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{{short description|Formal political statement adopted by the All-India Muslim League in Lahore, | {{short description|Formal political statement adopted by the All-India Muslim League in Lahore, British India (1945)}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=March | {{EngvarB|date=March 2022}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=March | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox document|document_name=Lahore Resolution|Image=All India Muslim League Working Committee Lahore 1940.jpg|caption=Muslim leaders from across British India at the [[All-India Muslim League]] Working Committee session in Lahore|date_presented=22 March 1940|location_of_document=[[Lahore]]|purpose=To announce the declaration of independence from British India|writer=[[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]|signers=[[All-India Muslim League]]|date_ratified={{Start date and age|df=yes|1940|03|23}}}} | |||
The '''Lahore Resolution''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| | The '''Lahore Resolution''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|قراردادِ لاہور}}}}, ''Qarardad-e-Lahore''; [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: লাহোর প্রস্তাব, ''Lahor Prostab''), also called '''Pakistan resolution''', was written and prepared by [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]<ref>{{cite book |last= Korejo|first= M S|date=1993 |title= The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGduAAAAMAAJ |publisher= Oxford University Press |page= 152 |isbn=0195774612}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Dockter|first= Warren|date=2015 |title= Churchill and the Islamic World: Orientalism, Empire and Diplomacy in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWd_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 |publisher=I. B. Tauris (1818) |page= 240 |isbn=978-1780768182}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gmsyed.org/case/saeen-book1-part4.htm |title= The Case of Sindh - G.M. Syed's deposition in court (Part 4)|author=<!--Not stated--> |website=GMSyed.org |publisher=Naeen Sindh Academy |access-date= 20 July 2022}}</ref> and was presented by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], the [[Prime Minister of Bengal]], was a formal political statement adopted by the [[All-India Muslim League]] on the occasion of its three-day general session in [[Lahore]] on 22–24 March 1940. It was unanimously passed on 23 March 1940. The resolution called for independent states as seen by the | ||
statement:<blockquote>That geographically contiguous units are demarcated regions which should be constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North Western and Eastern Zones of (British) India should be grouped to constitute ‘independent states’ in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign.</blockquote>Although the name "Pakistan" had been proposed by [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]] in his [[Pakistan Declaration]],<ref>Choudhary Rahmat Ali, (1933), ''[[Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?]]'', pamphlet, published 28 January. (Rehmat Ali at the time was an undergraduate at the [[University of Cambridge]])</ref> it was not until after the resolution that it began to be widely used. | |||
[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s address to the Lahore conference was, according to [[Stanley Wolpert]], the moment when Jinnah, a former proponent of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]], irrevocably transformed himself into the leader of the fight for an independent Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stanley Wolpert |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=1984 |title=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=182 |isbn=978-0-19-503412-7 |quote=Jinnah's Lahore address lowered the final curtain on any prospects for a single united independent India ... once his mind was made up he never reverted to any earlier position ... The ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity had totally transformed himself into Pakistan's great leader. All that remained was for his party first, then his inchoate nation, and then his British allies to agree to the formula he had resolved upon.}}</ref> | [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s address to the Lahore conference was, according to [[Stanley Wolpert]], the moment when Jinnah, a former proponent of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]], irrevocably transformed himself into the leader of the fight for an independent Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stanley Wolpert |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=1984 |title=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=182 |isbn=978-0-19-503412-7 |quote=Jinnah's Lahore address lowered the final curtain on any prospects for a single united independent India ... once his mind was made up he never reverted to any earlier position ... The ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity had totally transformed himself into Pakistan's great leader. All that remained was for his party first, then his inchoate nation, and then his British allies to agree to the formula he had resolved upon.}}</ref> | ||
== Historical context == | == Historical context == | ||
