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{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name                           = Ujjain
| name               = Ujjain
|other_name=Avantika
| other_name         = Avantika
| settlement_type     = City          
| settlement_type   = City
| image_skyline                   = Ram chat.JPG
| image_skyline     = {{multiple image
| image_caption                  = Ram ghat and [[Kshipra river]] in Ujjain
| border                   = infobox
| nickname                        = Mahakal Ki Nagri, The City of Temples
| total_width            = 295
| map_alt                        =
| image_style          =
| map_caption                    =
| perrow                 = 1/2
| pushpin_map                    = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| caption_align        = center
| pushpin_relief                  =
| image1                 = Ram chat.JPG
| pushpin_label_position          = right
| caption1              = Ram Ghat
| pushpin_map_caption            = Location in India
| image2                = Mahakal temple.jpg
| coordinates                    = {{coord|23.17|N|75.79|E|display=inline,title}}
| caption2              = Mahakaleshwar Temple
| subdivision_type                = Country
| image3                = UjjainTower.jpg
| subdivision_name                = [[India]]
| caption3              = Tower Chowk
| subdivision_type1              = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1              = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2              = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2              = [[Malwa]]
| subdivision_type3              = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3              = [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
| established_title              = <!-- Established -->
| established_date                = c. 700 BCE
| named_for                      =
| government_type                = Municipal council
| governing_body                  = [[Ujjain Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party                    = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title                    = MLA
| leader_name                    = Paras Chandra Jain
| leader_title1                   = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name1                    = Shri Ashish Singh, IAS
| unit_pref                      = Metric
| area_footnotes                 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Ujjain City|url=http://nagarnigamujjain.org/english/aboutus.html}}</ref><ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Ujjain|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2318_PART_B_DCHB_UJJAIN.pdf |website=Census of India|access-date=6 December 2015|page=12,22}}</ref>
| area_rank                      = 5th in M.P.
| area_total_km2                  = 151.83
| area_metro_km2                  = 745
| area_metro_sq_mi                =
| elevation_footnotes            =
| elevation_m                    = 494
| population_total                = 515215<ref name="2011 table 2" />
| population_as_of                = 2011
| population_rank                 = 5th in M.P.
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_metro                = 8,85,566
| population_demonym              =
| population_footnotes            =
| demographics_type1              = Languages
| demographics1_title1            = Official
| demographics1_info1            = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2            = Other
| demographics1_info2            = [[Malvi language|Malvi]]
| timezone1                      = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1                    = +5:30
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code                    = 456001, 456003, 456006, 456010, 456661, 456664.
| area_code_type                  = Telephone code
| area_code                      = +91734
| registration_plate              = MP-13
| blank1_name_sec1                = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec1                = [[Climatic regions of India|Cfa]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small>
| blank2_name_sec1                = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec1                = {{convert|900|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec1                = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec1                = {{convert|24.0|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec1                = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec1                = {{convert|31|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec1                = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec1                = {{convert|17|°C|°F}}
| website                        = {{URL|ujjain.nic.in/}}
| footnotes                      =
| official_name                  =  
}}
}}
| image_caption      =
| nickname          = Mahakal Ki Nagri, The City of Temples
| map_alt            =
| map_caption        =
| pushpin_map        = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_relief    =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates        = {{coord|23.17|N|75.79|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type  = Country
| subdivision_name  = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Madhya Pradesh.svg|Emblem of Madhya Pradesh}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Malwa]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
| established_title  = <!-- Established -->
| established_date  = c. 700 BCE
| named_for          =
| government_type    = Municipal council
| governing_body    = [[Ujjain Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party      = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title      = MP
| leader_name        = [[Anil Firojiya]]
| leader_title2      = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name2      = Shri Ashish Singh, IAS
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes    = <ref>{{cite web|title=Ujjain City|url=http://nagarnigamujjain.org/english/aboutus.html}}</ref><ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Ujjain|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2318_PART_B_DCHB_UJJAIN.pdf |website=Census of India|access-date=6 December 2015|page=12,22}}</ref>
| area_rank          = 5th in M.P.
| area_total_km2    = 151.83
| area_metro_km2    = 745
| area_metro_sq_mi  =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m        = 494
| population_total  = 515215<ref name="2011 table 2" />
| population_as_of  = 2011
| population_rank    = 5th in M.P.
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro  = 8,85,566
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malvi language|Malvi]]
| timezone1          = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1        = +5:30
| postal_code_type  = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code        = 456001, 456003, 456006, 456010, 456661, 456664.
| area_code_type    = Telephone code
| area_code          = +91734
| registration_plate = MP-13
| blank1_name_sec1  = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec1  = [[Climatic regions of India|Cwa]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small>
| blank2_name_sec1  = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec1  = {{convert|900|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec1  = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec1  = {{convert|24.0|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec1  = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec1  = {{convert|31|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec1  = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec1  = {{convert|17|°C|°F}}
| website            = {{URL|https://ujjain.nic.in}}
| footnotes          =
| official_name      =
}}
'''Ujjain''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ujjain.ogg|u:|ˈ|dʒ|eɪ|n|}}, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[ʊd͡ːʒɛːn]]], old name Avantika<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture & Heritage {{!}} District Ujjain, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ujjain.nic.in/en/culture-heritage/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>) is a city in [[Ujjain district]] of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is the fifth-largest city in Madhya Pradesh by population and is the [[public administration|administrative]] centre of Ujjain district and [[Ujjain division]].<ref name=census /> It is one of the Hindu pilgrimage centres of [[Sapta Puri]] famous for the ''[[Kumbh Mela]]'' held there every 12 years.<ref name=Simhasth>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ujjain-simhastha-humbh-mela-ends-kshipra-river-2812330/ |title=Ujjain: As Kumbh draws to a close, devotees throng Kshipra for 'shahi snan' |date=21 May 2016 |publisher=Indian Express }}</ref> The famous temple of [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]] is located in the center of the city. The city has been one of the most prominent trade and political centres of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] from the time of the ancient [[Mahajanapadas|Mahājanapadas]] until the British colonisation of India.


