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{{Short description|Pandyan | {{Short description|Pandyan emperor from 1268 to 1308}} | ||
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} | {{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | ||
{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| dynasty | | dynasty = [[Pandyan]] | ||
| predecessor = [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]] | | predecessor = [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]] | ||
| successor = | | successor = Vira Pandyan | ||
| reign | | issue = * Sundara Pandyan | ||
* Vira Pandyan | |||
| father = [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]] | |||
| title = [[Kollam]]konda [[Pandya]], Konerinmaikondaan, [[Shri|Sri]] Ko Maravarman Thiribhuvana [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravarthi]] Sri Kulasekaran | |||
| image = | |||
| caption = | |||
| succession = [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyan Emperor]] | |||
| reign = June 1268–1308{{efn|Between 10 and 20 June 1268<ref name="p264">{{cite web | publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad| title=Full text of "Historical Inscriptions Of Southern India" | website=Internet Archive | date=23 October 2016 | url=https://archive.org/stream/historicalinscri035270mbp/historicalinscri035270mbp_djvu.txt | access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I''' ({{ | [[File:Pandya_Kingdom_(south_India).png | thumb | right | Pandya Kingdom at its greatest extent]] | ||
'''Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I''' ({{langx|ta|முதலாம் மாறவர்மன் குலசேகர பாண்டியன்}}) was a [[Pandyan]] emperor who ruled regions of [[South India]] between 1268–1308 CE,<ref>Sethuraman, p124</ref> though history professor Sailendra Sen states he ruled until 1310.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=45–46}}</ref> In 1279 CE, Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan ended the rule of [[Chola dynasty]] by defeating [[Rajendra III]] of Cholas and Ramanatha of [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas.]] His death lead to the [[Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323|Pandyan Civil War]] in 1308–1323. | |||
==Accession and shared rule== | ==Accession and shared rule== | ||
Kulasekara Pandyan I acceded to the Pandyan throne in the year 1268 CE after his father [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]]. During the middle part of the 13th century, the kingdom was ruled by many princes of the royal line. This practice of shared rule with one prince asserting primacy was common in the Pandyan Kingdom.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p196</ref> The other princes of the royal family with whom he shared his rule were Jatavarman Vira Pandyan I (1253-1275 CE), his brother Maravarman Vikkiraman III (acceded 1283 CE) and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan II (acceded 1277 CE).<ref>Narasayya, p41</ref> [[Marco Polo]] refers to him as the "eldest of five brother kings".<ref>Aiyangar, P.65</ref> | Kulasekara Pandyan I acceded to the Pandyan throne in the year 1268 CE after his father [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]]. During the middle part of the 13th century, the kingdom was ruled by many princes of the royal line. This practice of shared rule with one prince asserting primacy was common in the Pandyan Kingdom.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p196</ref> The other princes of the royal family with whom he shared his rule were Jatavarman Vira Pandyan I (1253-1275 CE), his brother Maravarman Vikkiraman III (acceded 1283 CE) and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan II (acceded 1277 CE).<ref>Narasayya, p41</ref> [[Marco Polo]] refers to him as the "eldest of five brother kings".<ref>Aiyangar, P.65</ref> | ||
== | ==Military conquests== | ||
===Wars against Cholas and Hoysalas=== | ===Wars against Cholas and Hoysalas=== | ||
Kulasekara Pandyan presided over the second Pandyan empire at its height of power and extension. He warred against the [[Hoysala]]s under Ramanatha and the [[Chola]]s under [[Rajendra Chola III]]. He defeated them both in 1279 CE and ended the three century long [[Chola]] rule. The defeat of Ramanatha ended the Hoysala control of Tamil Nadu. He also fought a war in the kingdom of [[Venad]] in southernmost [[Kerala]], and captured [[Kollam]].<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197</ref> | Kulasekara Pandyan presided over the second Pandyan empire at its height of power and extension. He warred against the [[Hoysala]]s under Ramanatha and the [[Chola]]s under [[Rajendra Chola III]]. He defeated them both in 1279 CE and ended the three century long [[Chola]] rule. The defeat of Ramanatha ended the Hoysala control of Tamil Nadu. He also fought a war in the kingdom of [[Venad]] in southernmost [[Kerala]], and captured [[Kollam]].<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K. A. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5955 |title=The Pandyan kingdom : from the earliest to the sixteenth century |date=1929 |publisher=Luzac,London}}</ref> | ||