Until the mid-1930s the Muslim leaders were trying to ensure maximum political safeguards for [[Muslims]] within the framework of [[Indo-Pak Confederation|federation of India]] in terms of seeking maximum [[autonomy]] for Muslim majority provinces. They got some safeguards through a system of [[Communal Award|separate electorate on communal basis]] in the [[Government of India Act, 1935]]. As a result of [[1937 Indian provincial elections|elections]] held under this Act, [[History of the Indian National Congress#Ascendance to power (1937–1942)|Indian National Congress]] formed government in six out of eight provinces. During Congress rule from 1937 to 39, its "High Command whose iron control over its own provinces clearly hinted at what lay ahead for the Muslim majority provinces once it came to dominate the centre. | Until the mid-1930s the Muslim leaders were trying to ensure maximum political safeguards for [[Muslims]] within the framework of [[Indo-Pak Confederation|federation of India]] in terms of seeking maximum [[autonomy]] for Muslim majority provinces. They got some safeguards through a system of [[Communal Award|separate electorate on communal basis]] in the [[Government of India Act, 1935]]. As a result of [[1937 Indian provincial elections|elections]] held under this Act, [[History of the Indian National Congress#Ascendance to power (1937–1942)|Indian National Congress]] formed government in six out of eight provinces. During Congress rule from 1937 to 39, its "High Command whose iron control over its own provinces clearly hinted at what lay ahead for the Muslim majority provinces once it came to dominate the centre. The [[All-India Muslim League|League]] criticised and directed against the Congress ministries and their alleged attacks on [[Muslim culture]]; the heightened activity of [[Hindu Mahasabha]], the hoisting of Congress [[Flag of India#History|tricolor]], the singing of [[Vande Mataram|Bande Mataram]], the Vidya Mandir scheme in the [[Central Provinces]] and the [[Nai Talim#History|Wardha scheme of education]], all were interpreted as proof of ‘Congress atrocities’. So, the Congress was clearly incapable of representing Muslim interests, yet it was trying to annihilate every other party."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA43|title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985|isbn=9780511558856|location=Cambridge|pages=43|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511558856}}</ref> | ||
Therefore, by 1938–39, the idea of [[Two Nation Theory|separation]] was strongly gaining ground. The Sindh Provincial Muslim League Conference held its first session in [[Karachi]] in October 1938, adopted a resolution which recommended to the | Therefore, by 1938–39, the idea of [[Two Nation Theory|separation]] was strongly gaining ground. The Sindh Provincial Muslim League Conference held its first session in [[Karachi]] in October 1938, adopted a resolution which recommended to the All-India Muslim League to devise a scheme of constitution under which Muslims may attain full independence. The [[Prime Minister of Bengal|premier]] of the Bengal province, [[AK Fazlul Haque|A. K. Fazal-ul-Haque]], who was not in the All India Muslim League, was quite convinced in favour of separation. The idea was more vividly expressed by [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah|M. A. Jinnah]] in an article in the London weekly ''Time & Tide'' on 9 March 1940.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jinnah |first=Mohammed Ali |date=9 March 1940 |title=The Constitutional Future of India: Two Nations in India |magazine=Time & Tide |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=238–240}}</ref> Jinnah wrote: | ||
<blockquote>Democratic systems based on the concept of homogeneous nations such as England are very definitely not applicable to [[Composite nationalism|heterogeneous countries]] such as [[British India|India]], and this simple fact is the root cause of all of India's constitutional ills……If, therefore, it is accepted that there is in India a [[Dominion of India|major]] and a [[Dominion of Pakistan|minor nation]], it follows that a [[parliamentary system]] based on the [[majority rule|majority principle]] must inevitably mean the rule of [[Dominion of India|major nation]]. Experience has proved that, whatever the economic and [[political manifesto|political programme]] of any [[political Party]], the [[Hindu]], as a general rule, will vote for his [[Caste politics|caste-fellow]], the Muslim for his [[Two-nation theory (Pakistan)#Explanations by Muslim leaders advocating separatism|coreligionist]].</blockquote> | <blockquote>Democratic systems based on the concept of homogeneous nations such as England are very definitely not applicable to [[Composite nationalism|heterogeneous countries]] such as [[British India|India]], and this simple fact is the root cause of all of India's constitutional ills……If, therefore, it is accepted that there is in India a [[Dominion of India|major]] and a [[Dominion of Pakistan|minor nation]], it follows that a [[parliamentary system]] based on the [[majority rule|majority principle]] must inevitably mean the rule of [[Dominion of India|major nation]]. Experience has proved that, whatever the economic and [[political manifesto|political programme]] of any [[political Party]], the [[Hindu]], as a general rule, will vote for his [[Caste politics|caste-fellow]], the Muslim for his [[Two-nation theory (Pakistan)#Explanations by Muslim leaders advocating separatism|coreligionist]].</blockquote> | ||
