Namdhari: Difference between revisions

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia
(Because of 11th guru is Guru Granth sahib, not any more)
 
(robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit))
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|A sect of Sikhism}}
{{Short description|A sect of Sikhism}}
{{for|the community in Karnataka|Namadhari Naik}}
{{for|the community in Karnataka|Namadhari Naik}}
The '''Namdharis''' are a Sikh sect that differs from mainstream Sikhs chiefly in that it believes that the lineage of Sikh Gurus did not end with [[Guru Gobind Singh]], thus continuing the succession of Sikh Gurus through the centuries from [[Guru Nanak Dev]] to the present day.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Davinder Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/NadedhBaadDasamGuru/mode/2up|title=Nanded Toun Baad Dasam Guru|publisher=Capco Printing|year=1998|location=Punjab|pages=121–123}}</ref>, who moved the sects centre to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana) and is regarded as the first Indian to use non-cooperation and non-violence boycott in order to combat the British Empire in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Singh Philosopher|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ram-Singh|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>
The '''Namdharis''' are a Sikh sect that differs from mainstream Sikhs chiefly in that it believes that the lineage of Sikh Gurus did not end with [[Guru Gobind Singh]] (1666–1708), as they recognize [[Balak Singh]] (1797–1862) as the 11th Guru of the Sikh religion, thus continuing the succession of Sikh Gurus through the centuries from [[Guru Nanak Dev]] to the present day.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Davinder Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/NadedhBaadDasamGuru/mode/2up|title=Nanded Toun Baad Dasam Guru|publisher=Capco Printing|year=1998|location=Punjab|pages=121–123}}</ref> The 12th Guru was [[Ram Singh Kuka|Ram Singh]] (1816–1885), who moved the sects centre to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana) and is regarded as the first Indian to use non-cooperation and non-violence boycott in order to combat the British Empire in India.<ref name=brit>{{Cite web|title=Ram Singh Philosopher|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ram-Singh|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>


==Beliefs==
==Beliefs==
Namdharis, also known as ''Kuka Sikhs'', believe that the line of [[Sikh Gurus]] did not end with [[Guru Gobind Singh]], as they claim that he did not not die in Nanded but escaped and lived in secret,<ref name=britsikhsects>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups Sects in Sikhism], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> and secretly helped the Khalsa in the coming decades under the guise of Baba Ajaypal Singh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Davinder Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/NadedhBaadDasamGuru/mode/2up|title=Naded Toun Baad Dasam Guru|publisher=Capco Printing|year=1998|pages=28–30}}</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups Sects and other groups: Sikhism], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> and that he nominated Balak Singh to be the 11th Guru, a tradition that was continued through the Namdhari leaders.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|author=McLeod, W.H.|date=1984|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn= 9780719010637| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126|page=126|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India|author=Jones, K.W.|date=1989|volume=3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521249867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoBJJej_IiwC&pg=PA90|page=90|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> According to their beliefs, Guru Gobind Singh passed guruship to Satguru Balak Singh of [[Hazro, Punjab]] in the year 1812 on Baisakh Sudi 10.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Giani Gian|title=Sri Guru Panth Parkash Vol. 7|year=1880|location=Punjab}}</ref> before passing on Jeth Sudi 5, Vikrami Samvat 1869 (1812 A.D.), at the apparent age of 146.
Namdharis, also known as ''Kuka Sikhs'', believe that the line of [[Sikh Gurus]] did not end with [[Guru Gobind Singh]], as they claim that he did not die in Nanded but escaped and lived in secret,<ref name=britsikhsects>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups Sects in Sikhism], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> and secretly helped the Khalsa in the coming decades under the guise of a man named Ajaypal Singh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Davinder Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/NadedhBaadDasamGuru/mode/2up|title=Naded Toun Baad Dasam Guru|publisher=Capco Printing|year=1998|pages=28–30}}</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups Sects and other groups: Sikhism], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> and that he nominated Balak Das Udasi to be the 11th Guru, a tradition that was continued through the Namdhari leaders.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|author=McLeod, W.H.|date=1984|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn= 9780719010637| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126|page=126|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India|author=Jones, K.W.|date=1989|volume=3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521249867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoBJJej_IiwC&pg=PA90|page=90|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> According to their beliefs, Guru Gobind Singh passed guruship to Satguru Balak Das of [[Hazro, Punjab]] in the year 1812 on Baisakh Sudi 10.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Giani Gian|title=Sri Guru Panth Parkash Vol. 7|year=1880|location=Punjab}}</ref> before passing on Jeth Sudi 5, Vikrami Samvat 1869 (1812 A.D.), at the apparent age of 146.