===Invasion of Sri Lanka=== | ===Invasion of Sri Lanka=== | ||
Kulasekara Pandyan sent an expedition to [[Sri Lanka]] under his minister [[Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan]] [[Aryacakravarti]] in the late 1270s, defeating [[Savakanmaindan]], a tributary to the Pandyans on the [[Jaffna kingdom]]. This expedition plundered the fortress of Subhagiri ([[Yapahuwa]]) and returned with the [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha]].<ref>Kunarasa, p.66</ref> This expedition took place near the end of the Sri Lankan king [[Bhuvanaikabahu I of Dambadeniya|Bhuvanaikabâhu I]]'s reign (1272-1285 CE). Bhuvanaika Bahu's successor [[Parakramabahu III of Dambadeniya|Parâkkamabâhu III]] went on a personal embassy to Kulasekaran's court and persuaded him to return the relic. [[ | Kulasekara Pandyan sent an expedition to [[Sri Lanka]] under his minister [[Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan]] [[Aryacakravarti]] in the late 1270s, defeating [[Savakanmaindan]], a tributary to the Pandyans on the [[Jaffna kingdom]]. This expedition plundered the fortress of Subhagiri ([[Yapahuwa]]) and returned with the [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha]].<ref>Kunarasa, p.66</ref> This expedition took place near the end of the Sri Lankan king [[Bhuvanaikabahu I of Dambadeniya|Bhuvanaikabâhu I]]'s reign (1272-1285 CE). Bhuvanaika Bahu's successor [[Parakramabahu III of Dambadeniya|Parâkkamabâhu III]] went on a personal embassy to Kulasekaran's court and persuaded him to return the relic. [[Kingdom of Jaffna|Jaffna kingdom]] was under Pandyan [[suzerainty]] for the next twenty years and only regained its independence during the Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323 that followed Kulasekaran's death.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref> | ||
==Rule, titles and patronage== | ==Rule, titles and patronage== | ||
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He gifted a piece of land from his leisure park (Vasantha mandapam) to Kazi Syed Tajuddeen who came from Oman and settled in [[Madurai]]. Kazi Syed Tajuddeen constructed a mosque named [[Kazimar Big Mosque]] which is still in existence and has been managed by his male descendants continuously for 7 centuries.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} | He gifted a piece of land from his leisure park (Vasantha mandapam) to Kazi Syed Tajuddeen who came from Oman and settled in [[Madurai]]. Kazi Syed Tajuddeen constructed a mosque named [[Kazimar Big Mosque]] which is still in existence and has been managed by his male descendants continuously for 7 centuries.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} | ||
Wassaf's accounts which refer to Kulasekaran as ''Kales Dewar'' say he ruled for "forty and odd" years, "during which time neither any foreign enemy entered his country, nor any severe malady confined him to bed" and that the treasury of the city of Mardi (Madurai) had "1,200 crores of gold not counting the accumulation of precious stones such as pearls, rubies, turquoises, and emeralds."<ref>Aiyangar, P.96</ref> The term "crore" here means a "hundred thousand" as per the now-defunct Persian number system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Annamalai |first=S. |date=24 October 2012 |title=When coffers were replete with wealth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/when-coffers-were-replete-with-wealth/article4027024.ece |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> It must be mentioned that Wassaf himself never visited any part of India and is generally considered an unreliable source by scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pickthall |first1=M.W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYUSAAAAIAAJ |title=Islamic Culture |last2=Asad |first2=M. |journal=Islamic Culture : An English Quarterly |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |year=1928 |pages=531 |issn=0021-1834 |access-date=9 October 2021 |issue=v. 2}}</ref> The [[Mahavamsa]], while describing the Pandyan plunder of the tooth relic, describes Kulasekaran as "like a sun expanding the lotus-like race of the great Pandyan kings."<ref>Aiyangar, P.58</ref> | Wassaf's accounts which refer to Kulasekaran as ''Kales Dewar'' say he ruled for "forty and odd" years, "during which time neither any foreign enemy entered his country, nor any severe malady confined him to bed" and that the treasury of the city of Mardi (Madurai) had "1,200 crores of gold not counting the accumulation of precious stones such as pearls, rubies, turquoises, and emeralds."