'''Ujjain''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ujjain.ogg|u:|ˈ|dʒ|eɪ|n|}}, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[ʊd͡ːʒɛːn]]]) is a city in [[Ujjain district]] of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is the fifth-largest city in [[Madhya Pradesh]] by population and is the [[public administration|administrative]] centre of [[Ujjain district]] and [[Ujjain division]].<ref name=census /> It is one of the Hindu pilgrimage centres of [[Sapta Puri]] famous for the ''[[Kumbh Mela]]'' held there every 12 years.<ref name=Simhasth>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ujjain-simhastha-humbh-mela-ends-kshipra-river-2812330/ |title=Ujjain: As Kumbh draws to a close, devotees throng Kshipra for 'shahi snan' |date=21 May 2016 |publisher=Indian Express }}</ref> The famous temple of [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]] is located in the center of the city.
An ancient city situated on the eastern bank of the [[Shipra River]], Ujjain was the most prominent city on the [[Malwa]] plateau of central India for much of its history. It emerged as the political centre of central India around 600 BCE. It was the capital of the ancient [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] kingdom, one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas. During the 18th century, the city briefly became the capital of the [[Scindia Dynasty|Scindia state]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], when [[Ranoji Scindia]] established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. It remained an important political, commercial and cultural centre of [[Central India]] until the early 19th century, when the [[British Raj|British]] administrators decided to develop [[Indore]] as an alternative to it. Ujjain continues to be an important place of pilgrimage for [[Shaivism|Shaivite]]s, [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]]s and [[Shaktism|Shaktas]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space |first=Knut A. |last=Jacobsen |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-41559-038-9 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&pg=PA128}}</ref><ref name="sahaja">[http://sahajaharidwar.tripod.com/About_Haridwar.html About Haridwar] sahajaharidwar.</ref>


An ancient city situated on the eastern bank of the [[Shipra River]], Ujjain was the most prominent city on the [[Malwa]] plateau of central India for much of its history. It emerged as the political centre of central India around 600 BCE. It was the capital of the ancient [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] kingdom, one of the sixteen [[mahajanapadas]]. It remained an important political, commercial and cultural centre of central India until the early 19th century, when the [[British Raj|British]] administrators decided to develop [[Indore]] as an alternative to it. Ujjain continues to be an important place of pilgrimage for [[Shaivite]]s, [[Vaishnavite]]s and followers of [[Shakta]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space |first=Knut A. |last=Jacobsen |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-41559-038-9 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&pg=PA128}}</ref>
According to Puranic legend, Ujjain, along with [[Haridwar]], [[Nashik]], and [[Allahabad|Prayag]], is one of four sites where drops of ''[[amrita]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=इस पौराणिक कथा से जानिए क्यों लगता है कुंभ का मेला? – mobile |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/dharm/news/kumbh-mela-story-related-samudra-manthan-1326800 |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> the elixir of immortality, accidentally spilled over from a ''[[kumbha]]'' (pitcher) while being carried by the celestial bird [[Garuda]] during the ''[[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]]'', or the churning of the ocean of milk.


Ujjain has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a [[smart city]] under [[Narendra Modi|PM Narendra Modi's]] flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/why-only-98-cities-instead-of-100-announced-all-questions-answered-about-smart-cities-project-2410576.html|title = Only 98 cities instead of 100 announced: All questions answered about the smart cities project-Business News , Firstpost|date = 28 August 2015}}</ref>
Ujjain has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a [[smart city]] under Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/why-only-98-cities-instead-of-100-announced-all-questions-answered-about-smart-cities-project-2410576.html|title = Only 98 cities instead of 100 announced: All questions answered about the smart cities project-Business News , Firstpost|date = 28 August 2015}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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[[File:Shri Mahakaleshwar Temple Ujjain - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|left|The famed historical [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]] temple is in Ujjain]]
[[File:Shri Mahakaleshwar Temple Ujjain - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|left|The famed historical [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]] temple is in Ujjain]]
[[Bhartṛhari|Bharthari]] is said to have written his great epics, Virat Katha, Neeti Sataka, the love story of Pradyot Princess Vasavadatta and Udayan in Ujjayini, as the city was called during his times. The writings of [[Bhasa]] are set in Ujjain, and he probably lived in the city.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh |url-access=registration |title=The Cambridge Guide to Theatre |author=Martin Banham |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780521434379 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/103 103] }}</ref> [[Kalidasa]] also refers to Ujjain multiple times, and it appears that he spent at least a part of his life in Ujjain.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exDCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Translations of Shakuntala: And Other Works |author=[[Arthur W. Ryder]] |publisher=The Floating Press |year=2014 |isbn=9781776535132 }}</ref> ''[[Mrichchhakatika]]'' by [[Shudraka]] is also set in Ujjain.<ref name="FPR_1993">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C&pg=PA55 |title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance |author=Farley P. Richmond |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1993 |isbn=9788120809819 |pages=55–57 }}</ref> Ujjain also appears in several stories as the capital of the legendary emperor [[Vikramaditya]]. Somadeva's ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (11th century) mentions that the city was created by [[Vishvakarman|Vishwakarma]], and describes it as invincible, prosperous and full of wonderful sights.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/oceanofstorybein09somauoft#page/n34/mode/2up |title=The ocean of story |volume=IX |editor = [[Norman Mosley Penzer|N. M. Penzer]] |translator=[[Charles Henry Tawney|C. H. Tawney]] |publisher=Chas J. Sawyer |year=1924 |chapter=Book XVIII: Vishamasila |page=2 }}</ref>
[[Bhartṛhari|Bharthari]] is said to have written his great epics, Virat Katha, Neeti Sataka, the love story of Pradyot Princess Vasavadatta and Udayan in Ujjayini, as the city was called during his times. The writings of [[Bhasa]] are set in Ujjain, and he probably lived in the city.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh |url-access=registration |title=The Cambridge Guide to Theatre |author=Martin Banham |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780521434379 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/103 103] }}</ref> [[Kalidasa]] also refers to Ujjain multiple times, and it appears that he spent at least a part of his life in Ujjain.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exDCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Translations of Shakuntala: And Other Works |author=[[Arthur W. Ryder]] |publisher=The Floating Press |year=2014 |isbn=9781776535132 }}</ref> ''[[Mrichchhakatika]]'' by [[Shudraka]] is also set in Ujjain.<ref name="FPR_1993">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C&pg=PA55 |title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance |author=Farley P. Richmond |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1993 |isbn=9788120809819 |pages=55–57 }}</ref> Ujjain also appears in several stories as the capital of the legendary emperor parmar [[Vikramaditya]]. Somadeva's ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (11th century) mentions that the city was created by [[Vishvakarman|Vishwakarma]], and describes it as invincible, prosperous and full of wonderful sights.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/oceanofstorybein09somauoft#page/n34/mode/2up |title=The ocean of story |volume=IX |editor = [[Norman Mosley Penzer|N. M. Penzer]] |translator=[[Charles Henry Tawney|C. H. Tawney]] |publisher=Chas J. Sawyer |year=1924 |chapter=Book XVIII: Vishamasila |page=2 }}</ref> Ujjain was sacked several times by the [[Arabs]] of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the 8th century CE. The Arabs called the city ''Uzayn''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |year=1972 |isbn=9788120808249 |page=10}}</ref>


=== Medieval period ===
=== Medieval period ===
[[File:Vedh Shala, Ujjain 01.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Jantar Mantar]] at Ujjain was commissioned by [[Jai Singh II]] (1688-1743) of Jaipur.]]
[[File:Vedh Shala, Ujjain 01.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Jantar Mantar]] at Ujjain was commissioned by [[Jai Singh II]] (1688-1743) of Jaipur.]]