They did not believe in any religious ritual other than the repetition of God's name (or nam, for which reason members of the sect are called Namdharis),<ref name=britannicanamdhari>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|author= Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year= 2019}}</ref> including the worship of idols, graves, tombs, gods, or goddesses.<ref name=agnihotra>{{cite book|author=V.K. Agnihotra|title=Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps, Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL3-PA171 |year=2010|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788184245684|page=C-171}}</ref> The Namdharis had more of a social impact than the Nirankaris at the time of its founding due to the fact that they emphasized Khalsa identity, seeking to reestablish it, and the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib,<ref name=mandair79>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=79 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> as well as their clashes with the British colonial authority. They call their houses of worship ''dharamsalas''.<ref name="Parsons2012p221">{{cite book|author=Gerald Parsons|title=The Growth of Religious Diversity - Vol 1: Britain from 1945 Volume 1: Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwqT8T70ofAC&pg=PA221 |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08895-8|pages=221–222}}</ref>
They did not believe in any religious ritual other than the repetition of God's name (or nam, for which reason members of the sect are called Namdharis),<ref name=britannicanamdhari>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|author= ((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year= 2019}}</ref> rejecting the worship of idols, graves, tombs, gods, or goddesses.<ref name=agnihotra>{{cite book|author=V.K. Agnihotra|title=Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps, Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL3-PA171 |year=2010|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788184245684|page=C-171}}</ref> The Namdharis had more of a social impact than the [[Nirankari]]s at the time of its founding due to the fact that they emphasized Khalsa identity, seeking to reestablish it, and the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib,<ref name=mandair79>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=79 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> as well as their clashes with the British colonial authority. They call their houses of worship ''dharamsalas'', though they freely attend other gurdwaras, maintaining family and friendship ties across sect lines.<ref name="Parsons2012p221">{{cite book|author=Gerald Parsons|title=The Growth of Religious Diversity - Vol 1: Britain from 1945 Volume 1: Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwqT8T70ofAC&pg=PA221 |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08895-8|pages=221–222}}</ref>


Their 12th guru was Ram Singh, who moved the sect’s center to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana). A [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhan]] or [[Ramgharia]], his rural sect would be composed largely of Ramgharias and poorer [[Jat Sikhs]].<ref name=mcleod171>{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC |year=2005|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|pages=171}}</ref> Strictly vegetarian and a strong opponent of cattle slaughter, and retaliated against Muslims for killing cows in 1872.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219"/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/> Their leader Ram Singh was arrested by the British and he was exiled to Rangoon, Myanmar. Dozens of Namdharis were arrested by the British and executed without trial in Ludhiana and Ambala.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219"/> They consider ''Guru Granth Sahib'' and ''[[Dasam Granth]]'' as equally important, and compositions from the ''[[Chandi di Var]]'' are a part of their daily [[Nitnem]]. They circumambulate the fire (havan) during their weddings, but they differ in that the hymns are those from the ''Adi Granth''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219"/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10">{{cite book|author1= Kristen Haar|author2= Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC | year=2009|publisher =Infobase Publishing| isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages= 10–11}}</ref>
Their 12th Guru was Ram Singh, who moved the sect's center to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana). A [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhan]] or [[Ramgharia]], his rural sect would be composed largely of Ramgharias and poorer [[Jat Sikhs]].<ref name=mcleod171>{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC |year=2005|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|pages=171}}</ref> He was strictly vegetarian and a strong opponent of cow slaughter, and retaliated against Muslims for killing cows in 1872.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219"/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/> Ram Singh Kuka was arrested by the British and he was exiled to Rangoon, Myanmar. Dozens of Namdharis were arrested by the British and executed without trial in Ludhiana and Ambala.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219"/> They consider ''Guru Granth Sahib'' and ''[[Dasam Granth]]'' as equally important, and compositions from the ''[[Chandi di Var]]'' are a part of their daily [[Nitnem]]. They circumambulate the fire (havan) during their weddings, but they differ in that the hymns are those from the ''Adi Granth''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219"/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10">{{cite book|author1= Kristen Haar|author2= Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC | year=2009|publisher =Infobase Publishing| isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages= 10–11}}</ref>