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In his concluding remarks he wrote: | In his concluding remarks he wrote: | ||
<blockquote>While Muslim League irrevocably opposed to any [[federalism|Federal]] objective which must necessarily result in a [[Majoritarianism|majority community rule]] under the guise of [[Democracy]] and [[Westminster system#Characteristics|Parliamentary system of Government]]...To conclude, a constitution must be evolved that recognises that there are in India [[Two Nation Theory|two nations]] who both must share the [[Reserved political positions in India#Under the British Rule|governance]] of their [[Indian | <blockquote>While Muslim League irrevocably opposed to any [[federalism|Federal]] objective which must necessarily result in a [[Majoritarianism|majority community rule]] under the guise of [[Democracy]] and [[Westminster system#Characteristics|Parliamentary system of Government]]...To conclude, a constitution must be evolved that recognises that there are in India [[Two Nation Theory|two nations]] who both must share the [[Reserved political positions in India#Under the British Rule|governance]] of their [[Indian Subcontinent|common motherland]].</blockquote> | ||
== Lahore Conference == | == Lahore Conference == | ||
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</ref> | </ref> | ||
The resolution text, unanimously approved by the Subject Committee, accepted the concept of a united homeland for Muslims{{citation needed|date=October | The resolution text, unanimously approved by the Subject Committee, accepted the concept of a united homeland for Muslims{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} and recommended the creation of an independent Muslim state.<ref>Syed Iftikhar Ahmed (1983), ''Essays on Pakistan'', Alpha Bravo Publishers, Lahore, OCLC 12811079</ref> | ||
The resolution was moved in the general session by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], the chief minister of undivided Bengal, and was seconded by [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] from the United Provinces, [[Zafar Ali Khan]] from Punjab, [[Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan|Sardar Aurangzeb Khan]] from North-West Frontier Province, and Sir [[Abdullah Haroon]] from Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |author=Muhammad Aslam Malik |year=2001 |title=The Making of the Pakistan Resolution |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=151 |isbn=0-19-579538-5 |quote=In the open session, on 24 March, the resolution was moved ... by Fazlul Haq, and was seconded by Khaliquzzaman (UP), Zafar Ali Khan (Punjab), Aurangzeb (NWFP), and Haroon (Sindh).}}</ref> [[Qazi Muhammad Essa]] from Baluchistan and other leaders announced their support.{{citation needed|date=October | The resolution was moved in the general session by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], the chief minister of undivided Bengal, and was seconded by [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] from the United Provinces, [[Zafar Ali Khan]] from Punjab, [[Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan|Sardar Aurangzeb Khan]] from North-West Frontier Province, and Sir [[Abdullah Haroon]] from Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |author=Muhammad Aslam Malik |year=2001 |title=The Making of the Pakistan Resolution |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=151 |isbn=0-19-579538-5 |quote=In the open session, on 24 March, the resolution was moved ... by Fazlul Haq, and was seconded by Khaliquzzaman (UP), Zafar Ali Khan (Punjab), Aurangzeb (NWFP), and Haroon (Sindh).}}</ref> [[Qazi Muhammad Essa]] from Baluchistan and other leaders announced their support.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} | ||
== The statement == | == The statement == | ||
[[File:Lahore Resolution News BurhanAhmed.png|250px|thumb| | [[File:Lahore Resolution News BurhanAhmed.png|250px|thumb|30 March 1940: Newspapers printed news about Lahore Resolution, demanding division of India.]] | ||
The resolution for the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India passed in the annual session of the All India Muslim League held in Lahore on 22–24 March 1940 is a landmark document of Pakistan's history.<ref name="dawn23Mar2013">{{cite news |title=An interpretation of the Lahore Resolution |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/797410 |newspaper=Dawn |date=23 March | The resolution for the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India passed in the annual session of the All India Muslim League held in Lahore on 22–24 March 1940 is a landmark document of Pakistan's history.<ref name="dawn23Mar2013">{{cite news |title=An interpretation of the Lahore Resolution |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/797410 |newspaper=Dawn |date=23 March 2022}}</ref> In 1946, it formed the basis for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state [ later named Pakistan] for the Muslims.<ref>[[I H Qureshi]], (1965), ''Struggle for Pakistan'', Karachi</ref> The statement declared: | ||
{{quotation|No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary.<ref name="ashop">I H Qureshi, (1992), ''[[A Short History of Pakistan]]''. [[University of Karachi]], Reprint of 1967 edition. {{ISBN|969-404-008-6}}</ref>|}} | {{quotation|No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary.<ref name="ashop">I H Qureshi, (1992), ''[[A Short History of Pakistan]]''. [[University of Karachi]], Reprint of 1967 edition. {{ISBN|969-404-008-6}}</ref>|}} | ||