The [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]] (9th-14th century CE) shifted the region's capital from Ujjain to [[Dhar]].<ref name="Trudy_2012"/> In 1235 CE, [[Iltutmish]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]] plundered the city.<ref name="Trudy_2012"/> With the decline of the Paramara kingdom, Ujjain ultimately came under the Islamic rule, like other parts of north-central India. The city continued to be an important city of central India. As late as during the times of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] vassal [[Jai Singh II]] (1688-1743), who constructed a [[Ved Shala|Jantar Mantar]] in the city, Ujjain was the largest city and capital of the [[Malwa Subah]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRA2mgZnXXMC&pg=PA212 |title=Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy |author=Virendra Nath Sharma |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1995 |page=212 |isbn=9788120812567 }}</ref>
The [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]] (9th-14th century CE) shifted the region's capital from Ujjain to [[Dhar]].<ref name="Trudy_2012"/> [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] sacked the city and forced it to pay tribute during his invasion in India. In 1235 CE, [[Iltutmish]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]] plundered the city.<ref name="Trudy_2012"/> With the decline of the Paramara kingdom, Ujjain ultimately came under the Islamic rule, like other parts of north-central India. The city continued to be an important city of central India. As late as during the times of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] vassal [[Jai Singh II]] (1688-1743), who constructed a [[Ved Shala|Jantar Mantar]] in the city, Ujjain was the largest city and capital of the [[Malwa Subah]]. The city continued to be developed during Muslim rule especially under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], it was used as an important military headquarters.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRA2mgZnXXMC&pg=PA212 |title=Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy |author=Virendra Nath Sharma |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1995 |page=212 |isbn=9788120812567 }}</ref>


=== Modern period ===
=== Modern period ===
{{See also|Dewas Junior|Dewas Senior|Dhar State|Indore State|Gwalior State}}
During the 18th century, the city briefly became the capital of [[Scindia]] state of the [[Maratha Empire]], when [[Ranoji Scindia]] established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. [[Mahadji Scindia]] constructed a grand palace with a hundred rooms around which the Maratha sardars constructed their own mansions. Ruined and destroyed temples were restored and newer ones were built.<ref>Vijayaraje Scindia, Princess - The Autobiography of Dowager Maharani of Gwalior, P.73</ref> But his successors moved to [[Gwalior]], where they ruled the [[Gwalior State]] in the latter half of the 18th century. The struggle of supremacy between the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and Scindias (who ruled Ujjain) led to rivalry between the merchants of the two cities.<ref name="AF_1998"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ujjain: राम घाट पर सिंधिया ने किया महाकाल की पालकी का पूजन, उमा भारती भी पहुंचीं|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/ujjain-scindia-performs-baba-mahakals-palki-poojan-during-shahi-sawari-uma-bharti-also-present/videoshow/77594453.cms|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=उज्जैन पहुंचकर बोले सिंधिया- यह मेरा गृह नगर जैसा, कांग्रेस नेताओं ने दिखाए काले झंडे|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/jyotiraditya-scindia-reaches-ujjain-from-indore-local-bjp-leaders-give-a-grand-welcome-congress-leaders-raise-black-flags/videoshow/77591082.cms|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=उज्जैन में मिले 21 नए कोरोना पॉजिटीव – AV News|url=https://avnews.in/today-ujjain-covid-heatlh-bulletin/|access-date=2020-08-18|language=en-US|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326221547/https://avnews.in/today-ujjain-covid-heatlh-bulletin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 18 July 1801, the Holkars defeated the Scindias at the [[Battle of Ujjain]]. On 1 September, [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] entered the city, and demanded a sum of 15 lakh rupees from the city. He received only 1/8th of this amount; the rest was pocketed by his officers. A force sent by [[Daulatrao Scindia]] later regained control of Ujjain.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA61 |title=History of the Marathas |author=R.S. Chaurasia |publisher=Atlantic |year=2004 |isbn=9788126903948 |page=61 }}</ref> After both Holkar and Scindias accepted the [[British Raj|British]] suzerainty, the British colonial administrators decided to develop Indore as an alternative to Ujjain, because the merchants of Ujjain had supported certain anti-British people. [[John Malcolm]], the British administrator of [[Central India]], decided to reduce the importance of Ujjain "by transferring a great part of that consequence it now enjoys to the Towns of Indore and [[Ratlam|Rutlam]] cities, which are and will continue more under our control."<ref name="AF_1998">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJDrdP6sikC&pg=PA63 |title=Smuggling as Subversion: Colonialism, Indian Merchants, and the Politics of Opium, 1790-1843 |author=Amar Farooqui |publisher=Lexington |year=1998 |pages=62–63 |isbn=9780739108864 }}</ref>


During the 18th century, the city briefly became the capital of [[Scindia]] state of the [[Maratha confederacy]], when Ranoji Scindia established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. Madhadji Shinde constructed a grand palace with a hundred rooms around which the Maratha sardars constructed their own mansions. Ruined and destroyed temples were restored and newer ones were built.<ref>Vijayaraje Scindia, Princess - The Autobiography of Dowager Maharani of Gwalior, P.73</ref> But his successors moved to [[Gwalior]], where they ruled the [[Gwalior State]] in the latter half of the 18th century. The struggle of supremacy between the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and Scindias (who ruled Ujjain) led to rivalry between the merchants of the two cities.<ref name="AF_1998"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ujjain: राम घाट पर सिंधिया ने किया महाकाल की पालकी का पूजन, उमा भारती भी पहुंचीं|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/ujjain-scindia-performs-baba-mahakals-palki-poojan-during-shahi-sawari-uma-bharti-also-present/videoshow/77594453.cms|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=उज्जैन पहुंचकर बोले सिंधिया- यह मेरा गृह नगर जैसा, कांग्रेस नेताओं ने दिखाए काले झंडे|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/jyotiraditya-scindia-reaches-ujjain-from-indore-local-bjp-leaders-give-a-grand-welcome-congress-leaders-raise-black-flags/videoshow/77591082.cms|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=उज्जैन में मिले 21 नए कोरोना पॉजिटीव – AV News|url=https://avnews.in/today-ujjain-covid-heatlh-bulletin/|access-date=2020-08-18|language=en-US}}</ref> On 18 July 1801, the Holkars defeated the Scindias at the [[Battle of Ujjain]]. On 1 September, [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] entered the city, and demanded a sum of 15 lakh rupees from the city. He received only 1/8th of this amount; the rest was pocketed by his officers. A force sent by [[Daulat Scindhia]] later regained control of Ujjain.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA61 |title=History of the Marathas |author=R.S. Chaurasia |publisher=Atlantic |year=2004 |isbn=9788126903948 |page=61 }}</ref> After both Holkar and Scindias accepted the [[British Raj|British]] suzerainty, the British colonial administrators decided to develop Indore as an alternative to Ujjain, because the merchants of Ujjain had supported certain anti-British people. [[John Malcolm]], the British administrator of Central India, decided to reduce the importance of Ujjain "by transferring a great part of that consequence it now enjoys to the Towns of Indore and [[Ratlam|Rutlam]] cities, which are and will continue more under our control."<ref name="AF_1998">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJDrdP6sikC&pg=PA63 |title=Smuggling as Subversion: Colonialism, Indian Merchants, and the Politics of Opium, 1790-1843 |author=Amar Farooqui |publisher=Lexington |year=1998 |pages=62–63 |isbn=9780739108864 }}</ref>
After Indian independence, Ujjain was placed in [[Madhya Bharat]] state, which in turn was fused into [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|title=उज्जैन में महाकालेश्वर की धूमधाम से निकली शाही सवारी|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/astrology/story-mahakaleshwar-shahi-sawari-2020-held-in-ujjain-3425436.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Hindustan|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=उज्जैन में बाल-बाल बचे सिंधिया, समर्थकों की धक्का-मुक्की में गिरी रेलिंग|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/jyotiraditya-scindia-reaches-ujjain-to-attend-mahakal-shahi-sawari-when-railing-fall-down-1-1220577.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=aajtak.intoday.in|date=18 August 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=उज्जैन: महाकाल की शाही सवारी के दौरान बड़ा हादसा टला, बाल-बाल बचे Scindia|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/states/big-accident-averted-in-ujjain-jyotiraditya-scindia-narrowly-escapes/730500|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Zee News Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=सिंधिया ने कहा: भले ही उज्जैन में उप चुनाव नहीं लेकिन उज्जैन आसपास होने वाले चुनाव का केंद्र बिंदु बना रहेगा|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/ujjain/news/scindia-said-even-though-there-is-no-by-election-in-ujjain-but-ujjain-will-remain-the-focal-point-of-the-elections-around-127626123.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>