The Namdharis wear homespun white turbans, which they wrap around their heads (''sidhi pagri'').<ref name=britsikhsects/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/> They are called ''Kuka'', which means "crier, shouter", for their ecstatic religious practices during devotional singing. They also meditate, using ''mala'' (rosary).<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Joginder Singh (Professor of history)|title=A short history of Namdhari Sikhs of Punjab|date=2010|publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University|isbn=978-81-7770-156-2|location=Amritsar|oclc=746619629}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2020}} Some texts refer to them as ''Jagiasi'' or ''Abhiasi''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=219–220}}</ref>
The Namdharis wear homespun white turbans, which they wrap around their heads (''sidhi pagri'').<ref name=britsikhsects/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/> They are called ''Kuka'', which means "crier, shouter", for their ecstatic religious practices during devotional singing. They also meditate, using ''mala'' (rosary).<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Joginder Singh (Professor of history)|title=A short history of Namdhari Sikhs of Punjab|date=2010|publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University|isbn=978-81-7770-156-2|location=Amritsar|oclc=746619629}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2020}} Some texts refer to them as ''Jagiasi'' or ''Abhiasi''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=219–220}}</ref>


==Role in Indian freedom movement==
==Role in Indian freedom movement==
Some Namdharis are recognized as [[Freedom fighter|freedom fighters]] due to their attacks on cow slaughters, inflicting death on Muslims in [[Amritsar]] and [[Ludhiana]] in Vikrami Samvat 1928 at midnight on 15 July 1871. The British had instituted a slaughter house near the [[Golden Temple]] Amritsar on 5 May 1849.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanehi|first=Swaran Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/ForemostFreedomFighters/mode/2up|title=Foremost Freedom Fighters|publisher=Deportation Centenary Committee|location=Maden Head|pages=3}}</ref> 4 Namdhari Sikhs- Bhai Lehna Singh, Bhai Fateh Singh, Bhai Hakam Singh Patwari, Bhai Beehla Singh took it upon themselves to kill Muslims in retaliation for the slaughtering of cows.<ref>Further correspondence regarding the murder of butchers at Amritsar & Raikot in Ludhiana District: Judicial, B, August 1871 Nos. 26-32</ref> As a result, the mentioned Namdharis were sentenced to death by hanging at Ram Bagh, Amritsar, where at present, a Namdhari Shaheedi Samarak (memorial) is placed in their honor. <ref name="SangeetaRay20042">{{cite book|author1=Henry Schwarz|title=A companion to postcolonial studies|author2=Sangeeta Ray|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2004|isbn=978-0-631-20663-7|pages=261–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Jaswinder|url=https://archive.org/details/AmritsarEpisodeEnglish/mode/2up|title=Great Namdhari Martyrs of Amritsar Episode}}</ref>
Some Namdharis are recognized as [[freedom fighter]]s due to their attacks on cow slaughters, inflicting many deaths of innocent Muslims in [[Amritsar]] and [[Ludhiana]] in Vikrami Samvat 1928 at midnight on 15 July 1871. The British had instituted a slaughter house near the [[Golden Temple]] Amritsar on 5 May 1849.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanehi|first=Swaran Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/ForemostFreedomFighters/mode/2up|title=Foremost Freedom Fighters|publisher=Deportation Centenary Committee|location=Maden Head|pages=3}}</ref> 4 Namdhari Sikhs- Bhai Lehna Singh, Bhai Fateh Singh, Bhai Hakam Singh Patwari, Bhai Beehla Singh took it upon themselves to kill Muslims in retaliation for the slaughtering of cows.<ref>Further correspondence regarding the murder of butchers at Amritsar & Raikot in Ludhiana District: Judicial, B, August 1871 Nos. 26-32</ref> As a result, the mentioned Namdharis were sentenced to death by hanging at Ram Bagh, Amritsar, where at present, a Namdhari Shaheedi Samarak (memorial) is placed in their honor.<ref name="SangeetaRay20042">{{cite book|author1=Henry Schwarz|title=A companion to postcolonial studies|author2=Sangeeta Ray|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2004|isbn=978-0-631-20663-7|pages=261–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Jaswinder|url=https://archive.org/details/AmritsarEpisodeEnglish/mode/2up|title=Great Namdhari Martyrs of Amritsar Episode}}</ref> They had tried to blame the Nihang Panth for the action by placing a Blue Dummala and Chakrams outside the site of action.