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Resolved at the Lahore Session of All-India Muslim League held on 22nd-24th March, 1940. | Resolved at the Lahore Session of All-India Muslim League held on 22nd-24th March, 1940. | ||
(1) While approving and endorsing the action taken by the Council and the Working Committee of the All Indian Muslim League as indicated in their resolutions dated the | (1) While approving and endorsing the action taken by the Council and the Working Committee of the All Indian Muslim League as indicated in their resolutions dated the 10th of August, 17th and 18th of September and 22nd of October, 1939, and 3rd February 1940 on the constitutional issues, this Session of the All-Indian Muslim League emphatically reiterates that the scheme of federation embodied in the Government of India Act, 1935, is totally unsuited to, and unworkable in the peculiar conditions of this country and is altogether unacceptable to Muslim India. | ||
(2) Resolved that it is the considered view of this Session of the All India Muslim League that no constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principle, namely that geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India, should be grouped | (2) Resolved that it is the considered view of this Session of the All India Muslim League that no constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principle, namely that geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India, should be grouped to constitute “Independent States” in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign. | ||
(3) That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in these units and in these regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in consultation with them; and in other parts of India where the Mussalmans are in a minority, adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specially provided in the constitution for them and other minorities for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in consultation with them. | (3) That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in these units and in these regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in consultation with them; and in other parts of India where the Mussalmans are in a minority, adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specially provided in the constitution for them and other minorities for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in consultation with them. | ||
(4) This Session further authorizes the Working Committee to frame a scheme of constitution in accordance with these basic principles, providing for the assumption finally by the respective regions of all powers such as defense, external affairs, communications, customs and such other matters as may be necessary."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmln.us/23-march-pakistan-resolution-day/ |title=23 March Pakistan Resolution Day |website=Pakistan Muslim league (N) USA Official Website |access-date=14 March | (4) This Session further authorizes the Working Committee to frame a scheme of constitution in accordance with these basic principles, providing for the assumption finally by the respective regions of all powers such as defense, external affairs, communications, customs and such other matters as may be necessary."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmln.us/23-march-pakistan-resolution-day/ |title=23 March Pakistan Resolution Day |website=Pakistan Muslim league (N) USA Official Website |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pbase.com/bmcmorrow/image/140584822|title=Text of the 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All-India Muslim League by Brian McMorrow|website=PBase|language=en-US|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
== Interpretation == | == Interpretation == | ||
{{more citations needed section|date=March | {{more citations needed section|date=March 2022}} | ||
There remains a debate on whether the resolution envisaged two sovereign states in the eastern and western parts of British India. Abdul Hashim of the Bengal Muslim League interpreted the text as a demand for two separate countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Lahore_Resolution|title=Lahore Resolution|work=banglapedia.org}}</ref> In 1946, Prime Minister [[H. S. Suhrawardy]] of Bengal, a member of the All India Muslim League, mooted the [[United Bengal]] proposal with the support of Muslim and Hindu leaders, as well as the Governor of Bengal. However, it was opposed by Lord Mountbatten, the Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha. | There remains a debate on whether the resolution envisaged two sovereign states in the eastern and western parts of British India. Abdul Hashim of the Bengal Muslim League interpreted the text as a demand for two separate countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Lahore_Resolution|title=Lahore Resolution|work=banglapedia.org}}</ref> In 1946, Prime Minister [[H. S. Suhrawardy]] of Bengal, a member of the All India Muslim League, mooted the [[United Bengal]] proposal with the support of Muslim and Hindu leaders, as well as the Governor of Bengal. However, it was opposed by Lord Mountbatten, the Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha. | ||