After the independence [[India]], Ujjain became a part of the [[Madhya Bharat]] state. In 1956 [[Madhya Bharat]] was fused into the State of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=उज्जैन में महाकालेश्वर की धूमधाम से निकली शाही सवारी|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/astrology/story-mahakaleshwar-shahi-sawari-2020-held-in-ujjain-3425436.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Hindustan|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=उज्जैन में बाल-बाल बचे सिंधिया, समर्थकों की धक्का-मुक्की में गिरी रेलिंग|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/jyotiraditya-scindia-reaches-ujjain-to-attend-mahakal-shahi-sawari-when-railing-fall-down-1-1220577.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=उज्जैन: महाकाल की शाही सवारी के दौरान बड़ा हादसा टला, बाल-बाल बचे Scindia|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/states/big-accident-averted-in-ujjain-jyotiraditya-scindia-narrowly-escapes/730500|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Zee News Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=सिंधिया ने कहा: भले ही उज्जैन में उप चुनाव नहीं लेकिन उज्जैन आसपास होने वाले चुनाव का केंद्र बिंदु बना रहेगा|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/ujjain/news/scindia-said-even-though-there-is-no-by-election-in-ujjain-but-ujjain-will-remain-the-focal-point-of-the-elections-around-127626123.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>
==Geography==
Ujjain is located in the [[Western India|west-central part of India]], and is north of the upper limit of the [[Vindhya]] mountain ranges. Located on the [[Malwa]] plateau, it is higher than the north Indian plains and the land rises towards the [[Vindhya Range]] to the south. Ujjain's co-ordinates are {{Coord|23|10|N|75|46|E|}} with an average elevation of 494 m&nbsp;(1620&nbsp;ft).<ref name=elevation>{{Cite web|url=http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1253914|title=Geographic coordinates of Ujjain. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Ujjain, India}}</ref> The region is an extension of the [[Deccan Traps]], formed between 60 and 68 [[geologic timescale|million years ago]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksgeo.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp/~iwata/personal/Deccan-e.htm |title= Geochronological Study of the Deccan Volcanism by the 40Ar-39Ar Method |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225205236/http://ksgeo.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp/~iwata/personal/Deccan-e.htm |archive-date=2006-02-25}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mantleplumes.org/Deccan.html The Deccan beyond the plume hypothesis]</ref> at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] [[Geologic period|period]]. The city is on the bank of the river [[Shipra]] which flows into the nearby [[Chambal River|Chambal]].


==Geography==
Ujjain is 57 kms (35 mi) away from [[Indore]] via Indore-Sanwer Road, 40 kms (25 mi) away from [[Dewas]] and 197 kms (122 mi) from the State Capital [[Bhopal]] via MP State Highway 28 and MP State Highway 18.
Ujjain is located in the [[Western India|west-central part of India]], and is north of the upper limit of the [[Vindhya]] mountain ranges. Located on the [[Malwa]] plateau, it is higher than the north Indian plains and the land rises towards the [[Vindhya Range]] to the south. Ujjain's co-ordinates are {{Coord|23|10|N|75|46|E|}} with an average elevation of 494 m&nbsp;(1620&nbsp;ft).<ref name=elevation>{{Cite web|url=http://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1253914|title=Geographic coordinates of Ujjain. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Ujjain, India}}</ref> The region is an extension of the [[Deccan Traps]], formed between 60 and 68 [[geologic timescale|million years ago]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksgeo.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp/~iwata/personal/Deccan-e.htm |title= Geochronological Study of the Deccan Volcanism by the 40Ar-39Ar Method |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225205236/http://ksgeo.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp/~iwata/personal/Deccan-e.htm |archive-date=2006-02-25}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mantleplumes.org/Deccan.html The Deccan beyond the plume hypothesis]</ref> at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] [[Geologic period|period]]. The city is on the bank of the river [[Shipra]] which flows into the nearby [[Chambal River|Chambal]]. The tropic of cancer also passes through a temple named Karkoteshwar, located near [[Harsiddhi]] Mandir in Ujjain.