A group of 66 Namdhari Sikhs were executed by cannons on 17-18 January 1872 for protesting against the British and one 12-year-old boy (Bishan Singh) was executed via a beheading on the same day in Maler Kotla. A memorial for them at Namdhari Shidi Smarg Malerkotla in Indian Punjab is present.<ref>Singh, Bajinder Pal, 2005. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=50074</ref>
A group of 66 Namdhari Sikhs were executed by cannons on 17–18 January 1872 after a group of 125 attacked a slaughterhouse in Malerkotla.<ref name="Parsons2012p221"/> Satguru Ram Singh was sent to Allahabad with his servant (Nanu Singh) on 18 January 1872, in the morning hours from Ludhiana by a special train.<ref>Recent disturbances by Kookas in the Ludhiana District of the Punjab.: Judicial, A, 20 January 1872,Nos. 55-71</ref> On 10 March 1872, Satguru Ram Singh was shifted to Calcutta. On 11 March 1872 he was sent to Rangoon in British Burma.<ref>Removal of Ram Singh, Kuka leader from Allahabad to British Burma.: Judicial, A, March 1872, Nos 111-112</ref><ref>Removal of Ram Singh, the Kuka leader to British Burma.: Judicial A, May 1872, No. 122.</ref> Satguru Ram Singh was kept there until 18 September 1880, and then shifted to Megui in Burma, in an attempt to make contact with him more difficult.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joginder Singh (Professor of history)|title=Namdhari Guru Ram Singh|date=2010|publisher=National Book Trust, India|others=National Book Trust.|isbn=978-81-237-5918-0|edition=1st|location=New Delhi|oclc=696603673}}</ref><ref>Kooka Chief Ram Singh in Rangoon: Judicial, A, May 1872, No.80</ref>[[File:Vaisakhi_1857.jpg|thumb|The White triangular flag symbolizing peace]] Even in exile, Satguru Ram Singh worked endlessly to keep the freedom struggle alive even sending his Suba (Lieutenant) Bishan Singh to [[Moscow]], in order to gain the support of [[Czar Nicholas II of Russia]], in removing British rule in India. Suba Bishan had made contact with [[Maharaja Duleep Singh]] who was also in Moscow at the time looking to gain support of the Russian Czar in order to expel the British from India, and re-institute the once flourishing [[Sikh Empire]]. However, due to the [[Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878)]] the Russians were not keen on supporting any Indian nationalist in going to war against the British Empire. Afterwards many Sikhs and Nihangs killed Namdharis and 180 Namdharis and 12 Nihangs died in the clashes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Jaswinder|url=https://archive.org/details/KukaMovement/mode/2up|title=Kuka Movement Freedom Struggle in Punjab|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributions|year=1985|isbn=9788171560813|location=Punjab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh, M.A.|first=Nahar|title=Gooroo Ram Singh & the Kuka Sikhs, Book III|publisher=R.K. Printers|location=Kamla Nagar, Delhi}}</ref>{{Page numbers needed|date=May 2022}} Ram Singh died in 1885 according to British records, though many Namdharis maintain a belief that he is alive and will reappear.<ref name="Parsons2012p221"/><ref name=brit/>