Although there were and continue to be disagreements on the interpretation of the resolution, it was widely accepted that it called for a separate Muslim state.{{citation needed|date=January | Although there were and continue to be disagreements on the interpretation of the resolution, it was widely accepted that it called for a separate Muslim state.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} Opposing opinions focus on the phrase "independent states" claiming this means Muslim majority provinces, i.e. Punjab, Sindh, etc. would be independent of each other. They ignore the phrase "geographically contiguous units." They also rely on the claims of certain Bengali nationalists who did not agree with one state. They accuse their opponents of diverting the "spirit" of the resolution. | ||
The majority of the Muslim League leadership contended that it was intended for not only the separation of India but into only 2 states (Muslim majority and Hindu majority). Therefore, it is indeed a statement calling for independence and one Muslim state.{{citation needed|date=January | The majority of the Muslim League leadership contended that it was intended for not only the separation of India but into only 2 states (Muslim majority and Hindu majority). Therefore, it is indeed a statement calling for independence and one Muslim state.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} Eventually, the name "Pakistan" was used for the envisioned state. | ||
==Dissent by nationalist Muslims in colonial India== | ==Dissent by nationalist Muslims in colonial India== | ||
{{main|Opposition to the partition of India}} | {{main|Opposition to the partition of India}} | ||
{{further|Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam}} | {{further|Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam}} | ||
The [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]] gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an [[Opposition to the partition of India|independent and united India]], in response to the Lahore Resolution.<ref name="Grover1992">{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |title=Political Thinkers of Modern India: Abul Kalam Azad |date=1992 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=9788171004324 |page=503 |language=en|quote=Within five weeks of the passage of the Pak resolution, an assembly of nationalist Muslims under the name of the Azad Muslim Conference was convened in Delhi. The Conference met under the presidentship of Khan Bahadur Allah Bakhsh, the then Chief Minister of Sind.}}</ref><ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates.<ref name="Haq1970">{{cite book |last1=Haq |first1=Mushir U. |title=Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 |date=1970 |publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan |page=114 |language=en|quote=This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organization which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed2016">{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ |publisher=[[The Friday Times]] |language=en |date=27 May 2016|quote=However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as ‘Ittehad’ or ‘Unity Party’. ... Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a ‘majority of India's Muslims’. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a ‘Reign of Terror’. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India.}}</ref><ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Afsar |title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en |date=17 July | The [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]] gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an [[Opposition to the partition of India|independent and united India]], in response to the Lahore Resolution.<ref name="Grover1992">{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |title=Political Thinkers of Modern India: Abul Kalam Azad |date=1992 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=9788171004324 |page=503 |language=en|quote=Within five weeks of the passage of the Pak resolution, an assembly of nationalist Muslims under the name of the Azad Muslim Conference was convened in Delhi. The Conference met under the presidentship of Khan Bahadur Allah Bakhsh, the then Chief Minister of Sind.}}</ref><ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates.<ref name="Haq1970">{{cite book |last1=Haq |first1=Mushir U. |title=Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 |date=1970 |publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan |page=114 |language=en|quote=This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organization which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed2016">{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ |publisher=[[The Friday Times]] |language=en |date=27 May 2016|quote=However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as ‘Ittehad’ or ‘Unity Party’. ... Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a ‘majority of India's Muslims’. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a ‘Reign of Terror’. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India.}}</ref><ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Afsar |title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en |date=17 July 2022}}</ref> The pro-separatist All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those nationalist Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion".<ref name="Ali2017"/><ref name="Ahmed2016"/> The murder of the [[Chief Minister of Sind]] and All India Azad Muslim Conference leader [[Allah Bakhsh Soomro]] also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of a Pakistan.<ref name="Ali2017"/> | ||
