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==Sispara pass== | ==Sispara pass== | ||
[[File:Mukurthi Sispara, Devils Gap.jpg|thumb|Sispara Ghat trail:<br />''The Devils Gap'', 1836]] | [[File:Mukurthi Sispara, Devils Gap.jpg|thumb|Sispara Ghat trail:<br />''The Devils Gap'', 1836]] | ||
'''Sispara pass''', formerly known as Koondah (Kundah) pass, is a [[mountain pass]] between Sispara peak and Anginda peak. This is the lowest and most accessible passage through the steep western [[escarpment]] of the Kundah range of the [[Nilgiri hills]]. Sispara pass is at the head of a long and deep ravine, enclosed between two almost perpendicular ridges. The Ghat trail is built along the side of the northwest ridge.<ref name="Benza">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhgYAAAAYAAJ&q=Memoir+on+the+Geology+of+the+Neelgherry+and+Koondah+Mountains&pg=RA1-PA241|last= Benza Esq. M. D.|first= | '''Sispara pass''', formerly known as Koondah (Kundah) pass, is a [[mountain pass]] between Sispara peak and Anginda peak. This is the lowest and most accessible passage through the steep western [[escarpment]] of the Kundah range of the [[Nilgiri hills]]. Sispara pass is at the head of a long and deep ravine, enclosed between two almost perpendicular ridges. The Ghat trail is built along the side of the northwest ridge.<ref name="Benza">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhgYAAAAYAAJ&q=Memoir+on+the+Geology+of+the+Neelgherry+and+Koondah+Mountains&pg=RA1-PA241|last= Benza Esq. M. D.|first= P. M. |editor=Robert Cole |year=1836|title=Memoir on the Geology of the Neelgherry and Koondah Mountains. From the Eastern Koondah, or Avalanche, Ghaut, to the Western, or Malabar, Ghaut|journal=Madras Journal of Literature and Science, Madras Literary Society|publisher=Vepery mission press|location=Madras|volume=pp. 276 – 287, v. IV, July – October 1836|issue=Original from the New York Public Library, Digitized 1 April 2008|pages=280}}</ref> | ||
In the 19th century, this pass provided the shortest route for postal delivery between Ootacamund in the hills and [[Kozhikode]] on the west coast and was used for smuggling of cannabis, tobacco and later salt.<ref>Venugopal, Dharmalingam, "Stairway to heaven, up the blue mountain", The Hindu Business Line, 7/08/2002.[http://www.blonnet.com/life/2002/07/08/stories/2002070800030300.htm Ooty trek]</ref> | In the 19th century, this pass provided the shortest route for postal delivery between Ootacamund in the hills and [[Kozhikode]] on the west coast and was used for smuggling of cannabis, tobacco and later salt.<ref>Venugopal, Dharmalingam, "Stairway to heaven, up the blue mountain", The Hindu Business Line, 7/08/2002.[http://www.blonnet.com/life/2002/07/08/stories/2002070800030300.htm Ooty trek]</ref> | ||
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The [[Cnemaspis sisparensis|Sispara Day Gecko]] is found here. The Gecko [[Cyrtodactylus nebulosus]] was abundant near the foot of the Sispara slopes.<ref>Francis, p. 84</ref> | The [[Cnemaspis sisparensis|Sispara Day Gecko]] is found here. The Gecko [[Cyrtodactylus nebulosus]] was abundant near the foot of the Sispara slopes.<ref>Francis, p. 84</ref> | ||
The [[endangered]] plants [[Glochidion sisparense]], [[Ilex gardneriana]],<ref name="Wight51">{{cite book|last=Wight|first=Robert|title=Spicilegium Neilgherrense, Or, a Selection of Neilgherry Plants Drawn and Coloured from Nature, with Brief Descriptions of Each ; Some General Remarks on the Geography and Affinities of Natural Families of Plants, and Occasional Notices of Their Economical Properties and Uses|publisher=P.R. Hunt, American Missionary Press|location=Madras|year=1851|edition=Original from Harvard University, Digitized 22 May 2007|volume=II|pages=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CogCAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Robert+Wight%22+sispara&pg=PA39}}</ref> [[Melicope indica]], [[Memecylon sisparense]], [[Pavetta hohenackeri]], [https://archive. | The [[endangered]] plants [[Glochidion sisparense]], [[Ilex gardneriana]],<ref name="Wight51">{{cite book|last=Wight|first=Robert|title=Spicilegium Neilgherrense, Or, a Selection of Neilgherry Plants Drawn and Coloured from Nature, with Brief Descriptions of Each ; Some General Remarks on the Geography and Affinities of Natural Families of Plants, and Occasional Notices of Their Economical Properties and Uses|publisher=P.R. Hunt, American Missionary Press|location=Madras|year=1851|edition=Original from Harvard University, Digitized 22 May 2007|volume=II|pages=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CogCAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Robert+Wight%22+sispara&pg=PA39}}</ref> [[Melicope indica]], [[Memecylon sisparense]], [[Pavetta hohenackeri]], [https://archive.today/20130801192647/http://www.gbif.net/species/browse/taxon/17502611 Peliosanthes neilgherrensis],<ref name="Wight">{{cite book|last=Wight|first=Robert|title=Icones plantarum Indiae orientalis; or, Figures of Indian plants |publisher=P.R. Hunt, American Mission Press|location=Madras|year=1853|volume=Item notes: v.6|pages=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IcCAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Robert+Wight%22+sispara&pg=RA1-PA26}}</ref> [[Pogostemon paludosus]], [[Pygeum sisparense]], [[Symplocos pulchra]]<ref>Wight,Spicilegium, p.39</ref> and [[Youngia nilgiriensis]] are [[endemism|endemic]] to the Sispara area.<ref>Threatened Plants of Tamil Nadu [http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/threatened_plants_tamil_nadu.pdf Threatened Plants of Tamil Nadu] {{webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081219184346/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/threatened_plants_tamil_nadu.pdf |date=19 December 2008 }}</ref> The now endangered ''[[Impatiens denisonii]]'' was once very abundant along the Sispara Ghat on rocks and trees of the western slopes of the Nilgiris at elevations of {{convert|900|m}} to {{convert|1500|m}}.<ref name="Bedd.">Beddome, Richard Henry , [https://books.google.com/books?id=RFEYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA41&dq=%22Impatiens+denisonii%22&ei=HIumS8biKYyQkATJmd3kBw&client=safari&cd=4#v=onepage&q=%22Impatiens%20denisonii%22&f=falseBalsaminaceae Impatiens denisonii Bedd.] Madras J. Lit. Sci. Ser. III, i. (1864) 41.</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||