Satguru Ram Singh was sent to Allahabad with his servant (Nanu Singh) on 18 January 1872, in the morning hours from Ludhiana by a special train.<ref>Recent disturbances by Kookas in the Ludhiana District of the Punjab.: Judicial, A, 20 January 1872,Nos. 55-71</ref> On 10 March 1872, Satguru Ram Singh was shifted to Calcutta. On 11 March 1872 he was sent to Rangoon in British Burma. <ref>Removal of Ram Singh, Kuka leader from Allahabad to British Burma.: Judicial, A, March 1872, Nos 111-112</ref> <ref>Removal of Ram Singh, the Kuka leader to British Burma.: Judicial A, May 1872, No. 122.</ref> Satguru Ram Singh was kept there until 18th September 1880, and then shifted to Megui in Burma, in an attempt to make contact with him more difficult. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Joginder Singh (Professor of history)|title=Namdhari Guru Ram Singh|date=2010|publisher=National Book Trust, India|others=National Book Trust.|isbn=978-81-237-5918-0|edition=1st|location=New Delhi|oclc=696603673}}</ref><ref>Kooka Chief Ram Singh in Rangoon: Judicial, A, May 1872, No.80</ref>[[File:Vaisakhi_1857.jpg|thumb|The White triangular flag symbolizing peace]]Even in exile, Satguru Ram Singh worked endlessly to keep the freedom struggle alive even sending his Suba (Lieutenant) Bishan Singh to [[Moscow]], in order to gain the support of [[Czar Nicholas II of Russia]], in removing British rule in India. Suba Bishan had made contact with [[Maharaja Duleep Singh]] who was also in Moscow at the time looking to gain support of the Russian Czar in order to expel the British from India, and re-institute the once flourishing [[Sikh Empire]]. However, due to the [[Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878)]] the Russians were not keen on supporting any Indian nationalist in going to war against the British Empire. Afterwards many Sikhs and Nihangs killed Namdharis and 180 Namdharis and 12 Nihangs died in the clashes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Jaswinder|url=https://archive.org/details/KukaMovement/mode/2up|title=Kuka Movement Freedom Struggle in Punjab|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributions|year=1985|isbn=9788171560813|location=Punjab}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh, M.A.|first=Nahar|title=Gooroo Ram Singh & the Kuka Sikhs, Book III|publisher=R.K. Printers|location=Kamla Nagar, Delhi}}</ref>
Interestingly, H.A. Rose notes -
 
'''For the formal declaration of Sir Donald Freill McGregor's authority, Sadagur Hari Singh Kooka was going to announce him as the 'Representative of the one, true Isa'' (Jesus) ''in the world and parallel Sadgur of Wahagoor'' (Waheguru)'.
 
Afterwards Namdharis joined the British ranks in such amounts that the Kashmir State made a separate [[Namdhari Regiment]] which was terminated due to the forces being less powerful and expenses being more than they were worth as they refused to wear better uniforms and, due to fear of death, they refused to fight the [[Nazism|Nazis]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}.


== Sant Khalsa (Saint Khalsa) ==
== Sant Khalsa (Saint Khalsa) ==
He administered Khande di Pahul ([[Amrit Sanchar]]) to 5 Sikhs: Kahn Singh Nihang of village Chak, Labh Singh Ragi of Amritsar, Atma Singh of Alo Muhar village, Bhai Naina Singh Wariyah, and Sudh Singh of village Durgapur. Afterwards, several people from the congregation took ''amrit''. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanehi|first=Swaran Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/ForemostFreedomFighters/mode/2up|title=Foremost Freedom Fighters|publisher=Deportation Centenary Committee|location=Maidenhead, Berks}}</ref> It is noted within the Kuka British Archives as well as Giani Gian Singh's [[Panth Parkash]] that within 10 years Satguru Ram Singh baptized over 1000 people with amrit.<ref>Panth Parkash, Giani Gian Singh Vol.7</ref> The followers of Satguru Ram Singh and initiates into the Sant Khalsa were known as Namdharis or Kukas.
He administered Khande di Pahul ([[Amrit Sanchar]]) to 5 Sikhs: Kahn Singh Nihang of village Chak, Labh Singh Ragi of Amritsar, Atma Singh of Alo Muhar village, Bhai Naina Singh Wariyah, and Sudh Singh of village Durgapur. Afterwards, several people from the congregation took ''amrit''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanehi|first=Swaran Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/ForemostFreedomFighters/mode/2up|title=Foremost Freedom Fighters|publisher=Deportation Centenary Committee|location=Maidenhead, Berks}}</ref> It is noted within the Kuka British Archives as well as Giani Gian Singh's [[Panth Parkash]] that within 10 years Satguru Ram Singh baptized over 1000 people with amrit.<ref>Panth Parkash, Giani Gian Singh Vol.7</ref> The followers of Satguru Ram Singh and initiates into the Sant Khalsa were known as Namdharis or Kukas.