==Climate==
==Climate==
Climate of the city features an typical version of the [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''). Summers usually starts by the middle of March which lasts up until late June. During which temperatures normally reaches up to 45&nbsp;°C, with average maximum peaking in May with 41&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controversial UP MLA Vijay Mishra held near Ujjain for alleged extortion|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/15/controversial-up-mla-vijay-mishra-held-near-ujjain-for-alleged-extortion-2183660.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Monsoon starts in late June and ends in late September. These months see about 36 inches (914&nbsp;mm) of precipitation, frequent thunderstorms and flooding. This season usually features wet phase of comfortable with average temperatures around 24&nbsp;°C (76&nbsp;°F) but this is accompanied with frequent downpours. This wet phase is followed by dry phase which results in humid weather with high temperatures. Temperatures rise again up to late October when winter starts,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ujjain: प्रेमिका की पुल से नीचे फेंक कर दी हत्या, सीसीटीवी फुटेज से पकड़ाया, देखिए वायरल वीडियो|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/man-kills-girlfriend-by-throwing-her-from-overbridge-at-ujjain-caught-through-cctv-footage-watch-viral-video/videoshow/77272990.cms|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-17|title=Madhya Pradesh: Over 12 cows die in Mahakal Temple in Ujjain|url=https://www.zee5.com/zeekannada/madhya-pradesh-over-12-cows-die-in-mahakal-temple-in-ujjain/|access-date=2020-08-18|website=ZEE5 News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Murder at Ujjain Hotel: 2 बार प्रेमी से शादी कर चुकी थी, तीसरी बार परिवार की मर्जी से करना चाहती थी, इसलिए मार डाला|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/murder-at-ujjain-hotel-police-solves-tanu-parihar-murder-case-within-24-hours-accused-lover-arrested/articleshow/77554556.cms|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref> which lasts up to early March. Winters are cool, dry and sunny with occasional cold snaps during which temperature may drop to close to freezing (0° to 3°). Otherwise temperatures are very much comfortable, with average daily temperatures around 16&nbsp;°C (61&nbsp;°F).
Climate of the city features an typical version of the [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''). Summers usually starts by the middle of March which lasts up until late June. During which temperatures normally reaches up to 45&nbsp;°C, with average maximum peaking in May with 41&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controversial UP MLA Vijay Mishra held near Ujjain for alleged extortion|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/15/controversial-up-mla-vijay-mishra-held-near-ujjain-for-alleged-extortion-2183660.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Monsoon starts in late June and ends in late September. These months see about 36 inches (914&nbsp;mm) of precipitation, frequent thunderstorms and flooding. This season usually features wet phase of comfortable with average temperatures around 24&nbsp;°C (76&nbsp;°F) but this is accompanied with frequent downpours. This wet phase is followed by dry phase which results in humid weather with high temperatures. Temperatures rise again up to early November when winter starts,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ujjain: प्रेमिका की पुल से नीचे फेंक कर दी हत्या, सीसीटीवी फुटेज से पकड़ाया, देखिए वायरल वीडियो|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/man-kills-girlfriend-by-throwing-her-from-overbridge-at-ujjain-caught-through-cctv-footage-watch-viral-video/videoshow/77272990.cms|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-17|title=Madhya Pradesh: Over 12 cows die in Mahakal Temple in Ujjain|url=https://www.zee5.com/zeekannada/madhya-pradesh-over-12-cows-die-in-mahakal-temple-in-ujjain/|access-date=2020-08-18|website=ZEE5 News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Murder at Ujjain Hotel: 2 बार प्रेमी से शादी कर चुकी थी, तीसरी बार परिवार की मर्जी से करना चाहती थी, इसलिए मार डाला|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/murder-at-ujjain-hotel-police-solves-tanu-parihar-murder-case-within-24-hours-accused-lover-arrested/articleshow/77554556.cms|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref> which lasts up to early March. Winters are cool, dry and sunny with occasional cold snaps during which temperature may drop to close to freezing (0° to 3°). Otherwise temperatures are very much comfortable, with average daily temperatures around 16&nbsp;°C (61&nbsp;°F).


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
| location = Ujjain (1981–2010, extremes 1954–2012)  
| location = Ujjain (1991–2020, extremes 1954–2012)  
| metric first = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 34.5
| Jan record high C = 34.6
| Feb record high C = 39.0
| Feb record high C = 39.0
| Mar record high C = 42.5
| Mar record high C = 42.5
| Apr record high C = 45.2
| Apr record high C = 45.2
| May record high C = 46.0
| May record high C = 46.0
| Jun record high C = 45.2
| Jun record high C = 45.5
| Jul record high C = 41.1
| Jul record high C = 41.1
| Aug record high C = 36.0
| Aug record high C = 37.0
| Sep record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 39.8
| Oct record high C = 39.0
| Oct record high C = 39.8
| Nov record high C = 39.6
| Nov record high C = 36.6
| Dec record high C = 34.9
| Dec record high C = 34.9
| year record high C = 46.0
| year record high C = 46.0
| Jan high C = 26.4
| Jan high C = 26.4
| Feb high C = 29.2
| Feb high C = 29.4
| Mar high C = 34.4
| Mar high C = 34.9
| Apr high C = 38.6
| Apr high C = 38.9
| May high C = 40.5
| May high C = 40.9
| Jun high C = 37.3
| Jun high C = 37.3
| Jul high C = 31.1
| Jul high C = 31.0
| Aug high C = 29.1
| Aug high C = 29.1
| Sep high C = 31.5
| Sep high C = 31.5
| Oct high C = 33.3
| Oct high C = 33.8
| Nov high C = 30.5
| Nov high C = 30.9
| Dec high C = 27.8
| Dec high C = 28.2
| year high C = 32.5
| year high C = 32.5
| Jan low C = 8.8
| Jan low C = 8.7
| Feb low C = 10.3
| Feb low C = 10.6
| Mar low C = 14.6
| Mar low C = 14.8
| Apr low C = 19.5
| Apr low C = 19.5
| May low C = 24.5
| May low C = 24.8
| Jun low C = 24.8
| Jun low C = 25.0
| Jul low C = 23.1
| Jul low C = 23.2
| Aug low C = 22.2
| Aug low C = 22.2
| Sep low C = 21.4
| Sep low C = 21.4
| Oct low C = 17.4
| Oct low C = 18.0
| Nov low C = 12.8
| Nov low C = 13.7
| Dec low C = 9.2
| Dec low C = 9.4
| year low C = 17.4
| year low C = 17.4
| Jan record low C = 0.0
| Jan record low C = 0.0
Line 179: Line 195:
| year record low C = 0.0
| year record low C = 0.0
| rain colour = green
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 9.6
| Jan rain mm = 6.6
| Feb rain mm = 2.9
| Feb rain mm = 2.9
| Mar rain mm = 4.3
| Mar rain mm = 6.7
| Apr rain mm = 1.8
| Apr rain mm = 2.4
| May rain mm = 8.3
| May rain mm = 7.3
| Jun rain mm = 116.6
| Jun rain mm = 113.5
| Jul rain mm = 294.6
| Jul rain mm = 331.1
| Aug rain mm = 271.1
| Aug rain mm = 249.7
| Sep rain mm = 140.6
| Sep rain mm = 163.2
| Oct rain mm = 30.4
| Oct rain mm = 26.8
| Nov rain mm = 15.1
| Nov rain mm = 14.1
| Dec rain mm = 5.7
| Dec rain mm = 4.6
| year rain mm = 900.9
| year rain mm = 928.9
| Jan rain days = 0.8
| Jan rain days = 0.5
| Feb rain days = 0.5
| Feb rain days = 0.5
| Mar rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 0.4
| Apr rain days = 0.3
| Apr rain days = 0.4
| May rain days = 0.8
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 6.0
| Jun rain days = 6.3
| Jul rain days = 11.2
| Jul rain days = 12.1
| Aug rain days = 10.6
| Aug rain days = 10.2
| Sep rain days = 6.0
| Sep rain days = 6.8
| Oct rain days = 1.8
| Oct rain days = 1.6
| Nov rain days = 1.0
| Nov rain days = 1.0
| Dec rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 40.0
| year rain days = 40.8
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 40
| Jan humidity = 40
Line 244: Line 260:
[[File:Elephant in Ujjain.jpg|thumb|Harsiddhi Marg in Ujjain]]
[[File:Elephant in Ujjain.jpg|thumb|Harsiddhi Marg in Ujjain]]
According to the 2011 census, Ujjain had a population of 515,215, comprising 265,291 males and 249,924 females, giving a sex ratio of 942 per 1000. The overall literacy rate was 85.55%, with male literacy at 91.16% and female literacy at 79.62%.<ref name="2011 table 2">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=Census of India 2011 |access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref>
According to the 2011 census, Ujjain had a population of 515,215, comprising 265,291 males and 249,924 females, giving a sex ratio of 942 per 1000. The overall literacy rate was 85.55%, with male literacy at 91.16% and female literacy at 79.62%.<ref name="2011 table 2">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=Census of India 2011 |access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ujjain City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-1 Population By Religious Community: Madhya Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|18.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|2.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Madhya Pradesh|Christianity]]|blue|0.51}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.66}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Ujjain (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 84.17 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 5.82 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Malvi language|Malvi]] |value3 = 3.59 |color3 = deeppink
|label4 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value4 = 1.98 |color4 = lavender
|label5 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value5 = 1.93 |color5 = maroon
|label6 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value6 = 1.46 |color6 = yellow
|label7 = Others |value7 = 1.05 |color7 = grey
}}
Hindi is the most-spoken language. Being the heartland of the Malwa region, Malvi is also widely spoken.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10249/download/13361/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>


