Calcutta 1937]]
[[File:Abdul Halim, Saroj Mukherjee, Muzaffar Ahmed1938.jpg|left|thumb|278x278px|(From left to right) [[Abdul Halim (communist)|Abdul Halim]], [[Saroj Mukherjee]], Muzaffar Ahmed at Bengal Provincial Conference (1938 December - 1939 January) of CPI at [[Chandannagar|Chandarnagore]].]]
On 20 March 1929, the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] arrested 31 labour activists and sent them to [[Meerut]] for trial. Ahmed was the chief accused, along with S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, [[P.C. Joshi]] and others, was convicted in this so-called [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]]. He was released in 1936. He had served the longest term in jail as the chief accused in the Meerut Trial.
[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|350px|thumb|'''Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] Prisoners taken outside the jail'''. Back row (left to right): [[K. N. Sehgal]], [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], [[A. Prasad]], [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[G. Adhikari]]. Middle Row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], [[Gopen Chakravarti]], [[Kishori Lal Ghosh]], [[L. R. Kadam]], [[D. R. Thengdi]], [[Goura Shanker]], [[Shibnath Bannerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[P. C. Joshi]], Muzaffar Ahmed. Front Row: [[M. G. Desai]], [[Dharani Goswami|D. Goswami]], [[R.S. Nimbkar]], [[S.S. Mirajkar]], [[S.A. Dange]], [[S. V. Ghate]], [[Gopal Basak]].]]


After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Ahmed moved to [[Kolkata]] rather than staying in [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh). On 25 March 1948, the [[Communist Party of India]] was banned by the [[Government of India]] and Ahmed was imprisoned. He was released from prison in 1951. He was again arrested and imprisoned for two years in 1962, and another time for two years in 1965. He was imprisoned several times in post-[[Partition of India|Independence]] India by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government.
Ahmed was one of the founders of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name="Ramnath2008">{{cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|title=An Early Communist: Muzaffar Ahmad in Calcutta|url=http://tulikabooks.wordpress.com/catalogue-2/forthcoming/history/an-early-communist-muzaffar-ahmed-in-calcutta-1913%E2%80%931929/|year=2011|publisher=[[Tulika Books]], [[Delhi]]|page=86|first = Suchetana}}</ref> In 1922, the ''Bharat Samyatantra Samiti'' was formed in [[Calcutta]] with Ahmed as its secretary. In 1924, he was sentenced to four years in prison because of his role in the [[Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy case|Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]] along with [[Shripad Amrit Dange]], Nalini Gupta and [[Shaukat Usmani]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Suchetana |title=An Early Communist: Muzaffar Ahmad in Calcutta |year=2011 |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Tulika Books]] |page=}}</ref> He was released due to illness in 1925. In November 1925, he, along with Kazi Nazrul Islam, [[Hemanta Kumar Sarkar]], and others, organised the [[Labour Swaraj Party]] in Bengal.<ref>Mortuza Khaled, A Study in Leadership: Muzaffar Ahmad and the Communist Movement in Bengal, Progressive Publishers, Kolkata 2001</ref> He was one of the main leaders of CPI in the early 1920s, along with [[Abdul Halim (communist)|Abdul Halim]] and [[Abdur Rezzak Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan|publisher=Shishu Sahitya Samsad|isbn=978-81-7955-135-6|pages=575}}</ref>
 
[[File:Muzaffar Ahmed, Bankim Mukherjee, PC Joshi, Somnath Lahiri1937.jpg|right|thumb|282x282px|(From left to right) Muzaffar Ahmed, [[Bankim Mukherjee]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], and [[Somnath Lahiri]] at Calcutta 1937]]
[[File:Abdul Halim, Saroj Mukherjee, Muzaffar Ahmed1938.jpg|right|thumb|278x278px|(From left to right) [[Abdul Halim (communist)|Abdul Halim]], [[Saroj Mukherjee]], and Muzaffar Ahmed at Bengal Provincial Conference (1938 December - 1939 January) of CPI at [[Chandannagar|Chandarnagore]]]]
 
On 20 March 1929, the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] arrested 31 labour activists and sent them to [[Meerut]] for trial. Ahmed was the chief accused, along with S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, [[Puran Chand Joshi]] and others, and was convicted in this so-called [[Meerut Conspiracy case]]. He was released in 1936. He had served the longest term in jail as the chief accused in the Meerut trial.
 
[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|350px|thumb|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[Gangadhar Adhikari|G. Adhikari]]. Middle row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, [[Sibnath Banerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], Muzaffar Ahmad. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, [[S. S. Mirajkar]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], [[S. V. Ghate]], Gopal Basak.]]
 
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Ahmed moved to [[Kolkata]] rather than staying in [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh). On 25 March 1948, the Communist Party of India was banned by the [[Government of India]], and Ahmed was imprisoned. He was released from prison in 1951. He was again arrested and incarcerated for two years in 1962 and for another two years in 1965. He was imprisoned several times in post-Independence India by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government.