==Line of Gurus recognised by Namdharis==
==Line of Gurus recognised by Namdharis==
Below are the names of Gurus followed by Namdhari Sikhs as mentioned on the sect's official website:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namdhari Sikhs article on Namdhari Sect's official website|url=https://sribhainisahib.com/page/namdhari-sikhs-4570.html|website=Sri Bhaini Sahib}}</ref>
{{expand list|date=February 2022}}
[[File:The 12 Satgurus.jpg|thumb|The 12 Sadhgurus, this does not have the entire list]]
Below are the names of Gurus followed by Namdhari Sikhs:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namdhari Sikhs article on Namdhari Sect's official website|url=https://sribhainisahib.com/page/namdhari-sikhs-4570.html|website=Sri Bhaini Sahib}}</ref>
# [[Guru Nanak]]
[[File:The 12 Satgurus.jpg|thumb|The 12 Sadhgurus in Namdhari Sikhism]]
# [[Guru Angad]]
#  
# [[Guru Amar Das]]
# [[Balak Singh]]
# [[Guru Ram Das]]
# [[Ram Singh Kuka|Ram Singh]]
# [[Guru Arjan]]
# Hari Singh
# [[Guru Hargobind]]
#Partap Singh
# [[Guru Har Rai]]
#Jagjit Singh
#[[Guru Har Krishan]]
#[[Satguru Uday Singh|Uday Singh]]
# [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]
# [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
# [[Satguru Balak Singh]]
# [[Satguru Ram Singh Kuka]]
# [[Satguru Hari Singh Kuka]]
#[[Satguru Partap Singh Kuka]]
#[[Satguru Jagjit Singh Kuka]]
#[[Satguru Uday Singh ji ]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:44, 29 May 2022


For the community in Karnataka, see Namadhari Naik.

The Namdharis are a Sikh sect that differs from mainstream Sikhs chiefly in that it believes that the lineage of Sikh Gurus did not end with Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708), as they recognize Balak Singh (1797–1862) as the 11th Guru of the Sikh religion, thus continuing the succession of Sikh Gurus through the centuries from Guru Nanak Dev to the present day.[1] The 12th Guru was Ram Singh (1816–1885), who moved the sects centre to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana) and is regarded as the first Indian to use non-cooperation and non-violence boycott in order to combat the British Empire in India.[2]

Beliefs[edit]

Namdharis, also known as Kuka Sikhs, believe that the line of Sikh Gurus did not end with Guru Gobind Singh, as they claim that he did not die in Nanded but escaped and lived in secret,[3] and secretly helped the Khalsa in the coming decades under the guise of a man named Ajaypal Singh.[4][5] and that he nominated Balak Das Udasi to be the 11th Guru, a tradition that was continued through the Namdhari leaders.[6][7] According to their beliefs, Guru Gobind Singh passed guruship to Satguru Balak Das of Hazro, Punjab in the year 1812 on Baisakh Sudi 10.[8] before passing on Jeth Sudi 5, Vikrami Samvat 1869 (1812 A.D.), at the apparent age of 146.

They did not believe in any religious ritual other than the repetition of God's name (or nam, for which reason members of the sect are called Namdharis),[9] rejecting the worship of idols, graves, tombs, gods, or goddesses.[10] The Namdharis had more of a social impact than the Nirankaris at the time of its founding due to the fact that they emphasized Khalsa identity, seeking to reestablish it, and the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib,[11] as well as their clashes with the British colonial authority. They call their houses of worship dharamsalas, though they freely attend other gurdwaras, maintaining family and friendship ties across sect lines.[12]

