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[[India]] has a [[parliamentary system]] as defined by its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], with power distributed between the central government and the [[States and territories of India|states]].
[[India]] has a [[parliamentary system]] as defined by its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], with power distributed between the central government and the [[States and territories of India|states]].


The [[President of India]] is the ceremonial head of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 31}}
The [[President of India]] is the ceremonial head of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India.


However, it is the [[Prime Minister of India]], who is the leader of the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] having a majority in the national elections to the [[Lok Sabha]], that exercises most executive powers for matters that require countrywide affection under a federal system.
However, it is the [[Prime Minister of India]], who is the leader of the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] having a majority in the national elections to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The Prime Minister is the leader of the executive branch of the [[Government of India]]. The Prime Minister is the chief adviser to the [[President of India]] and the head of the [[Union Council of Ministers]].


India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India.  
India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India.


The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.
The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.


==Election Commission==
==Election land==
[[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] is the federal body of India which is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution, responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes of India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/about-eci/the_setup.aspx |title=A Constitutional Body |publisher=Election Commission of India }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] is the federal body of India which is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution, responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes of India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/about-eci/the_setup.aspx |title=A Constitutional Body |publisher=Election Commission of India }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


Election Commission ensures the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections are as per the statutory legislation.
Election Commission ensures the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections are as per the statutory legislation.


All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.
All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.The first election Commissioner was Sukumar Sen


==Types of Elections==
==Types of Elections==
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for :
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for :
*Members of the Parliament in [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]],  
*Members of the Parliament in [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]],  
*Members of [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]], (and also Assembly elections to some of the Union Territories like Delhi),
*Members of [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - [[Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]),
*Members of [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]],
*Members of [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]],
*Members in [[Panchayati raj (India)|village panchayats]] or [[Municipal governance in India|city corporation councils]].
*Members of [[Local government in India|local governance bodies]] ([[Municipal governance in India|Municipal bodies]] and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]]),
*By-election is held when a person of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.
*By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.


=== Parliamentary General Elections (Lok Sabha) ===
=== Parliamentary General Elections (Lok Sabha) ===
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house). <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| % votes
! style="width:8%;" class="sortable"| % votes
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Results 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>
|| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Results 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>
|| [[1st Lok Sabha]]
|| [[1st Lok Sabha]]
|| 489
|| 489
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| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[Next Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh|AR]]
![[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh|AR]]
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| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[Next Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Assam|AS]]
![[Elections in Assam|AS]]
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| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] <br /> [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] <br /> [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
[[Next Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Chhattisgarh|CG]]
![[Elections in Chhattisgarh|CG]]
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| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[Next Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Delhi|DL]]
![[Elections in Delhi|DL]]
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| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
[[Next Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Goa|GA]]
![[Elections in Goa|GA]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1963 Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] <br /> [[1967 Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] <br /> [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> [[1977 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> [[1984 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1984]] <br /> [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] <br /> [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br /> [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br /> [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
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| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] <br /> [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] <br /> [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] <br /> [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] <br /> [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[Next Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Himachal Pradesh|HP]]
![[Elections in Himachal Pradesh|HP]]
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| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[2021 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| -
|-
|-
![[Elections in Jharkhand|JH]]
![[Elections in Jharkhand|JH]]
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|-
|-
![[Elections in Karnataka|KA]]
![[Elections in Karnataka|KA]]
| [[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br /> [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1952]] <br /> [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1957]]
| [[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1962]] <br /> [[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1962]] <br /> [[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1967]]
| [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1972]] <br /> [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] <br /> [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] <br /> [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br /> [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br /> [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[Next Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Kerala|KL]]
![[Elections in Kerala|KL]]
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| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[Next Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Maharashtra|MH]]
![[Elections in Maharashtra|MH]]
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| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[Next Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Manipur|MN]]
![[Elections in Manipur|MN]]
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| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[Next Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Mizoram|MZ]]
![[Elections in Mizoram|MZ]]
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| [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[Next Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Nagaland|NL]]
![[Elections in Nagaland|NL]]
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| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[Next Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Odisha|OD]]
![[Elections in Odisha|OD]]
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| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]] <br /> [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]] <br /> [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[Next Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Punjab, India|PB]]
![[Elections in Punjab, India|PB]]
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[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] <br /> [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] <br /> [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[Next Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Sikkim|SK]]
![[Elections in Sikkim|SK]]
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| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
[[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
[[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|
|[[Next Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Tamil Nadu|TN]]
![[Elections in Tamil Nadu|TN]]
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|-
|-
![[Elections in Telangana|TS]]
![[Elections in Telangana|TS]]
| colspan="6" | State didn't exist. Was part of AP. (Established in 2014)
|[[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of AP. (Established in 2014)
|
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Next Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Tripura|TR]]
![[Elections in Tripura|TR]]
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| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|[[Next Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|-
![[Elections in Uttar Pradesh|UP]]
![[Elections in Uttar Pradesh|UP]]
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=== By-election ===
=== By-election ===
As the name suggests, when an elected candidate to either the State Assembly, Rajya Sabha, or Lok Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as Bypolls.
When an elected candidate to either the State Assembly or Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as Bypolls.
 