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Ahmed had a daughter, Nargis.<ref name=anec/> She was married to the poet [[Abdul Quadir]].<ref name=anec>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/news/remembering-abdul-quadir-life-and-anecdotes-1751710|title=Remembering Abdul Quadir: Life and Anecdotes|date=1 June 2019|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref>
Ahmed had a daughter, Nargis.<ref name=anec/> She was married to the poet [[Abdul Quadir]].<ref name=anec>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/news/remembering-abdul-quadir-life-and-anecdotes-1751710|title=Remembering Abdul Quadir: Life and Anecdotes|date=1 June 2019|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref>


==Death and legacy==
==Legacy==
Ahmed died in Calcutta in 1973, aged 84.
* Co-founder of the [[Communist Party of India]], 26 December 1925
 
* Founder of the National Book Agency, 26 June 1939<ref name="nab">{{cite web |title=National Book Agency |url=http://www.nationalbookagency.com/aboutus.html}}</ref>
The headquarters of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in [[West Bengal]] is named after him. Also, Ripon Street, a thoroughfare in [[Kolkata]], was renamed "Muzaffar Ahmad Street".
* The headquarters of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in [[West Bengal]] is named after him.
* Ripon Street, a thoroughfare in [[Kolkata]], was renamed "Muzaffar Ahmad Street".


==Major works==
==Selected works==
* ''Qazi Nazrul Islam: Smritikatha'' (in Bengali)
* ''Qazi Nazrul Islam: Smritikatha'' (in Bengali)<ref name="knis">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Qazi Nazrul Islam - Smritikatha |date=1967 |publisher=National Book Agency |location=Kolkata |edition=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.456382}}</ref>
* ''Amar Jiban O Bharater Communist Party'' (in Bengali)
* ''Amar Jiban O Bharater Communist Party'' (in Bengali)<ref name="ajbcp">{{cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Amar Jiban O Bharater Communist Party |url=https://nbabooks.in/product/amar-jiban-o-bharater-communist-party/ |publisher=National Book Agency}}</ref>
* ''Krishak Samasya'' (in Bengali)<ref name="ks">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Krishak Samasya |date=1954 |publisher=National Book Agency |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hauser |first1=Walter |title=The Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha, 1929-1942 |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429275937 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn-JDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22krishak+samasya%22+muzaffar+ahmad&pg=PT246}}</ref>
* ''Prabase Bharater Communist Party Gathan'' (in Bengali) <ref name="pbcpg">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Prabase Bharater Communist Party Gathan |date=1961 |publisher=National Book Agency |location=Kolkata |url=https://library.isical.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=118632&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=148786}}</ref>
* ''Bharater Communist Party Gorar Pratham Jug'' (in Bengali)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Bharater Communist Party Gorar Pratham Jug |date=2022 |publisher=Bangla Gabeshana |location=Bangladesh |isbn=9789849616047 |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/225614/communist-party-of-india-years-of-formation-1921-1933}}</ref>
* ''Nirbachita Prabandha'' (in Bengali)<ref name="manp">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Nirbachita Prabandha |date=2011 |publisher=National Book Agency |location=Kolkata |url=https://nbabooks.in/product/nirbacita-prabandha/}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 51: Line 58:
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:People from Sandwip Upazila]]
[[Category:People from Sandwip Upazila]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
Line 57: Line 64:
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Hooghly Mohsin College alumni]]
[[Category:Hooghly Mohsin College alumni]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Noakhali Zilla School alumni]]

Latest revision as of 09:35, 20 February 2026


For other people with similar names, see Muzaffar Ahmed (disambiguation).

Muzaffar Ahmad
Born(1889-08-05)5 August 1889
Sandwip, Chittagong District, Bengal Presidency, British India (current day Bangladesh)
Died18 December 1973(1973-12-18) (aged 84)
Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Other namesKakababu
Political partyCommunist Party of India (Marxist)
Communist Party of India (1925-1964)
Workers and Peasants Party (1925)

Muzaffar Ahmad (known as Kakababu; 5 August 1889 – 18 December 1973) was an Indian-Bengali politician, journalist and a co-founder of the Communist Party of India.

Background[edit | edit source]

Ahmed was born on 5 August 1889 at Musapur village on Sandwip Island in Chittagong District of Bengal Province in the-then British India (in present-day Bangladesh) to Mansur Ali. Ahmed received his early education on Sandwip. He passed matriculation from Noakhali Zilla School in 1913.[1][2] He studied at Hooghly Mohsin College and then Bangabasi College, but was unsuccessful in the Intermediate in Arts examination and left college.[3]

Career[edit | edit source]

He participated in political meetings and demonstrations starting in 1916. In 1918, he was appointed assistant secretary of the literary society Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti and took responsibility for producing its monthly journal.[3] In 1920, along with Kazi Nazrul Islam, he started a new magazine, Nabajug.[1] Later, when another magazine, Dhumketu, was launched by Nazrul in 1922, he contributed to it using the pseudonym "Dwaipayana".[citation needed]