The [[Sindh]] assembly was the firstly British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. [[G. M. Syed]], an influential Sindhi activist, revolutionary and [[Sufi]] and later one of the important leaders in the forefront of the Sindh independence movement,<ref>G. M. Syed. [http://gmsyed.org/hiswork/chains.html A Nation in Chains]</ref> joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. A key motivating factor was the promise of "autonomy and sovereignty for constituent units".<ref>G. M. Syed. [http://gmsyed.org/case/saeen-book1-part2.htm The Case of Sindh (Chapter 2)]</ref> | The [[Sindh]] assembly was the firstly British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. [[G. M. Syed]], an influential Sindhi activist, revolutionary and [[Sufi]] and later one of the important leaders in the forefront of the Sindh independence movement,<ref>G. M. Syed. [http://gmsyed.org/hiswork/chains.html A Nation in Chains]</ref> joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. A key motivating factor was the promise of "autonomy and sovereignty for constituent units".<ref>G. M. Syed. [http://gmsyed.org/case/saeen-book1-part2.htm The Case of Sindh (Chapter 2)]</ref> | ||
This text was buried under the Minar-e-Pakistan during its building in the Ayub regime.{{citation needed|date=February | This text was buried under the Minar-e-Pakistan during its building in the Ayub regime.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} | ||
In this session the political situation was analysed in detail and Muslim demanded a separate homeland only to maintain their identification and to safeguard their rights. Pakistan resolution was the landmark in the history of Muslim of South-Asia. It determined for the Muslims a true goal and their homeland in north-east and north-west. The acceptance of the Pakistan resolution accelerated the pace of freedom movement. It gave new energy and courage to the Muslims who gathered around [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] for struggle for freedom.{{citation needed|date=February | In this session the political situation was analysed in detail and Muslim demanded a separate homeland only to maintain their identification and to safeguard their rights. Pakistan resolution was the landmark in the history of Muslim of South-Asia. It determined for the Muslims a true goal and their homeland in north-east and north-west. The acceptance of the Pakistan resolution accelerated the pace of freedom movement. It gave new energy and courage to the Muslims who gathered around [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] for struggle for freedom.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} | ||
==Commemoration== | ==Commemoration== | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{ | {{reflist}} | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{wikiatlas|Pakistan}} | {{wikiatlas|Pakistan}} | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060127232758/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader5.htm The Pakistan Resolution], [[Government of Pakistan]] Official website. (Retrieved | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060127232758/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader5.htm The Pakistan Resolution], [[Government of Pakistan]] Official website. (Retrieved in April 2006) | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427082236/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043&Pg=1 Lahore Resolution (1940)] at Story of Pakistan website. (Retrieved | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427082236/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043&Pg=1 Lahore Resolution (1940)] at Story of Pakistan website. (Retrieved in April 2006) | ||
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Lahore_Resolution Lahore Resolution] at Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.(Retrieved | * [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Lahore_Resolution Lahore Resolution] at Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.(Retrieved in April 2006) | ||
*[https://lubpak.net/archives/43698 Analyzing the text: The Lahore (Pakistan) Resolution](Contains original document) | *[https://lubpak.net/archives/43698 Analyzing the text: The Lahore (Pakistan) Resolution](Contains original document) | ||
* [http://hangingodes.wordpress.com/2007/03/24/23-march-1940-Lahore-resolution/ Pakistan Resolution or Muslim League's Search For Survival] | * [http://hangingodes.wordpress.com/2007/03/24/23-march-1940-Lahore-resolution/ Pakistan Resolution or Muslim League's Search For Survival] | ||
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[[Category:1940s in British India]] | [[Category:1940s in British India]] | ||
[[Category:1940s in Pakistan]] | [[Category:1940s in Pakistan]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Political history of Bangladesh]] | ||
[[Category:Politics of Lahore]] | [[Category:Politics of Lahore]] | ||
[[Category:Muslim League]] | [[Category:Muslim League]] | ||
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[[Category:India in World War II]] | [[Category:India in World War II]] | ||
[[Category:Declarations of independence]] | [[Category:Declarations of independence]] | ||
[[Category:Government documents of Pakistan]] | |||