Reasons for By-election:


Common reasons for by-elections :
Common reasons for by-elections :
* Sitting MLA resigns once he gets elected as MP.
* Resignation by the sitting MP or MLA
* Sitting MLA or MP died.
* Death of the sitting MP or MLA


But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance in the office or due to election irregularities found later. Also, when a candidate has won more than one seat, they have to vacate one .)
But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance in the office or due to election irregularities found later. Also, when a candidate has won more than one seat, they have to vacate one).
Also, the election commission maintains the election of India.


=== Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Elections ===
=== Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Elections ===
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The Legislative proposals (making new laws, removing or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.
The Legislative proposals (making new laws, removing or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.


The Constitution of India however places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.  
The Constitution of India, however, places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.  
   
   
Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form of the Lok Sabha finally passes it.
Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form of the Lok Sabha finally passes it.
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===Absentee voting===
===Absentee voting===
India does not provide general [[absentee ballot|absentee voting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27397034_1_ballot-papers-special-voters-electoral-roll|title=Who can vote by postal ballot?|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-election-commission-to-ensure-postal-votes-dont-get-invalid-1914891|title=Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid|work=dna|access-date=23 November 2014|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/new-delhi/pranab-to-become-first-prez-tocast-vote-via-postal-ballot-lse-1438680.html|title=Pranab to become first president to cast vote via postal ballot|work=Oneindia.com|access-date=23 November 2014|date=29 April 2014}}</ref> On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article910849.ece |title=gazette notifications |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=24 November 2010 |access-date=6 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://voterswithoutborders.org |title=Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections |publisher=Voterswithoutborders.org |access-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234322/http://voterswithoutborders.org/ |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |title=People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign |publisher=Nrivotingrights.info |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405111303/http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |archive-date=5 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
India does not provide general [[absentee ballot|absentee voting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27397034_1_ballot-papers-special-voters-electoral-roll|title=Who can vote by postal ballot?|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-election-commission-to-ensure-postal-votes-dont-get-invalid-1914891|title=Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid|work=dna|access-date=23 November 2014|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/new-delhi/pranab-to-become-first-prez-tocast-vote-via-postal-ballot-lse-1438680.html|title=Pranab to become first president to cast vote via postal ballot|work=Oneindia.com|access-date=23 November 2014|date=29 April 2014}}</ref> On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article910849.ece |title=gazette notifications |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=24 November 2010 |access-date=6 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://voterswithoutborders.org |title=Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections |publisher=Voterswithoutborders.org |access-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234322/http://voterswithoutborders.org/ |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |title=People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign |publisher=Nrivotingrights.info |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405111303/http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |archive-date=5 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=PRESS RELEASE: Bridge India diaspora survey of NRIs and OCIs finds significant support for BJP, better NRI voting rights|url=https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/press-release-diaspora-survey-results/|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Bridge India|language=en-GB}}</ref>


===Postal voting===
===Postal voting===
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* [[49-O]]  Now replaced with 'NOTA (None of The Above)'
* [[49-O]]  Now replaced with 'NOTA (None of The Above)'
* [[Booth capturing]]
* [[Booth capturing]]
* [[History_of_democracy#Indian_subcontinent|History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent]]
* [[History of democracy#Indian subcontinent|History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Legislative Assembly elections in India]]
* [[Legislative Assembly elections in India]]
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* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/i/india/ Adam Carr's election archive]
* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/i/india/ Adam Carr's election archive]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160502105938/http://eci.nic.in/archive/handbook/CANDIDATES/cch2/cch2_1.htm Qualification and disqualification] Election Commission of India handbook for candidates
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160502105938/http://eci.nic.in/archive/handbook/CANDIDATES/cch2/cch2_1.htm Qualification and disqualification] Election Commission of India handbook for candidates
* [https://elections-india.in/ Elections India]


{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
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