==Government and jurisdiction==
==Government and jurisdiction==


Most of the regions surrounding the city are administered by the [[Ujjain Municipal Corporation]] (UMC). The city is administered by a Divisional Commissioner and a Collectorate Office as well as the Mayor. They are responsible for the town and Country Planning Department, Forest Department, Public Health Engineering, Public Works Department and MP Electricity Board.<ref name="ujjain">{{cite web |url=http://www.ujjain.nic.in/ |title=Welcome to official website of District Administration Ujjain (M.P.) India |publisher=ujjain.nic.in |access-date=2015-08-21 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630201443/http://ujjain.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-clean-sweeps-in-Madhya-Pradesh-civic-polls/articleshow/48501303.cms |title=BJP clean sweeps in Madhya Pradesh civic polls - The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2015-08-21}}</ref>
Most of the regions surrounding the city are administered by the [[Ujjain Municipal Corporation]] (UMC). The city is administered by a Divisional Commissioner and a Collectorate Office as well as the Mayor. They are responsible for the town and Country Planning Department, Forest Department, Public Health Engineering, Public Works Department and MP Electricity Board.<ref name="ujjain">{{cite web |url=http://www.ujjain.nic.in/ |title=Welcome to official website of District Administration Ujjain (M.P.) India |publisher=ujjain.nic.in |access-date=2015-08-21 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630201443/http://ujjain.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-clean-sweeps-in-Madhya-Pradesh-civic-polls/articleshow/48501303.cms |title=BJP clean sweeps in Madhya Pradesh civic polls - The Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 August 2015 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2015-08-21}}</ref>


Ujjain has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government. The Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) was established in 1956 under the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Palika Nigam Adhiniyam. The UMC was established in 1886 as Nagar Palika, but the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain was declared on a par with the Gwalior Municipal Corporation. The UMC is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, local planning and welfare services. The mayor and councillors are elected to five-year terms.<ref name="ujjain2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ujjain.nic.in/Administration/CommissionerTenure/comm.html|title=Welcome to official website of District Administration Ujjain (M.P.) India|publisher=ujjain.nic.in|access-date=2015-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806164101/http://www.ujjain.nic.in/Administration/CommissionerTenure/comm.html|archive-date=6 August 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Ujjain has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government. The Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) was established in 1956 under the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Palika Nigam Adhiniyam. The UMC was established in 1886 as Nagar Palika, but the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain was declared on a par with the Gwalior Municipal Corporation. The UMC is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, local planning and welfare services. The mayor and councillors are elected to five-year terms.<ref name="ujjain2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ujjain.nic.in/Administration/CommissionerTenure/comm.html|title=Welcome to official website of District Administration Ujjain (M.P.) India|publisher=ujjain.nic.in|access-date=2015-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806164101/http://www.ujjain.nic.in/Administration/CommissionerTenure/comm.html|archive-date=6 August 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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The [[Ujjain Development Authority]], also known as UDA, is the urban planning agency serving Ujjain. Its headquarters are located in the Bharatpuri area of Ujjain. It was established under the Madhya Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973.<ref name=glance>{{cite web|title=Information at a glance|url=http://www.mpurban.gov.in/Pdf/CDP/Indore%20CDP_%20Final.pdf|publisher=MPurban|access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref>
The [[Ujjain Development Authority]], also known as UDA, is the urban planning agency serving Ujjain. Its headquarters are located in the Bharatpuri area of Ujjain. It was established under the Madhya Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973.<ref name=glance>{{cite web|title=Information at a glance|url=http://www.mpurban.gov.in/Pdf/CDP/Indore%20CDP_%20Final.pdf|publisher=MPurban|access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref>


[[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency]] is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the 9 Lok Sabha constituencies in the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state. It is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled Castes]] since 1966. This constituency covers the entire [[Ujjain district]] and part of [[Ratlam district]]. Previously, Dr. [[Chintamani Malviya]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was the member of parliament who won in the [[2014 Indian general elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1222.htm?ac=22 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |publisher=Eciresults.nic.in |access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
[[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency]] is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the 9 Lok Sabha constituencies in the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state. It is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled Castes]] since 1966. This constituency covers the entire [[Ujjain district]] and part of [[Ratlam district]]. Previously, Dr. [[Chintamani Malviya]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was the member of parliament who won in the [[2014 Indian general elections]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1222.htm?ac=22 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |publisher=Eciresults.nic.in |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517180755/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1222.htm?ac=22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
The Current Member of Parliament from [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]] is Anil Firojiya ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) after the [[Lok Sabha]] Election of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ujjain-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154519.html|title=Ujjain Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Anil Firojiya of BJPWins|website=News18|date=23 May 2019|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>
 
== Tourism ==


The Current Member of Parliament from [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]] is Mr. Anil Firojiya ( [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ) in the recently concluded [[Lok Sabha]] Election 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ujjain-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154519.html|title=Ujjain Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Anil Firojiya of BJPWins|website=News18|date=23 May 2019|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>
* [[Mahakal Lok Corridor]]
* [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]]
* [[Kal Bhairav Temple, Ujjain|Kal Bhairav Temple]]
* [[Sandipani|Sandipani Ashram]]
* [[Mangalnath Temple]]


==Education==
==Education==
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===University===
===University===
* [[Maharshi Panini Sanskrit University]]
* [[Maharshi Panini Sanskrit University]]
*Vikram University
*[[Vikram University]]
*[[Avantika University]]


===Medical Colleges===
===Medical Colleges===
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===Engineering Colleges===
===Engineering Colleges===
* [[Ujjain Engineering College]] Govt.
* [[Ujjain Engineering College]] (Govt.)
* School of Engineering Vikram University (Govt.)
* MIT Group of Institutes, Ujjain
* MIT Group of Institutes, Ujjain
*Shree Guru Sandipani Institute of Science and Technology
*Prashanti Institute of Technology
*Alpine Institute of Technology