<ref>Aiyangar, P.96</ref> The term "crore" here means a "hundred thousand" as per the now-defunct Persian number system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Annamalai |first=S. |date=24 October 2012 |title=When coffers were replete with wealth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/when-coffers-were-replete-with-wealth/article4027024.ece |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> It must be mentioned that Wassaf himself never visited any part of India and is generally considered an unreliable source by scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pickthall |first1=M.W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYUSAAAAIAAJ |title=Islamic Culture |last2=Asad |first2=M. |journal=Islamic Culture: An English Quarterly |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |year=1928 |pages=531 |issn=0021-1834 |access-date=9 October 2021 |issue=v. 2}}</ref> The [[Mahavamsa]], while describing the Pandyan plunder of the tooth relic, describes Kulasekaran as "like a sun expanding the lotus-like race of the great Pandyan kings."<ref>Aiyangar, P.58</ref> | ||
[[Marco Polo]] visited the Pandyan country during his reign and wrote about the wealth and social customs of Pandyan people. His accounts refer to Kulasekaran as ''Asciar'' or ''Ashcar''. Marco Polo describes the Pandyan port city of Kulasekharapatnam as "it is at this city that all the ships touch that come from the west, as from Hormos and from Kis and from Aden, and all Arabia, laden with horses and with other things for sale." Lighthouses can still be seen along the shore which were used to direct ships. In Kulsekarapatnam, small ships known as ''dhoni'' operated until 1965. Kulasekharapatnam still has a light house near [[Manapad]], leading to the conclusion that the place Marco Polo mentioned is Kulasekharapatnam''.<ref>Aiyangar, P.55</ref> ''He also wrote about the pearl fisheries, horse trade, [[Sati (practice)|sati]] and [[devadasi]]s. Also in Kulasekharapatnam now even called [[Rowther | [[Marco Polo]] visited the Pandyan country during his reign and wrote about the wealth and social customs of Pandyan people. His accounts refer to Kulasekaran as ''Asciar'' or ''Ashcar''. Marco Polo describes the Pandyan port city of Kulasekharapatnam as "it is at this city that all the ships touch that come from the west, as from Hormos and from Kis and from Aden, and all Arabia, laden with horses and with other things for sale." Lighthouses can still be seen along the shore which were used to direct ships. In Kulsekarapatnam, small ships known as ''dhoni'' operated until 1965. Kulasekharapatnam still has a light house near [[Manapad]], leading to the conclusion that the place Marco Polo mentioned is Kulasekharapatnam''.<ref>Aiyangar, P.55</ref> ''He also wrote about the pearl fisheries, horse trade, [[Sati (practice)|sati]] and [[devadasi]]s. Also in Kulasekharapatnam now even called [[Rowther]] Palayam that a part of it, [[Rowther]]s a section of Muslim called like that their cavalry and trade with horses.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWEwAQAAIAAJ&q=+Rowthers |title=Tamil Nadu State: Thoothukudi District |date=2007 |publisher=Director of Stationery and Print |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Kulasekaran built the Manivanneswaram aka [[Masilamaninathar temple, Tharangambadi|Masilamaninathar]] temple in [[Tharangambadi]].{{ | Kulasekaran built the Manivanneswaram aka [[Masilamaninathar temple, Tharangambadi|Masilamaninathar]] temple in [[Tharangambadi]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} He also built the outer wall of the [[Thirunelveli]] Nellaiappar temple. He was given the titles of {{Lang|ta-Latn|Kollamkondan}} ({{langx|ta|கொல்லம் கொண்டான்}})<ref>Narasayya, p44</ref> meaning "Conqueror of [[Kollam]]" and {{Lang|ta-Latn|Konerinmaikondan}} ({{langx|ta|கோ நேர் இன்மை கொண்டான்}}) meaning "King without equal".<ref>Aiyangar P.56</ref> Except for the Alwar Thirunagari inscription, all of Kulasekaran's inscriptions do not contain any [[Meikeerthi]]. The Alwar Thirunagari inscription from his fourth year of reign (1272 CE) praises him as {{Lang|ta-Latn|Sri Ko Maravanman Thiribhuvana Chakravarthi Sri Kulasekaran}} ({{langx|ta| ஸ்ரீ கோ மாறவன்மரான திரிபுவன சக்கரவர்த்திகள் ஸ்ரீ குலசேகரன்}}).<ref>Aiyangar, P.222-223</ref> | ||
==Death and civil war== | ==Death and civil war== | ||
The death of Kulasekara Pandyan I occurred in 1308 CE, a conflict stemming from succession disputes amongst his sons, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III, the legitimate and younger son and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan II, the illegitimate older son who was favoured by the king. Accounts from Muslim historians Wassaf and [[Amir Khusrow]] say he was killed by Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III in 1310 CE.<ref>Aiyangar, p.97</ref> This led to the protracted Pandyan Civil War of 1308–1323. | The death of Kulasekara Pandyan I occurred in 1308 CE, a conflict stemming from succession disputes amongst his sons, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III, the legitimate and younger son and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan II, the illegitimate older son who was favoured by the king. Accounts from Muslim historians Wassaf and [[Amir Khusrow]] say he was killed by Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III in 1310 CE.<ref>Aiyangar, p.97</ref> This led to the protracted Pandyan Civil War of 1308–1323.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tvaraj |date=2018-03-24 |title=The Paravars: Chapter 6 – The Muhammadan Invasion of the Pandya Kingdom |url=https://tvaraj.com/2018/03/24/the-paravars-chapter-6-the-muhammadan-invasion-of-the-pandya-kingdom/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Impressions |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{ | {{Notelist}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | |||