Ahmed was one of the founders of the Communist Party of India.[4] In 1922, the Bharat Samyatantra Samiti was formed in Calcutta with Ahmed as its secretary. In 1924, he was sentenced to four years in prison because of his role in the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case along with Shripad Amrit Dange, Nalini Gupta and Shaukat Usmani.[5] He was released due to illness in 1925. In November 1925, he, along with Kazi Nazrul Islam, Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, and others, organised the Labour Swaraj Party in Bengal.[6] He was one of the main leaders of CPI in the early 1920s, along with Abdul Halim and Abdur Rezzak Khan.[7]

(From left to right) Muzaffar Ahmed, Bankim Mukherjee, P. C. Joshi, and Somnath Lahiri at Calcutta 1937
(From left to right) Abdul Halim, Saroj Mukherjee, and Muzaffar Ahmed at Bengal Provincial Conference (1938 December - 1939 January) of CPI at Chandarnagore

On 20 March 1929, the British colonial government arrested 31 labour activists and sent them to Meerut for trial. Ahmed was the chief accused, along with S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Puran Chand Joshi and others, and was convicted in this so-called Meerut Conspiracy case. He was released in 1936. He had served the longest term in jail as the chief accused in the Meerut trial.

Portrait of 25 of the Meerut prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, S. S. Josh, H. L. Hutchinson, Shaukat Usmani, B. F. Bradley, A. Prasad, P. Spratt, G. Adhikari. Middle row: R. R. Mitra, Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, S. Bannerjee, K. N. Joglekar, P. C. Joshi, Muzaffar Ahmad. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, S. S. Mirajkar, S. A. Dange, S. V. Ghate, Gopal Basak.

After the partition of India in 1947, Ahmed moved to Kolkata rather than staying in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). On 25 March 1948, the Communist Party of India was banned by the Government of India, and Ahmed was imprisoned. He was released from prison in 1951. He was again arrested and incarcerated for two years in 1962 and for another two years in 1965. He was imprisoned several times in post-Independence India by the Congress government.

Personal life[edit | edit source]

Ahmed had a daughter, Nargis.[8] She was married to the poet Abdul Quadir.[8]

Legacy[edit | edit source]

Selected works[edit | edit source]

  • Qazi Nazrul Islam: Smritikatha (in Bengali)[10]
  • Amar Jiban O Bharater Communist Party (in Bengali)[11]
  • Krishak Samasya (in Bengali)[12][13]
  • Prabase Bharater Communist Party Gathan (in Bengali) [14]
  • Bharater Communist Party Gorar Pratham Jug (in Bengali)[15]
  • Nirbachita Prabandha (in Bengali)[16]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Roy, Ranjit (2012). "Ahmed, Comrade Muzaffar". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  2. ↑ Muzaffar Ahmad (in Bengali). Kolkata: National Book Agency. 1963. p. 2.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Singh, Nagendra Kr., ed. (2001). "Ahmad, Muzaffar (1889–1973)". Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Vol. I. New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 281–283. ISBN 81-7648-231-5.
  4. ↑ Chattopadhyay, Suchetana (2011). An Early Communist: Muzaffar Ahmad in Calcutta. Tulika Books, Delhi. p. 86.
  5. ↑ Chattopadhyay, Suchetana (2011). An Early Communist: Muzaffar Ahmad in Calcutta. New Delhi: Tulika Books.
  6. ↑ Mortuza Khaled, A Study in Leadership: Muzaffar Ahmad and the Communist Movement in Bengal, Progressive Publishers, Kolkata 2001
  7. ↑ Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan. Shishu Sahitya Samsad. p. 575. ISBN 978-81-7955-135-6.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Remembering Abdul Quadir: Life and Anecdotes". The Daily Star. 1 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  9. ↑ "National Book Agency".
  10. ↑ Ahmad, Muzaffar (1967). Qazi Nazrul Islam - Smritikatha (2 ed.). Kolkata: National Book Agency.
  11. ↑ Ahmad, Muzaffar. "Amar Jiban O Bharater Communist Party". National Book Agency.
  12. ↑ Ahmad, Muzaffar (1954). Krishak Samasya. Kolkata: National Book Agency.
  13. ↑ Hauser, Walter (2019). The Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha, 1929-1942. Routledge. ISBN 9780429275937.
  14. ↑ Ahmad, Muzaffar (1961). Prabase Bharater Communist Party Gathan. Kolkata: National Book Agency.
  15. ↑ Ahmad, Muzaffar (2022). Bharater Communist Party Gorar Pratham Jug. Bangladesh: Bangla Gabeshana. ISBN 9789849616047.
  16. ↑ Ahmad, Muzaffar (2011). Nirbachita Prabandha. Kolkata: National Book Agency.
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzaffar_Ahmad&oldid=446881"
Discover more