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| image_caption = Western Ghats viewed from Theni | | image_caption = Western Ghats viewed from Theni | ||
| nickname = | | nickname = | ||
| image_map = | | image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes | ||
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu | |frame-width=275 |frame-height=275 |frame-align=center | ||
|text= '''Theni district''' | |||
|type=shape |id=Q15196 | |||
|stroke-colour=#C60C30 | |||
|stroke-width=2 | |||
|title= Theni district of Tamil Nadu | |||
|type2=line|id2=Q1445|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Tamil Nadu | |||
}} | |||
| map_alt = | |||
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu | |||
| coordinates = 9.9330° N, 77.4702° E | | coordinates = 9.9330° N, 77.4702° E | ||
| subdivision_type = Country | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
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| governing_body = | | governing_body = | ||
| leader_title1 = District Collector | | leader_title1 = District Collector | ||
| leader_name1 = | | leader_name1 = K. V. Muralidharan, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=District Collectors of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/collectors |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Official Website">{{cite web | url=http://www.theni.tn.nic.in/RollofHonor.asp | title=Theni District | publisher=Theni District | date=2014-12-28 | access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> | ||
| unit_pref = Metric | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
| area_footnotes = | | area_footnotes = | ||
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| population_metro = 591841 | | population_metro = 591841 | ||
| population_demonym = | | population_demonym = | ||
| demographics1_title1 = Official | | demographics1_title1 = Official | ||
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | ||
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| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Theni District''' is one of the 38 districts of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in India. | '''Theni District''' is one of the 38 districts of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in India. Well protected by the scenic hill locks, the district is located besides [[Madurai district]]. The town of [[Theni]] is the district headquarters. The district is divided into two natural divisions: The hilly areas are constituted by parts of the five taluk's [[Theni]], [[Bodinayakanur]], [[Periyakulam]], [[Uthamapalayam]] and [[Andipatti]] with thick vegetation and perennial streams from the hills on the western side and [[Cumbum valley]] which lies in [[Uthamapalayam]] taluk.<ref name=envis>{{cite web | ||
|author= National Environmental Information System (India) | |author= National Environmental Information System (India) | ||
|title= Environment Profile for Theni district | |title= Environment Profile for Theni district | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
Theni District was formed by the bifurcation from the former Madurai District as per G.O. Ms. No. 679 Revenue Department dated 7 July 1996. Bodi Ammapatti is the notable village in Theni district. Consequent to the bifurcation, one new Revenue Division with headquarters at [[Uthamapalayam]] and two new [[Tehsil|Taluks]] at Theni and [[Bodinayakanur]] were also created with effect from 1 January 1997. Theni Municipal town was only a firka headquarters until 31 December 1996. Consequent to the formation of the new District, Theni Municipal Town was upgraded as the Taluk and District headquarters on 1 January 1997.<ref name=TheniTimes> | Theni District was formed by the bifurcation from the former [[Madurai]] District as per G.O. Ms. No. 679 Revenue Department dated 7 July 1996. Bodi Ammapatti is the notable village in Theni district. Consequent to the bifurcation, one new Revenue Division with headquarters at [[Uthamapalayam]] and two new [[Tehsil|Taluks]] at Theni and [[Bodinayakanur]] were also created with effect from 1 January 1997. Theni Municipal town was only a firka headquarters until 31 December 1996. Consequent to the formation of the new District, Theni Municipal Town was upgraded as the Taluk and District headquarters on 1 January 1997.<ref name=TheniTimes> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
|author= M. Subramani | |author= M. Subramani | ||
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==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
[[File:Manjalar dam jereez.jpg|thumb|Manjalar Dam]] | [[File:Manjalar dam jereez.jpg|thumb|Manjalar Dam]] | ||
[[File:Manjalaru Dam, Theni District.jpg|thumb|left|Manjalaru Dam.]] | [[File:Manjalaru Dam, Theni District.jpg|thumb|left|[[Manjalar Dam|Manjalaru Dam.]]]] | ||