{{S-start}} | {{S-start}} | ||
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{{s-end}} | {{s-end}} | ||
[[Category:Pandyan kings]] | [[Category:Pandyan kings]] | ||
[[Category:1308 deaths]] | [[Category:1308 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] | [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] | ||
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]] | [[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]] | ||
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]] | [[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]] | ||
[[Category:13th-century Hindus]] | |||
[[Category:14th-century Hindus]] | |||
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]] | |||
Latest revision as of 13:22, 13 March 2026
| Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I | |
|---|---|
| Kollamkonda Pandya, Konerinmaikondaan, Sri Ko Maravarman Thiribhuvana Chakravarthi Sri Kulasekaran | |
| Pandyan Emperor | |
| Reign | June 1268–1308[lower-alpha 1] |
| Predecessor | Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan |
| Successor | Vira Pandyan |
| Issue |
|
| Dynasty | Pandyan |
| Father | Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan |
.png)
Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) was a Pandyan emperor who ruled regions of South India between 1268–1308 CE,[2] though history professor Sailendra Sen states he ruled until 1310.[3] In 1279 CE, Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan ended the rule of Chola dynasty by defeating Rajendra III of Cholas and Ramanatha of Hoysalas. His death lead to the Pandyan Civil War in 1308–1323.
[edit | edit source]
Kulasekara Pandyan I acceded to the Pandyan throne in the year 1268 CE after his father Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I. During the middle part of the 13th century, the kingdom was ruled by many princes of the royal line. This practice of shared rule with one prince asserting primacy was common in the Pandyan Kingdom.[4] The other princes of the royal family with whom he shared his rule were Jatavarman Vira Pandyan I (1253-1275 CE), his brother Maravarman Vikkiraman III (acceded 1283 CE) and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan II (acceded 1277 CE).[5] Marco Polo refers to him as the "eldest of five brother kings".[6]
Military conquests[edit | edit source]
Wars against Cholas and Hoysalas[edit | edit source]
Kulasekara Pandyan presided over the second Pandyan empire at its height of power and extension. He warred against the Hoysalas under Ramanatha and the Cholas under Rajendra Chola III. He defeated them both in 1279 CE and ended the three century long Chola rule. The defeat of Ramanatha ended the Hoysala control of Tamil Nadu. He also fought a war in the kingdom of Venad in southernmost Kerala, and captured Kollam.[7][8][9]
Invasion of Sri Lanka[edit | edit source]
Kulasekara Pandyan sent an expedition to Sri Lanka under his minister Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan Aryacakravarti in the late 1270s, defeating Savakanmaindan, a tributary to the Pandyans on the Jaffna kingdom. This expedition plundered the fortress of Subhagiri (Yapahuwa) and returned with the Relic of the tooth of the Buddha.[10] This expedition took place near the end of the Sri Lankan king Bhuvanaikabâhu I's reign (1272-1285 CE). Bhuvanaika Bahu's successor Parâkkamabâhu III went on a personal embassy to Kulasekaran's court and persuaded him to return the relic. Jaffna kingdom was under Pandyan suzerainty for the next twenty years and only regained its independence during the Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323 that followed Kulasekaran's death.[11][12]
Rule, titles and patronage[edit | edit source]
Kulasekaran's long rule of about four decades was one of peace and prosperity according to the foreign travelers who visited the Pandyan country during his reign. The Persian historian Abdulla Wassaf of Shiraz describes the country under Kulasekaran as the most agreeable abode on earth and the most pleasant quarter of the world. He also claims that an Arab Muslim named Takiuddin Abdur Rahman, son of Muhammadut Tibi, was appointed by Kulasekara Pandyan as the prime minister and adviser. He was also bestowed with the coastal cities of Kulasekharapatnam, Kayalpattinam, Fitan and Mali Fitan for his services to the crown.[13]