===Schools===
===Schools===
<!-- Per WP:WTAF, links to non-existent pages will be removed -->
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* [[St. Paul's convent H.S. School]]
* [[Christu Jyoti Convent School]]
* [[Ujjain Public School]]
* [[Ujjain Public School]]
*  Lok Manya Tilak higher Secondary School, Ujjain
*  Lokmanya Tilak higher Secondary School, Ujjain
* [[St. Mary's Convent School, Ujjain|St. Mary's Convent School]]  
* [[St. Mary's Convent School, Ujjain|St. Mary's Convent School]]  
* [[Nirmala Convent Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Nirmala Convent School, Ujjain|Nirmala Convent School]]
* [[Takshshila Junior College]]
* Takshshila Junior College
* Kalidas Montessori Sr. Sec. School
* Kalidas Montessori Sr. Sec. School
*Carmel Convent Sr. Sec. School
*Carmel Convent Sr. Sec. School<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/school-listings/cbse-1/KALIDAS-MONTESSORI-SR-SEC-SCHOOL-BAMBAKHANA-UJJAIN-MADHYA-PRADESH-1030008 | title=KALIDAS MONTESSORI SR SEC SCHOOL BAMBAKHANA UJJAIN MADHYA PRADESH - the Learning Point }}</ref>
 
<ref>http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/school-listings/cbse-1/KALIDAS-MONTESSORI-SR-SEC-SCHOOL-BAMBAKHANA-UJJAIN-MADHYA-PRADESH-1030008</ref>
<!-- Per WP:WTAF, links to non-existent pages will be removed -->
<!-- Per WP:WTAF, links to non-existent pages will be removed -->


==Industry==
==Industry==
Major industrial areas surrounding Ujjain are "Dewas Road Industrial Area", "Maxi Road Industrial Area" and "Tajpur Industrial Area".<ref>{{Cite web|title=InvestMP - MPIDC|url=https://invest.mp.gov.in/|url-status=live|website=[[MPIDC]]}}</ref>
Major industrial areas surrounding Ujjain are '[[Dewas]] Road Industrial Area', 'Maxi Road Industrial Area' and 'Tajpur Industrial Area'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=InvestMP - MPIDC|url=https://invest.mp.gov.in/|url-status=live|website=[[MPIDC]]}}</ref>
 
[[Indore]] and [[Dewas]] are the cities where majority of the industries are present. Both Indore and Dewas are in close proximity to Ujjain, providing employment to people in Ujjain and nearby areas.


The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] has allotted 1,200 acres for the development of an industrial area on the Dewas-Ujjain Road near Narwar village. Originally named "Vikramaditya Knowledge City", the area was envisaged as an educational hub. Due to diminished investment prospects, it was renamed to "[[Vikram Udyog Nagari]]" ("Vikram Industrial City"). As of 2014, the government has conceptualized it as a half-industrial, half-educational area. The stakeholders in the project include the state government and the [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor]] (DMIC) Trust.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ujjain-s-knowledge-city-renamed-vikram-udyog-nagari-114050500951_1.html Ujjain's 'Knowledge City' renamed 'Vikram Udyog Nagari']</ref>
The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] has allotted 1,200 acres for the development of an industrial area on the Dewas-Ujjain Road (MP State Highway 18) near Narwar village. Originally named "Vikramaditya Knowledge City", the area was envisaged as an educational hub. Due to diminished investment prospects, it was renamed to "[[Vikram Udyog Nagari]]" ("Vikram Industrial City"). As of 2014, the government has conceptualized it as a half-industrial, half-educational area. The stakeholders in the project include the state government and the [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor]] (DMIC) Trust.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ujjain-s-knowledge-city-renamed-vikram-udyog-nagari-114050500951_1.html Ujjain's 'Knowledge City' renamed 'Vikram Udyog Nagari']</ref>


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
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===Railway===
===Railway===
[[File:Ujjain_statioin.jpg|thumb|Ujjain Station]]
[[File:Ujjain_statioin.jpg|thumb|Ujjain Junction]]


[[Ujjain Junction]] is the main railway station of Ujjain, and it is directly or indirectly well-connected to all the major railway stations in India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Agam Gupta |title=Unfolding Faith: A Journey to the Kumbh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfkHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |date=September 2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1213-8 |pages=31–}}</ref> It lies on the [[Ratlam]]–[[Bhopal]], [[Indore]]–[[Nagda]] and [[Guna, India|Guna]]–[[Khandwa]] route. To the west it is connected to [[Ratlam Junction]], to the north it is connected with [[Nagda]] Junction, to the east it is connected with [[Maksi]] Junction, [[Bhopal Junction]], and to the south it is connected to [[Indore Junction BG]], [[Dewas]] Junction Harda BG.<ref>[http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/ujjain-junction-ujn/10 Trains at Ujjain]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = &#91;IRFCA&#93; Electrification History from CORE}}</ref>
[[Ujjain Junction]] is the main railway station of Ujjain, and it is directly or indirectly well-connected to all the major railway stations in India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Agam Gupta |title=Unfolding Faith: A Journey to the Kumbh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfkHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |date=September 2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1213-8 |pages=31–}}</ref> It lies on the [[Indore]]–[[Dewas]], [[Ratlam]]–[[Bhopal]], [[Indore]]–[[Nagda]] and [[Guna, India|Guna]]–[[Khandwa]] route. To the west it is connected to [[Ratlam Junction]], to the north it is connected with [[Nagda]] Junction, to the east it is connected with [[Maksi]] Junction, [[Bhopal Junction]], and to the south it is connected to [[Indore Junction BG]], [[Dewas]] Junction Harda BG.<ref>[http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/ujjain-junction-ujn/10 Trains at Ujjain]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = &#91;IRFCA&#93; Electrification History from CORE}}</ref>


C&W Training Centre/Ujjain/WR
C&W Training Centre/Ujjain/WR
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| VRG
| VRG
| [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway]]
| [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway]]
| 02
| 03
|-
|-
|{{left|[[Tajpur railway station|Tajpur]]}}
|{{left|[[Tajpur railway station|Tajpur]]}}
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[[File:Ujjain_Indore_Highway.jpg|thumb|Ujjain-Indore Highway]]
[[File:Ujjain_Indore_Highway.jpg|thumb|Ujjain-Indore Highway]]