[[File:Cumbum Valley in Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|thumb|left|Cumbum Valley.]] | [[File:Cumbum Valley in Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|thumb|left|Cumbum Valley.]] | ||
The {{convert|2889|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} district lies at the foot of the [[Western Ghats]] between 9' 39' and 10' 30' North latitude and between 77' 00' and 78' 30' of East Longitude. Central location: {{coord|10|04|N|77|45|E}}. The district is bounded by [[Dindigul District]] to the north, [[Madurai District]] to the east, [[Virudhunagar District]] to the southwest, and [[Idukki]] district of the [[Kerala]] State to the west. The district is home to Theni, [[Periyakulam]], Bodinayakanur, [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]], Uthamapalayam, Kombai, [[Gudalur (Theni district)|Gudalur]], [[Chinnamanur]], [[Kuchanur]], [[Andipatti]], [[Rasingapuram]], Thevaram, Pottipuram, Ramakrishnapuram, B. Ammapatti, Lakshmipuram, Ambasamudram, Govindanagaram, Srirengapuram, Venkadachalapuram and several other small villages like [[Gohilapuram]], [[Pathirakalipuram]], [[ | The {{convert|2889|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} district lies at the foot of the [[Western Ghats]] between 9' 39' and 10' 30' North latitude and between 77' 00' and 78' 30' of East Longitude. Central location: {{coord|10|04|N|77|45|E}}. The district is bounded by [[Dindigul District]] to the north, [[Madurai District]] to the east, [[Virudhunagar District]] to the southwest, and [[Idukki]] district of the [[Kerala]] State to the west. The district is home to Theni, [[Periyakulam]], Bodinayakanur, [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]], Uthamapalayam, Kombai, [[Gudalur (Theni district)|Gudalur]], Gandamanur, [[Chinnamanur]], [[Kuchanur]], [[Andipatti]], [[Rasingapuram]], Thevaram, Pottipuram, Ramakrishnapuram, B. Ammapatti, Lakshmipuram, Ambasamudram, Govindanagaram, Mayladumparai,Srirengapuram, Venkadachalapuram, K.Pudupatti, Devadhanapatti, Varusanadu, Odaipatti, Erasakkanayackanur and several other small villages like [[Gohilapuram]], [[Pathirakalipuram]], [[Sukkangalpatti]], [[Kamarajapuram]], [[Sadaiyalpatti]], [[Meenatchipuram]], [[Melasindalaichery]], [[Hanumanthanpatty]], Pallavarayan Patti and [[Kamatchipuram]]. | ||
It is diversified by several ranges and hills. Many villages likes Sangakonampatti are depends only on agricultural incomes. A range of hills which runs parallel to Western Ghats from north to south separate it from the neighboring state of [[Kerala]].<ref name=TheniTimes1> | |||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
|author= M.Subramani | |author= M.Subramani | ||
|title= History of Theni District | |title= History of Theni District | ||
|url= http://www.thenitimes.sitesled.com/history1.htm | |url= http://www.thenitimes.sitesled.com/history1.htm | ||
|access-date= 2008-09-14 | |access-date= 2008-09-14 | ||
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===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
In the plains, the temperatures range from a minimum of {{convert| | In the plains, the temperatures range from a minimum of {{convert|15|C|lk=on}} to a maximum of {{convert|40.5|C}}. In the hills the temperatures can range from as low as {{convert|4|-|5|C}} to {{convert|25|C}}. The district is known for its salubrious climate, hills and lakes. | ||
===Rivers and dams=== | ===Rivers and dams=== | ||
The [[Mullai Periyar River]], [[Vaigai River]], [[Kottagudi River]], [[Suruliyar River]], [[Varaganathi River]], [[Manjalar River]] Vannathi Parai and [[Varattaru River]] flow through the district. The important reservoirs in the district are | The [[Mullai Periyar River]], [[Vaigai River]], [[Kottagudi River]], [[Suruliyar River]], [[Varaganathi River]], [[Manjalar River]] Vannathi Parai and [[Varattaru River]] flow through the district. The important reservoirs in the district are Lower periyar Dam (https://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/ESDDPeriyaarDam(010221).pdf), [[Vaigai Dam]], [[Manjalaru Dam]], [[Sothuparai Dam]], [[Sanmughanathi Dam]], [[Manalaru Dam]] and [[Melmanalaru Dam]]. | ||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
[[File:Tamil Nadu countryside.jpg|thumb|left|Paddy fields across the backdrop of the Western Ghats]] | [[File:Tamil Nadu countryside.jpg|thumb|left|Paddy fields across the backdrop of the Western Ghats]] | ||
[[File:Coconut Trees Theni,TN,India 2015.jpg|thumb|Coconut groves in Theni District]] | [[File:Coconut Trees Theni,TN,India 2015.jpg|thumb|Coconut groves in Theni District]] | ||