He gifted a piece of land from his leisure park (Vasantha mandapam) to Kazi Syed Tajuddeen who came from Oman and settled in Madurai. Kazi Syed Tajuddeen constructed a mosque named Kazimar Big Mosque which is still in existence and has been managed by his male descendants continuously for 7 centuries.[citation needed]
Wassaf's accounts which refer to Kulasekaran as Kales Dewar say he ruled for "forty and odd" years, "during which time neither any foreign enemy entered his country, nor any severe malady confined him to bed" and that the treasury of the city of Mardi (Madurai) had "1,200 crores of gold not counting the accumulation of precious stones such as pearls, rubies, turquoises, and emeralds."[14] The term "crore" here means a "hundred thousand" as per the now-defunct Persian number system.[15] It must be mentioned that Wassaf himself never visited any part of India and is generally considered an unreliable source by scholars.[16] The Mahavamsa, while describing the Pandyan plunder of the tooth relic, describes Kulasekaran as "like a sun expanding the lotus-like race of the great Pandyan kings."[17]
Marco Polo visited the Pandyan country during his reign and wrote about the wealth and social customs of Pandyan people. His accounts refer to Kulasekaran as Asciar or Ashcar. Marco Polo describes the Pandyan port city of Kulasekharapatnam as "it is at this city that all the ships touch that come from the west, as from Hormos and from Kis and from Aden, and all Arabia, laden with horses and with other things for sale." Lighthouses can still be seen along the shore which were used to direct ships. In Kulsekarapatnam, small ships known as dhoni operated until 1965. Kulasekharapatnam still has a light house near Manapad, leading to the conclusion that the place Marco Polo mentioned is Kulasekharapatnam.[18] He also wrote about the pearl fisheries, horse trade, sati and devadasis. Also in Kulasekharapatnam now even called Rowther Palayam that a part of it, Rowthers a section of Muslim called like that their cavalry and trade with horses.[19]
Kulasekaran built the Manivanneswaram aka Masilamaninathar temple in Tharangambadi.[citation needed] He also built the outer wall of the Thirunelveli Nellaiappar temple. He was given the titles of Kollamkondan (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)[20] meaning "Conqueror of Kollam" and Konerinmaikondan (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) meaning "King without equal".[21] Except for the Alwar Thirunagari inscription, all of Kulasekaran's inscriptions do not contain any Meikeerthi. The Alwar Thirunagari inscription from his fourth year of reign (1272 CE) praises him as Sri Ko Maravanman Thiribhuvana Chakravarthi Sri Kulasekaran (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.).[22]
Death and civil war[edit | edit source]
The death of Kulasekara Pandyan I occurred in 1308 CE, a conflict stemming from succession disputes amongst his sons, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III, the legitimate and younger son and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan II, the illegitimate older son who was favoured by the king. Accounts from Muslim historians Wassaf and Amir Khusrow say he was killed by Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III in 1310 CE.[23] This led to the protracted Pandyan Civil War of 1308–1323.[24]
Notes[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Full text of "Historical Inscriptions Of Southern India"". Internet Archive. Kitabistam,Allahabad. 23 October 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
- ↑ Sethuraman, p124
- ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ↑ KA Nilakanta Sastri, p196
- ↑ Narasayya, p41
- ↑ Aiyangar, P.65
- ↑ KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197
- ↑ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958). History of South India.
- ↑ Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1929). The Pandyan kingdom : from the earliest to the sixteenth century. Luzac,London.
- ↑ Kunarasa, p.66
- ↑ KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197
- ↑ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958). History of South India.
- ↑ Prashant More, p.9
- ↑ Aiyangar, P.96
- ↑ Annamalai, S. (24 October 2012). "When coffers were replete with wealth". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ↑ Pickthall, M.W.; Asad, M. (1928). "Islamic Culture". Islamic Culture: An English Quarterly (v. 2). Islamic Culture Board: 531. ISSN 0021-1834. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ↑ Aiyangar, P.58
- ↑ Aiyangar, P.55
- ↑ Tamil Nadu State: Thoothukudi District. Director of Stationery and Print. 2007.
- ↑ Narasayya, p44
- ↑ Aiyangar P.56
- ↑ Aiyangar, P.222-223
- ↑ Aiyangar, p.97
- ↑ tvaraj (24 March 2018). "The Paravars: Chapter 6 – The Muhammadan Invasion of the Pandya Kingdom". Impressions. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
| Preceded by Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I |
Pandya 1268–1308 |
Succeeded by Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323 |