Their 12th Guru was Ram Singh, who moved the sect's center to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana). A Tarkhan or Ramgharia, his rural sect would be composed largely of Ramgharias and poorer Jat Sikhs.[13] He was strictly vegetarian and a strong opponent of cow slaughter, and retaliated against Muslims for killing cows in 1872.[14][15] Ram Singh Kuka was arrested by the British and he was exiled to Rangoon, Myanmar. Dozens of Namdharis were arrested by the British and executed without trial in Ludhiana and Ambala.[14] They consider Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth as equally important, and compositions from the Chandi di Var are a part of their daily Nitnem. They circumambulate the fire (havan) during their weddings, but they differ in that the hymns are those from the Adi Granth.[14][15]

The Namdharis wear homespun white turbans, which they wrap around their heads (sidhi pagri).[3][15] They are called Kuka, which means "crier, shouter", for their ecstatic religious practices during devotional singing. They also meditate, using mala (rosary).[15][16][page needed] Some texts refer to them as Jagiasi or Abhiasi.[14]

Role in Indian freedom movement[edit]

Some Namdharis are recognized as freedom fighters due to their attacks on cow slaughters, inflicting many deaths of innocent Muslims in Amritsar and Ludhiana in Vikrami Samvat 1928 at midnight on 15 July 1871. The British had instituted a slaughter house near the Golden Temple Amritsar on 5 May 1849.[17] 4 Namdhari Sikhs- Bhai Lehna Singh, Bhai Fateh Singh, Bhai Hakam Singh Patwari, Bhai Beehla Singh took it upon themselves to kill Muslims in retaliation for the slaughtering of cows.[18] As a result, the mentioned Namdharis were sentenced to death by hanging at Ram Bagh, Amritsar, where at present, a Namdhari Shaheedi Samarak (memorial) is placed in their honor.[19][20] They had tried to blame the Nihang Panth for the action by placing a Blue Dummala and Chakrams outside the site of action.

A group of 66 Namdhari Sikhs were executed by cannons on 17–18 January 1872 after a group of 125 attacked a slaughterhouse in Malerkotla.[12] Satguru Ram Singh was sent to Allahabad with his servant (Nanu Singh) on 18 January 1872, in the morning hours from Ludhiana by a special train.[21] On 10 March 1872, Satguru Ram Singh was shifted to Calcutta. On 11 March 1872 he was sent to Rangoon in British Burma.[22][23] Satguru Ram Singh was kept there until 18 September 1880, and then shifted to Megui in Burma, in an attempt to make contact with him more difficult.[24][25]

The White triangular flag symbolizing peace

Even in exile, Satguru Ram Singh worked endlessly to keep the freedom struggle alive even sending his Suba (Lieutenant) Bishan Singh to Moscow, in order to gain the support of Czar Nicholas II of Russia, in removing British rule in India. Suba Bishan had made contact with Maharaja Duleep Singh who was also in Moscow at the time looking to gain support of the Russian Czar in order to expel the British from India, and re-institute the once flourishing Sikh Empire. However, due to the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878) the Russians were not keen on supporting any Indian nationalist in going to war against the British Empire. Afterwards many Sikhs and Nihangs killed Namdharis and 180 Namdharis and 12 Nihangs died in the clashes.[26][27]

Ram Singh died in 1885 according to British records, though many Namdharis maintain a belief that he is alive and will reappear.[12][2]

Interestingly, H.A. Rose notes -

'For the formal declaration of Sir Donald Freill McGregor's authority, Sadagur Hari Singh Kooka was going to announce him as the 'Representative of the one, true Isa (Jesus) in the world and parallel Sadgur of Wahagoor (Waheguru)'.

Afterwards Namdharis joined the British ranks in such amounts that the Kashmir State made a separate Namdhari Regiment which was terminated due to the forces being less powerful and expenses being more than they were worth as they refused to wear better uniforms and, due to fear of death, they refused to fight the Nazis[citation needed].

Sant Khalsa (Saint Khalsa)[edit]

He administered Khande di Pahul (Amrit Sanchar) to 5 Sikhs: Kahn Singh Nihang of village Chak, Labh Singh Ragi of Amritsar, Atma Singh of Alo Muhar village, Bhai Naina Singh Wariyah, and Sudh Singh of village Durgapur. Afterwards, several people from the congregation took amrit.[28] It is noted within the Kuka British Archives as well as Giani Gian Singh's Panth Parkash that within 10 years Satguru Ram Singh baptized over 1000 people with amrit.[29] The followers of Satguru Ram Singh and initiates into the Sant Khalsa were known as Namdharis or Kukas.