The economy of Theni district is mostly agricultural. Utilisation of land area for cultivation in the district is 40.33%.<ref name=envis/>{{rp|29}} The principal crop production (in [[tonne]]s) in 2005-2006 were [[sugarcane]] 1,201,221, [[cotton]] 95,360 (561 bales of 170. kg lint each), [[rice]] (paddy) 66,093, [[millet]]s and other [[cereal]]s 57,081, [[pulses]] 6,677, [[peanut|groundnut]] 4,021 and [[sesame|gingelly]] 325.<ref name=TheniProfile> | |||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
|date=2006–2007 | |date=2006–2007 | ||
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[[File:Grape cultivation in Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|right|Grapes Cultivation.]] | [[File:Grape cultivation in Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|right|Grapes Cultivation.]] | ||
Cotton Spinning Mills and Sugar Mills are the major industries in this district. In Andipatti Taluk Handloom weaving and power looms are flourishing. In Uthamapalayam Taluk, the Highwavis Estate produces an important amount of Tea. [[Bodinayakanur]] is a major market place for cardamom, coffee, tea and [[black pepper]]. This city is also called "Cardamom City" because of the large quantity of cardamom trade in this area. It has an auction centre for cardamom.<ref name=TheniTimes1/> | Cotton Spinning Mills and Sugar Mills are the major industries in this district. In Andipatti Taluk Handloom weaving and power looms are flourishing. In Uthamapalayam Taluk, the Highwavis Estate produces an important amount of Tea. [[Bodinayakanur]] is a major market place (Auction Centres) for cardamom, coffee, tea and [[black pepper]]. This city is also called "Cardamom City" because of the large quantity of cardamom trade in this area. It has an auction centre for cardamom.<ref name=TheniTimes1/> | ||
The Periyar and Surliar Hydro Power Stations and the Vaigai Micro Hydro Power Station have 181 MW installed capacity and actual power generation of 494 MW in 1996 in this district.<ref name=envis/>{{rp|15}} Theni is one of the active business hubs in the western side of Tamil Nadu, inviting more industries to its locality. The district currently has 41.09 km of [[Metre gauge]] track serving 3 Railway Stations which connect to [[Madurai]].<ref name=envis/>{{rp|29}} The [[Teni Junction Railway Station]] is the most important railway station in the district. | The Periyar and Surliar Hydro Power Stations and the Vaigai Micro Hydro Power Station have 181 MW installed capacity and actual power generation of 494 MW in 1996 in this district.<ref name=envis/>{{rp|15}} Theni is one of the active business hubs in the western side of Tamil Nadu, inviting more industries to its locality. The district currently has 41.09 km of [[Metre gauge]] track serving 3 Railway Stations which connect to [[Madurai]].<ref name=envis/>{{rp|29}} The [[Teni Junction Railway Station]] is the most important railway station in the district. | ||
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According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Theni district had a population of 1,245,899 with a sex-ratio of 991 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.The district has full majority being Tamils.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 119,661 were under the age of six, constituting 61,873 males and 57,788 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 20.72% and 0.15% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 69.84%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The district had a total of 338,112 households. There were a total of 591,642 workers, comprising 36,371 cultivators, 275,585 main agricultural labourers, 12,714 in house hold industries, 205,921 other workers, 61,051 marginal workers, 1,996 marginal cultivators, 39,576 marginal agricultural labourers, 2,225 marginal workers in household industries and 17,254 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Theni district|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=697986|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> | According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Theni district had a population of 1,245,899 with a sex-ratio of 991 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.The district has full majority being Tamils.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 119,661 were under the age of six, constituting 61,873 males and 57,788 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 20.72% and 0.15% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 69.84%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The district had a total of 338,112 households. There were a total of 591,642 workers, comprising 36,371 cultivators, 275,585 main agricultural labourers, 12,714 in house hold industries, 205,921 other workers, 61,051 marginal workers, 1,996 marginal cultivators, 39,576 marginal agricultural labourers, 2,225 marginal workers in household industries and 17,254 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Theni district|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=697986|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> | ||