Dewas Gate Stand and [[Nana Kheda Bus Stand]] are the two bus stands in the city that provide service to destinations located in the states. A large number of state run private buses are available for [[Ahmedabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ajmer]], [[Khajuraho]], [[Harda]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], [[Jhalawar]] and various other locations. The city has a well connected road network including Indore Road, [[Badnagar]] Road, [[Dewas]] Road, [[Agar]] Road, [[Nagda]] Road and [[Maksi]] Road. There are three national highways; 47 connects to [[Ahmedabad]], proposed 148NG connects to [[Garoth]] and 552G connects to Indore.<ref>[http://udaujjain.org/uda/?page_id=42 UDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120000/http://udaujjain.org/uda/?page_id=42 |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/ujjain-city-development-plan-ujjain-municipal-corporation|title = National Portal of India}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mpurban.gov.in/Pdf/CDP/Ujjain%20CDP_Final%20.pdf]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_Ujjain.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308184258/http://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_Ujjain.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Dewas Gate Stand and [[Nana Kheda Bus Stand]] are the two bus stands in the city that provide service to destinations located in the states. A large number of state run private buses are available for [[Ahmedabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ajmer]], [[Khajuraho]], [[Harda]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], [[Jhalawar]] and various other locations. The city has a well connected road network including Indore Road, [[Badnagar]] Road, [[Dewas]] Road, [[Agar]] Road, [[Nagda]] Road and [[Maksi]] Road. There are three national highways; 47 connects to [[Ahmedabad]], proposed 148NG connects to [[Garoth]] and 552G connects to Indore.<ref>[http://udaujjain.org/uda/?page_id=42 UDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120000/http://udaujjain.org/uda/?page_id=42 |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/ujjain-city-development-plan-ujjain-municipal-corporation|title = National Portal of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mpurban.gov.in/Pdf/CDP/Ujjain%20CDP_Final%20.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208205744/http://www.mpurban.gov.in/Pdf/CDP/Ujjain%20CDP_Final%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_Ujjain.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308184258/http://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_Ujjain.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Other regional highways passing through the city are:
Other regional highways passing through the city are:
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* [[Harda]] - Ujjain Road (Connects to Via National Highway 59A NH 47) and [[SH 18]]
* [[Harda]] - Ujjain Road (Connects to Via National Highway 59A NH 47) and [[SH 18]]
*Ujjain - [[Garoth]] Proposed New Green Field Four Lane National Highway No NH 148NG
*Ujjain - [[Garoth]] Proposed New Green Field Four Lane National Highway No NH 148NG
====Local transport====
====Local transport====


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[[Cricket]] is one of the most popular sports in the city. Ujjain is also home to the [[Ujjain Divisional Cricket Association]] which is affiliated to [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]. The city does not have any big stadium, but hosted [[Ranji Trophy]] matches at [[Indian Iron and Steel Company Stanton Pipe Factory Ground|Pipe Factory Ground]] in 1977 and 1980.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58508.html Ground Info]</ref>
[[Cricket]] is one of the most popular sports in the city. Ujjain is also home to the [[Ujjain Divisional Cricket Association]] which is affiliated to [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]. The city does not have any big stadium, but hosted [[Ranji Trophy]] matches at [[Indian Iron and Steel Company Stanton Pipe Factory Ground|Pipe Factory Ground]] in 1977 and 1980.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58508.html Ground Info]</ref>


[[Kite flying]] is another popular activity in the city around [[Makar Sakranti]].<ref>[http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MP-IND-kite-flying-holy-dips-mark-sankranti-in-ujjain-indore-4148672-NOR.html Kite flying, holy dips mark Sankranti in Ujjain, Indore]</ref>
[[Kite flying]] is another popular activity in the city around [[Makar Sakranti]].<ref name="Dainik Bhaskar 2022">{{cite web | title=देश - National | website=Dainik Bhaskar | date=2022-12-10 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/national/ | language=hi | access-date=2022-12-10}}</ref>


== Smart city ==
== Smart city ==
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Ujjain city was shortlisted under the Government of India's flagship programme [[Smart Cities Mission]]. Under the mission, UMC ([http://nagarnigamujjain.org/] Ujjain Municipal Corporation) shall participate in the smart cities challenge by [[Ministry of Urban Development]]. As part of this, UMC is preparing a Smart City Proposal (SCP). SCP will include smart city solutions based on the consultations to be held with the key stakeholders of the city. UMC invited the suggestions from citizens of Ujjain to make ‘Ujjain as a smart city’. The citizens were able to post their views pertaining to basic services such as water supply, sewerage, urban transport, social infrastructure and e-governance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mygov.in/group-issue/smart-city-ujjain/|title=Smart City Ujjain|date=2015-09-21|newspaper=MyGov.in|access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>
Ujjain city was shortlisted under the Government of India's flagship programme [[Smart Cities Mission]]. Under the mission, UMC ([http://nagarnigamujjain.org/] Ujjain Municipal Corporation) shall participate in the smart cities challenge by [[Ministry of Urban Development]]. As part of this, UMC is preparing a Smart City Proposal (SCP). SCP will include smart city solutions based on the consultations to be held with the key stakeholders of the city. UMC invited the suggestions from citizens of Ujjain to make ‘Ujjain as a smart city’. The citizens were able to post their views pertaining to basic services such as water supply, sewerage, urban transport, social infrastructure and e-governance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mygov.in/group-issue/smart-city-ujjain/|title=Smart City Ujjain|date=2015-09-21|newspaper=MyGov.in|access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>


==Notable people==
===Notable people===
Notable people who were born or lived in Ujjian include:
Notable people who were born or lived in Ujjian include:


* Sage [[Sandipani]]
* Sage [[Sandipani]]
* [[Varāhamihira]]
* [[Bhāskara II]]
* [[Chashtana]]
* [[Chashtana]]
* [[Kālidāsa]]
* [[Kālidāsa]]
Line 393: Line 453:
* [[Saumya Tandon]]
* [[Saumya Tandon]]
* [[Vikramaditya]]
* [[Vikramaditya]]
* [[Viraj Mahajan]]<ref name="Mid-Day 2023">{{cite web | title= How LinkedIn Became Sexy | website=Mid-Day | date=2022-11-27 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/how-linkedin-became-sexy-23257626 | language=En | access-date=2022-11-27}}</ref>
* [[Juhi Parmar]]
* [[Juhi Parmar]]
* [[Goverdhan Lal Oza]]
* [[Goverdhan Lal Oza]]
* [[Sharma Bandhu]]
* [[Sharma Bandhu]]
* [[V. S. Wakankar]]
* [[V. S. Wakankar]]
* [[Sharad Joshi]]


== See also ==
* [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]]
* [[Omkareshwar Temple|Omkareshwar Jyotirlinga]]
* [[Ujjainiya]]
* [[Ujjaini Mahakali Temple]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Scindia]]
* [[Gwalior State]]
* [[Dewas Junior State]]
* [[Dewas Senior State]]
* [[Dhar State]]
* [[Indore State]]


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Ujjain}}
 
{{Wikiquote}}
 
{{EB1911 poster|Ujjain}}
{{EB1911 poster|Ujjain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151125123834/http://nagarnigamujjain.org/ Official website of Ujjain Municipal Corporation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151125123834/http://nagarnigamujjain.org/ Official website of Ujjain Municipal Corporation]
* [http://www.ujjain.nic.in/ Official website of Ujjain district] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630201443/http://ujjain.nic.in/ |date=30 June 2015 }}
* [http://www.ujjain.nic.in/ Official website of Ujjain district] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630201443/http://ujjain.nic.in/ |date=30 June 2015 }}
* [http://www.simhasthujjain.in/ Official website of Ujjain Kumbh Mela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205051830/http://www.simhasthujjain.in/ |date=5 February 2017 }}
* [http://www.simhasthujjain.in/ Official website of Ujjain Kumbh Mela]  
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205051830/http://www.simhasthujjain.in/ |date=5 February 2017 }}
*  


{{City of Ujjain}}
{{City of Ujjain}}
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{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Ujjain Division}}
{{Ujjain Division}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Madhya Pradesh}}
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[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Holy cities]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
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