Line of Gurus recognised by Namdharis[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Below are the names of Gurus followed by Namdhari Sikhs:[30]

The 12 Sadhgurus in Namdhari Sikhism
  2. Balak Singh
  3. Ram Singh
  4. Hari Singh
  5. Partap Singh
  6. Jagjit Singh
  7. Uday Singh

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Gill, Davinder Singh (1998). Nanded Toun Baad Dasam Guru. Punjab: Capco Printing. pp. 121–123.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Ram Singh Philosopher". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sects in Sikhism, Encyclopedia Britannica
  4. ↑ Gill, Davinder Singh (1998). Naded Toun Baad Dasam Guru. Capco Printing. pp. 28–30.
  5. ↑ Sects and other groups: Sikhism, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  6. ↑ McLeod, W.H. (1984). Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. Manchester University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780719010637. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  7. ↑ Jones, K.W. (1989). Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780521249867. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  8. ↑ Singh, Giani Gian (1880). Sri Guru Panth Parkash Vol. 7. Punjab.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ↑ Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2019). "Namdhari (Sikh sect)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  10. ↑ V.K. Agnihotra (2010). Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps, Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010. Allied Publishers. p. C-171. ISBN 9788184245684.
  11. ↑ Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed (illustrated ed.). London, England: A&C Black. p. 79. ISBN 9781441102317. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Gerald Parsons (2012). The Growth of Religious Diversity - Vol 1: Britain from 1945 Volume 1: Traditions. Routledge. pp. 221–222. ISBN 978-1-135-08895-8.
  13. ↑ W. H. McLeod (2005). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Scarecrow. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8108-5088-0.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 219–220. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). Sikhism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-4381-0647-2.
  16. ↑ Joginder Singh (Professor of history) (2010). A short history of Namdhari Sikhs of Punjab. Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University. ISBN 978-81-7770-156-2. OCLC 746619629.
  17. ↑ Sanehi, Swaran Singh. Foremost Freedom Fighters. Maden Head: Deportation Centenary Committee. p. 3.
  18. ↑ Further correspondence regarding the murder of butchers at Amritsar & Raikot in Ludhiana District: Judicial, B, August 1871 Nos. 26-32
  19. ↑ Henry Schwarz; Sangeeta Ray (2004). A companion to postcolonial studies. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 261–. ISBN 978-0-631-20663-7.
  20. ↑ Singh, Jaswinder. Great Namdhari Martyrs of Amritsar Episode.
  21. ↑ Recent disturbances by Kookas in the Ludhiana District of the Punjab.: Judicial, A, 20 January 1872,Nos. 55-71
  22. ↑ Removal of Ram Singh, Kuka leader from Allahabad to British Burma.: Judicial, A, March 1872, Nos 111-112
  23. ↑ Removal of Ram Singh, the Kuka leader to British Burma.: Judicial A, May 1872, No. 122.
  24. ↑ Joginder Singh (Professor of history) (2010). Namdhari Guru Ram Singh. National Book Trust. (1st ed.). New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. ISBN 978-81-237-5918-0. OCLC 696603673.
  25. ↑ Kooka Chief Ram Singh in Rangoon: Judicial, A, May 1872, No.80
  26. ↑ Singh, Jaswinder (1985). Kuka Movement Freedom Struggle in Punjab. Punjab: Atlantic Publishers & Distributions. ISBN 9788171560813.
  27. ↑ Singh, M.A., Nahar. Gooroo Ram Singh & the Kuka Sikhs, Book III. Kamla Nagar, Delhi: R.K. Printers.
  28. ↑ Sanehi, Swaran Singh. Foremost Freedom Fighters. Maidenhead, Berks: Deportation Centenary Committee.
  29. ↑ Panth Parkash, Giani Gian Singh Vol.7
  30. ↑ "Namdhari Sikhs article on Namdhari Sect's official website". Sri Bhaini Sahib.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namdhari&oldid=314481"