At the time of the 2011 census, | At the time of the 2011 census, 99% of the district's population spoke [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref> | ||
== | ==Places of interest== | ||
[[Periyakulam]], [[Theni]], [[Uthamapalayam]], [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]], and [[Bodinayakanur]] are charming towns in the district. Cascades, silver-lined clouds resting atop green hill tops, sheer rock faces and temples of antiquity distinguish these places.<ref>http://www.theni.nic.in/tourism.html</ref> | [[Periyakulam]], [[Theni]], [[Uthamapalayam]], [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]], and [[Bodinayakanur]] are charming towns in the district. Cascades, silver-lined clouds resting atop green hill tops, sheer rock faces and temples of antiquity distinguish these places.<ref>http://www.theni.nic.in/tourism.html</ref> | ||
[[File:Vaigai Dam.jpg|thumb|Vaigai Dam]] | [[File:Vaigai Dam.jpg|thumb|Vaigai Dam]] | ||
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| | {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| | ||
# [[Kolukku Malai]] (~ | # [[Kolukku Malai]] (~64 31km from Theni) | ||
# [[Vaigai Dam]] (~ | # [[Vaigai Dam]] (~16 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Suruli falls]] (~ | # [[Suruli falls]] (~48 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Manjalar Dam]](~ | # [[Manjalar Dam]](~33 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Meghamalai]] Hill (~ | # [[Meghamalai]] Hill (~60 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Peyathevar Canal, Gudalur]] Hill (~50 km from Theni) | # [[Peyathevar Canal, Gudalur]] Hill (~50 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Bodi Mettu]] Hill (~ | # [[Bodi Mettu]] Hill (~41 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Kumbakarai Falls]] (~ | # [[Kumbakarai Falls]] (~28 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Sothuparai]] Dam (~ | # [[Sothuparai]] Dam (~26 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Shanmuganathi Dam]] (~ | # [[Shanmuganathi Dam]] (~39 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Chinna Suruli falls]] (~1 km from Theni) | # [[Chinna Suruli falls]] (~1 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Ramakkal Mettu]](~3 km from Theni) | # [[Ramakkal Mettu]](~3 km from Theni) | ||
# [[Kurankani]] (~ | # [[Kurankani]] (~ 31km from Theni) | ||
# [[ | # [[HighWavys]] (~56 km from Theni) | ||
# [[T.Rajagopalanpatty]] (~1 km from Theni) | # [[T.Rajagopalanpatty]] (~1 km from Theni) | ||
}} | }} | ||
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* [[Ilaiyaraaja]] - music director, singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, orchestrator, conductor-arranger and lyricist | * [[Ilaiyaraaja]] - music director, singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, orchestrator, conductor-arranger and lyricist | ||
* [[Raveendranath Kumar]] - Member of parliament | * [[Raveendranath Kumar]] - Member of parliament | ||
* [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajashekar]] - actor | * [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajashekar]] - actor | ||
* [[Selvaraghavan]] - Film director, lyricist, screenwriter | * [[Selvaraghavan]] - Film director, lyricist, screenwriter | ||
* [[Sendrayan]] - actor | * [[Sendrayan]] - actor | ||
* [[P. T. Rajan]] - former CM of Madras state | |||
* [[N. Eramakrishnan]] @ Cumbum Ramakrishnan - MLA, Cumbum | |||
* [[O. Panneerselvam]] - Former Chief Minister, Deputy CM and Finance Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]] State | |||
* [[Vairamuthu]] - Tamil poet, lyricist, author | * [[Vairamuthu]] - Tamil poet, lyricist, author | ||
* [[Singam Puli]] - Actor, Comedian, Film director, script writer | |||
* [[Tarun Gopi]] - Actor, Film director, script writer | |||
* [[Theni Kunjarammal]] - Actor, Singer, Folk Performer / Singer | |||
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> | <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> | ||
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> | <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> | ||
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{{Theni district}} | {{Theni district}} | ||
{{Tamil Nadu}} | {{Tamil Nadu}} | ||
{{Authority | {{Authority Control}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Theni District}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Theni District}} | ||